Moin-ul-Mulk

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Moin-ul-Mulk
Subahdar of Lahore
Mir-Mannu-by-Aftab-Mussawar.jpg
Portrait of Moin-ul-Mulk by Aftab Mussawar
Governor 1748-1753
Tenure Governor of Lahore province
PredecessorYahya Khan
SuccessorMir Momin Khan
Died3 November 1753
Wars and battles Mughal-Sikh wars
Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani
Noble family Turani [1]
Spouse(s) Mughlani Begum
IssueUmda Begum [2]
Muhammad Amin Khan [2]
Father Itimad-ad-Daula, Qamar-ud-Din Khan

Mian-Moin-ul-Mulk also known by his title Mir Mannu (died 1753) was the Mughal and later Durrani governor of the Punjab between 1748 and 1753.

Contents

Early life

Moin-ul-Mulk was the son of Qamar-ud-Din Khan, Grand Vizier of the Mughal Empire, and younger brother of Intizam-ud-Daulah.

Subedar of Lahore

Moin-ul-Mulk (also known as Mir Mannu), Subahdar of Lahore (in green) in his darbar smoking a hookah. Painted by Nainsukh of Guler, circa 18th century Moin-ul-Mulk (also known as Mir Mannu), Subahdar of Lahore (in green) in his darbar smoking a hookah. Painted by Nainsukh of Guler, circa 18th century.jpg
Moin-ul-Mulk (also known as Mir Mannu), Subahdar of Lahore (in green) in his darbar smoking a hookah. Painted by Nainsukh of Guler, circa 18th century

In March 1748, Moin-ul-Mulk successfully commanded troops in the defeat of Ahmad Shah Durrani at the Battle of Manupur. [3] During the campaign, his father was struck and killed by a cannonball whilst encamped and praying. [4] In battle he held the Mughal vanguard until reinforcements arrived from Safdar Jung, subsequently making a bold dash of cavalry which resulted in the routing of Durrani's forces. [1]

After Durrani's retreat to Afghanistan, Moin-ul-Mulk was made governor of the Subah of Lahore on 11 April 1748 by Muhammad Shah Rangila. [5] The appointment of Moin-ul-Mulk was opposed by the new wazir Safdar Jung. [6]

Soon into Moin-ul-Mulk's reign in the Punjab, Durrani launched a second invasion in December 1749. Despite requests to Delhi, the Mughal government led by Safdar Jung refused to send reinforcements to his aid. Realising he could not defeat the Afghans, he opened negotiations. The terms of the treaty promised revenue from the Chahar Mahal region, namely Sialkot, Gujrat, Pasrur and Aurangabad to the Afghans. [5]

In 1751–52, Durrani launched his third invasion on the pretext of non-payment of revenue from the Chahar Mahal region. Moin-ul-Mulk concentrated his forces by requesting troops from Kaura Mal in Multan and Adina Beg in Jalandhar. His army additionally consisted of 20,000 Sikh troops. [6] Moon-ul-Mulk knew he would need the help of Sikhs to defeat Durrani. So he had started to give them land and stopped killing and hunting them. But once the war was over he went back to hunting the Sikhs and their families. Bringing in chained women and children to be tortured and put to death. Moin-ul-Mulk led his troops across the Ravi to confront Afghan troops under Jahan Khan and Durrani. However instead of joining up with Jahan Khan, Durrani detoured to Lahore from the north-east. Moin-ul-Mulk retreated to Lahore where he entrenched his forces outside the city walls. [6] [ pages needed ] Durrani besieged Lahore for four months, causing widespread devastation in the surrounding areas. Again no reinforcements were sent from Delhi and no Mughal noble came to Moin-ul-Mulk's aid, resulting in his defeat on 6 March 1752. [5] In the resulting peace agreement ratified by the Mughal emperor on 13 April, the subahs of Lahore and Multan were ceded to the Durrani Empire. Impressed by Moin-ul-Mulk's bravery during the siege, Durrani conferred on him the title Farzand Khan Bahadur Rustam-e-Hind and reinstated him as governor of Lahore, albeit now on his behalf. [5]

Death

Moin-ul-Mulk died on 3 November 1753 after being thrown from his horse. [7] Durrani's three-year-old son, Mahmud Khan, succeeded as the Afghan governor of Lahore and Multan, with Moin-ul-Mulk's two-year-old son, Muhammad Amin Khan, as his deputy.[ citation needed ] In reality power was exercised through Moin-ul-Mulk's widow Mughlani Begum. [6] [ page needed ]After his death, the Punjab hastened into turmoil as competing groups vied for political supremacy in Lahore, Multan and Delhi. [8]

Indian film director Surjit Singh Sethi made Mughlani Begum, a 1979 Punjabi-language film about the Begum and Mir Mannu. [9]

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The Battle of Mahilpur was fought between the Sikh Misls and Adina Beg Khan against the Durrani Empire in December 1757.Following the 4th invasion of Ahmad Shah Durrani, he would appoint Timur Shah as the viceroy of Punjab with Jahan Khan as his deputy.The Afghans would appoint Adina Beg Khan as the faujdar of the Jalandhar Doaba and exempted him from attending court at lahore, on the condition that Adina Beg pay revenue to the Afghan government.Soon a dispute regarding the payment of revenue occurred between Adina Beg and the Afghans.This dispute soon escalated which resulted in Jahan Khan sending an Afghan force to arrest Adina Beg.Adina Beg formed a military alliance with the Sikhs under the command of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and Vadbhag Singh Sodhi.Adina Beg also gained the support of Sadiq Beg Khan, Khwaja Mirza Khan, and Raja Bhup Singh.Adina Beg along with the Sikh forces fought the Afghans at Mahilpur.The battle resulted in a victory for Adina Beg and the Sikhs and resulted in the entire Jalandhar Doaba being occupied and sacked by the Sikh forces.

The Battle of Lahore was fought between Afghan forces under Ahmad Shah Durrani and Mughal forces under Shah Nawaz on 11 January 1748. Zakriya Khan, the Mughal Governor of Lahore, died in 1745 and was succeeded by his son, Yahya Khan. Yahya Khan's governorship over Lahore was soon challenged by his brother, Shah Nawaz, who was the governor of Multan. This resulted in a war between the two brothers, lasting from November 1746 to March 1747. The war was won by Shah Nawaz, who soon usurped the governorship of Lahore. Shah Nawaz would go on to appoint Kaura Mal as his diwan and recognized Adina Beg Khan as the Faujdar of the Jalandhar Doaba. Shah Nawaz used his captive brother as a bargaining tool in order to get recognition from the Delhi government. However, following Yahya Khan's escape from captivity, Shah Nawaz sought help from abroad. He turned to Ahmad Shah Durrani, who had just taken the city of Kabul from the Mughals. Ahmad Shah agreed to assist him, and left Peshawar in December 1747. However, Shah Nawaz then changed his allegiance back to the Mughals, and fought a battle against Ahmad Shah near Lahore. The battle was won by the Afghans, who briefly occupied the city of Lahore.

References

  1. 1 2 Siddiqi, Zameeruddin. “THE WIZARAT OF SAFDAR JANG.” Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, vol. 29, 1967, pp. 190–204. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/44155496. Accessed 3 Aug. 2020.
  2. 1 2 Gupta, Hari (1944). Studies in Later Mughal History of the Panjab 1707-1793. Lahore: The Minerva Book Shop. pp. 109–110. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
  3. ↑ Dupree, Louis (2014). Afghanistan. Princeton University Press. p. 355. ISBN   978-1400858910.
  4. ↑ Sarkar, Sir Jaduanth. Fall of the Mughal Empire (Vol 1 ed.). p. 223.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Lal Mehta, Jaswant (2005). Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 252. ISBN   1932705546.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Roy, Kaushik (2015). War and Society in Afghanistan: From the Mughals to the Americans, 1500–2013. Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0199089444.
  7. ↑ Khān, Tahmās (1967). Tahmas Nama, the Autobiography of a Slave. Popular Prakashan. p. 20.
  8. ↑ Saggu VSM, D.S (7 Jun 2018). Battle Tactics And War Manoeuvres of the Sikhs. Notion Press. ISBN   978-1642490060.
  9. ↑ Ashish Rajadhyaksha; Paul Willemen (1994). Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema. British Film Institute. p. 527. ISBN   978-0-85170-455-5.
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