AbūḤāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ṭūsiyy al-Ghazali,known commonly as Al-Ghazali,known in Medieval Europe by the Latinized Algazelus or Algazel,was a Persian Sunni Muslim polymath. He is known as one of the most prominent and influential jurisconsults,legal theoreticians,muftis,philosophers,theologians,logicians and mystics in Islamic history.
Islamic philosophy is philosophy that emerges from the Islamic tradition. Two terms traditionally used in the Islamic world are sometimes translated as philosophy—falsafa,which refers to philosophy as well as logic,mathematics,and physics;and Kalam,which refers to a rationalist form of Scholastic Islamic theology which includes the schools of Maturidiyah,Ashaira and Mu'tazila.
Ṣadr ad-Dīn Muḥammad Shīrāzī,more commonly known as MullāṢadrā,was a Persian Twelver Shi'i Islamic mystic,philosopher,theologian,and ‘Ālim who led the Iranian cultural renaissance in the 17th century. According to Oliver Leaman,Mulla Sadra is arguably the single most important and influential philosopher in the Muslim world in the last four hundred years.
A mujaddid,is an Islamic term for one who brings "renewal" to the religion. According to the popular Muslim tradition,it refers to a person who appears at the turn of every century of the Islamic calendar to revitalize Islam,cleansing it of extraneous elements and restoring it to its pristine purity. In contemporary times,a mujaddid is looked upon as the greatest Muslim of a century.
Transcendent theosophy or al-hikmat al-muta’āliyah,the doctrine and philosophy developed by Persian philosopher Mulla Sadra,is one of two main disciplines of Islamic philosophy that are currently live and active.
Iranian philosophy or Persian philosophy can be traced back as far as to Old Iranian philosophical traditions and thoughts which originated in ancient Indo-Iranian roots and were considerably influenced by Zarathustra's teachings. According to the Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy,the chronology of the subject and science of philosophy starts with the Indo-Iranians,dating this event to 1500 BC. The Oxford dictionary also states,"Zarathustra's philosophy entered to influence Western tradition through Judaism,and therefore on Middle Platonism."
William Clark Chittick is an American philosopher,writer,translator,and interpreter of classical Islamic philosophical and mystical texts. He is best known for his work on Rumi and Ibn 'Arabi,and has written extensively on the school of Ibn 'Arabi,Islamic philosophy,and Islamic cosmology. He is a Distinguished Professor in the Department of Asian and Asian American Studies at Stony Brook University.
The Verse of Light is the 35th verse of the 24th surah of the Quran (Q24:35).
Joseph E.B. Lumbard is an American Muslim scholar of Islamic studies and associate professor of Quranic studies at the College of Islamic Studies at Hamad Bin Khalifa University in Qatar. He is the author,editor,and translator of several scholarly books and many articles on Islamic philosophy,Sufism,and Quranic studies.
Saʽid Qomi was an Iranian Shia philosopher closely associated with the Qom School. Born in 1639,Qazi completed his early education in Qom and later served as a judge in the region,earning the title Qazi Said. His father,a scholar,imparted knowledge in medicine and philosophy to him. Notably,Qazi criticized the theory of substantial motion,often attributed to Mulla Sadra.
Illuminationism,also known as Ishrāqiyyun or simply Ishrāqi is a philosophical and mystical school of thought introduced by Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi in the twelfth century,established with his Kitab Hikmat al-Ishraq,a fundamental text finished in 1186. Written with influence from Avicennism,Peripateticism,and Neoplatonism,the philosophy is nevertheless distinct as a novel and holistic addition to the history of Islamic philosophy.
Du'a Arafah is a Shia Muslim prayer first recorded by Husayn ibn Ali,the third Imam of Shia. It is read and chanted by Shia Muslims every year on the second day of the Hajj,day of Arafah,in the Arafat desert.
The Transcendent Philosophy of the Four Journeys of the Intellect,known as Four Journeys,is an extended compendium of Islamic philosophy written by the 17th century Islamic scholar,Mulla Sadra,In which he attempted to reach Sufism and prove the idea of Unity of Existence by offering a new intake and perspective on Peripatetic philosophy that was offered by Alpharabius and Avicenna in the Islamic world. The book explains his philosophy of transcendent theosophy. It was first published in print in 1865 in Tehran in four volumes,where it was accompanied by a commentary on three of the volumes by Hadi Sabzavari (1797–1893). To date,no notable,critical English translation of the book has been made.
The Revival of the Religious Sciences is a 12th-century book written by the Muslim scholar al-Ghazali. The book was composed in Arabic by al-Ghazali on his spiritual crises that stemmed from his appointment as the head of the Nizzamiyya University in Baghdad,which led to his eventual disappearance from the Muslim world for over 10 years.
Maria Massi Dakake is an American scholar of Islamic studies and associate professor of Religious Studies at George Mason University. Her research mainly focuses on Islamic intellectual history,Quranic studies,Shi`ite and Sufi traditions,and women's spirituality and religious experience. She was a contributor to The Study Quran - a modern verse-by-verse commentary of the Quran.
Zailan Moris is a Malaysian scholar of Islamic philosophy and former professor of the School of Humanities at the University Sains Malaysia. Her main interests are Islamic philosophy,comparative religion and Sufism.
Caner Dagli is a Circassian-American Islamic scholar and associate professor of Religious Studies at the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester,Massachusetts.
Ghara'ib al-Qur'an wa Ragha'ib al-Furqan or,named in brief,Ghara'ib al-Qur'an,better known as Tafsir al-Nisaburi,is a classical Sunni–Sufitafsir (exegesis) of the Qur'an,authored by the Shafi'i-Ash'ari scholar Nizam al-Din al-Nisaburi,who closely follows al-Fakhr al-Razi's tafsir in many places.
Sajjad Hayder Rizvi is an intellectual historian and professor of Islamic intellectual history and Islamic studies at the University of Exeter.
