Mooren's ulcer

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Mooren's ulcer is a rare idiopathic ocular disorder that may lead to blindness due to progressive destruction of the peripheral cornea. Although the etiology of Mooren's ulcer is poorly understood, recent evidence suggests that the pathogenesis of this disease appears to be the result of an autoimmune process directed against molecules expressed in the corneal stroma. [1]

Contents

Mooren's ulcer is also defined as a special and the most common type of peripheral ulcerative keratitis (PUK).

Signs and symptoms

Symptoms of Mooren's ulcer can include: [1]

Some epidemiological studies have noted that men tend to be affected more than women. [2] [3]

Classification

The most commonly used classification was proposed by Watson in 1997. He divided the disease into three types based on the clinical picture: [4]

Risk factors

Several risk factors affecting the development of Mooren's ulcer have been suggested.[ citation needed ]

Corneal trauma

Previous ocular trauma or infection can cause disruption of the corneal integrity resulting in the expression of tissue-specific antigens that are normally hidden from the immune system. It may lead to an increased risk of a sensitization to corneal antigens and an autoimmune reaction against antigens expressed in corneal tissues.

HLA association

Like most autoimmune diseases, Mooren's ulcer is thought to be associated with specific HLA haplotypes. In some studies, HLA-DR17 and HLA-DQ2 have been found in increased frequencies in affected patients compared to healthy controls. These results propose a possible association between HLA and Mooren's ulcer. [5]

Pathology

The precise pathophysiological mechanism of Mooren's ulcer remains unclear, but most data suggest that both cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity are involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. [6]

Reduces numbers of suppressor T cells have been found in peripheral blood from patients with Mooren's ulcer. This deficit in systematic immunoregulatory mechanism may lead to loss of a control over autoreactive T and B cells and contributes to disease pathogenesis. [7]

Immunohistochemical studies in patients suffered from Mooren's ulcer showed massive infiltration of multiple types of inflammatory cells in the conjunctival tissue.

The cell types in the inflammatory lesion includes CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, macrophages, a small amount of neutrophils was also observed in the conjunctiva from patients with Mooren's ulcer. [6] [8] [9]

In addition, circulating IgG antibodies with specificity for corneal and conjunctival antigens have been isolated from patients with Mooren’s ulcer. [10] Gottsch and colleagues have suggested that calgranulin C, a protein expressed in the corneal stroma, may be a possible main target for autoimmune response causing Mooren’s ulcer. [11]

Also, significantly increased expression levels of adhesion and co-stimulatory molecules have been found in ocular tissues affected by Mooren's ulcer compared to healthy eyes. Upregulation of adhesion molecules allows leukocyte migration into inflamed tissues. Co-stimulatory molecules may contribute to sustained local immune activation. Therefore, blockage of these molecules is supposed to be a protentional therapeutic strategy for suppressing the inflammatory progression. [9]

Elevated levels of proteases and collagenases which damage the corneal stroma have also been found in affected conjunctival tissues. [12]

Diagnosis

In view of rarity and limited knowledge of the etiology of Mooren’s ulcer, the diagnosis of the disease is complicated. The absence of any systematic disorders which can lead to peripheral corneal ulceration supports the diagnosis of Mooren’s ulcer. To diagnose Mooren’s ulcer, it is necessary to rule out other forms of non-infectious peripheral ulcerative keratitis. [3]

Treatment

Medical treatment

Topical corticosteroids are usually used as first line of therapy. Severe cases require administration of systemic immunosuppressive agents. The more commonly used drugs are cyclosporine A, methotrexate and cyclophosphamide.

Several case reports showed that biological agents, such as anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (anti-TNF) or monoclonal antibodies against CD20, also can be used as an effective treatment of progressive Mooren’s ulceration. [13] [14]

Surgical treatment

If patients do not respond to medication, surgical intervention must be performed. Conjunctival excision has been shown to be an effective method. The principle of this surgery is based on the removal of unhealthy limbal conjunctiva adjacent to the ulcer. slow down the disease progression due to eliminating the local source of inflammatory cells, mediators and enzymes which cause the tissue damage. [15]

Another surgical treatment option which has been successfully used as a treatment for Mooren’s ulcer is Amniotic Membrane Transplantation (AMT). This method consists of applying a piece of amniotic membrane to the ocular surface. Amniotic membrane patches are prepared from placental tissues from women who had a planned cesarean sections. AMT appears to be a useful therapy which results with stabilization of the ulcer progression and corneal epithelial defect healing. [16] It is most likely, that amniotic membrane used as an ocular graft stop the inflammation process because of the expression of immunoregulatory molecules, including Fas ligand and HLA–G antigens. In addition, the amniotic membrane contains a large number of collagens, growth factors and protease inhibitors which can promote healing and reconstruction of the conjunctival epithelium. [17]

Other surgical interventions such as lamellar keratectomy, keratoepithelioplasty and corneal transplantation have also been reported as effective treatment options for Mooren’s ulcer.

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The cornea is the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber. Along with the anterior chamber and lens, the cornea refracts light, accounting for approximately two-thirds of the eye's total optical power. In humans, the refractive power of the cornea is approximately 43 dioptres. The cornea can be reshaped by surgical procedures such as LASIK.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pterygium (eye)</span> Pinkish, triangular tissue growth on the cornea of the eye

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Conjunctiva</span> Part of the eye; protective outer layer covering the sclera

In the anatomy of the eye, the conjunctiva is a thin mucous membrane that lines the inside of the eyelids and covers the sclera. It is composed of non-keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium with goblet cells, stratified columnar epithelium and stratified cuboidal epithelium. The conjunctiva is highly vascularised, with many microvessels easily accessible for imaging studies.

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References

  1. 1 2 Zelefsky, Joseph R; Srinivasan, Muthiah; Cunningham, Emmett T (August 2011). "Mooren's ulcer". Expert Review of Ophthalmology. 6 (4): 461–467. doi:10.1586/eop.11.46. ISSN   1746-9899. S2CID   29415711.
  2. ↑ Dong, Yanling; Zhang, Yangyang; Xie, Lixin; Ren, Jianmei (February 2017). "Risk Factors, Clinical Features, and Treatment Outcomes of Recurrent Mooren Ulcers in China". Cornea. 36 (2): 202–209. doi:10.1097/ico.0000000000001084. ISSN   0277-3740. PMID   28060068. S2CID   13508732.
  3. 1 2 Srinivasan, M.; Zegans, M. E; Zelefsky, J. R; Kundu, A.; Lietman, T.; Whitcher, J. P; Cunningham, E. T (2006-10-11). "Clinical characteristics of Mooren's ulcer in South India". British Journal of Ophthalmology. 91 (5): 570–575. doi:10.1136/bjo.2006.105452. ISSN   0007-1161. PMC   1954782 . PMID   17035269.
  4. ↑ Watson, P G (May 1997). "Management of Mooren's ulceration". Eye. 11 (3): 349–356. doi: 10.1038/eye.1997.74 . ISSN   0950-222X. PMID   9373475. S2CID   12163492.
  5. ↑ Taylor, Craig J.; Smith, Sheila I.; Morgan, Catherine H.; Stephenson, Susan F.; Key, Tim; Srinivasan, M.; Cunningham, Emmett; Watson, Peter G. (2000-01-01). "HLA and Mooren's ulceration". British Journal of Ophthalmology. 84 (1): 72–75. doi:10.1136/bjo.84.1.72. ISSN   0007-1161. PMC   1723219 . PMID   10611103.
  6. 1 2 Lee, Hyun Ju; Kim, Mee Kum; Wee, Won Ryang; Oh, Joo Youn (September 2015). "Interplay of Immune Cells in Mooren Ulcer". Cornea. 34 (9): 1164–1167. doi:10.1097/ICO.0000000000000471. ISSN   0277-3740. PMID   25970436. S2CID   30578961.
  7. ↑ Murray, P. I.; Rahi, A. H. (March 1984). "Pathogenesis of Mooren's ulcer: some new concepts". The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 68 (3): 182–187. doi:10.1136/bjo.68.3.182. ISSN   0007-1161. PMC   1040283 . PMID   6230102.
  8. ↑ Shinomiya, Katsuhiko; Ueta, Mayumi; Sotozono, Chie; Inatomi, Tsutomu; Yokoi, Norihiko; Koizumi, Noriko; Kinoshita, Shigeru (2013-03-01). "Immunohistochemical analysis of inflammatory limbal conjunctiva adjacent to Mooren's ulcer". British Journal of Ophthalmology. 97 (3): 362–366. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2012-302631. ISSN   0007-1161. PMID   23292924. S2CID   7491218.
  9. 1 2 Kafkala, Chrysanthi; Choi, John; Zafirakis, Panayotis; Baltatzis, Stefanos; Livir-Rallatos, Charalampos; Rojas, Blanca; Foster, C. Stephen (July 2006). "Mooren Ulcer: An Immunopathologic Study". Cornea. 25 (6): 667–673. doi:10.1097/01.ico.0000214216.75496.7e. ISSN   0277-3740. PMID   17077658. S2CID   1948763.
  10. ↑ Gottsch, John D.; Liu, Sammy H.; Stark, Walter J. (April 1992). "Mooren's Ulcer and Evidence of Stromal Graft Rejection After Penetrating Keratoplasty". American Journal of Ophthalmology. 113 (4): 412–417. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)76164-1 . ISSN   0002-9394. PMID   1558115.
  11. ↑ Gottsch, J. D.; Li, Q.; Ashraf, F.; O'Brien, T. P.; Stark, W. J.; Liu, S. H. (1999-04-01). "Cytokine-Induced Calgranulin C Expression in Keratocytes". Clinical Immunology. 91 (1): 34–40. doi: 10.1006/clim.1998.4681 . ISSN   1521-6616. PMID   10219252.
  12. ↑ Brown, S. I. (1975-11-01). "Mooren's ulcer. Histopathology and proteolytic enzymes of adjacent conjunctiva". British Journal of Ophthalmology. 59 (11): 670–674. doi:10.1136/bjo.59.11.670. ISSN   0007-1161. PMC   1017431 . PMID   173387.
  13. ↑ Xia, Annie; Dietrich-Ntoukas, Tina; Pleyer, Uwe (2022-01-20). "Effect of Anti-TNF Treatment on Mooren's Ulcer: A Case Series and Review of the Literature". Ocular Immunology and Inflammation: 1–7. doi:10.1080/09273948.2021.2023581. ISSN   0927-3948. PMID   35050832. S2CID   246164471.
  14. ↑ Guindolet, Damien; Reynaud, Clotilde; Clavel, Gaelle; Belangé, Georges; Benmahmed, Maycene; Doan, Serge; Hayem, Gilles; Cochereau, Isabelle; Gabison, Eric E (2016-07-22). "Management of severe and refractory Mooren's ulcers with rituximab". British Journal of Ophthalmology. 101 (4): 418–422. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2016-308838. ISSN   0007-1161. PMID   27450147. S2CID   206875244.
  15. ↑ Kalogeropoulos, Christos D.; Malamou–Mitsi, Vassiliki D.; Aspiotis, Miltiadis B.; Psilas, Konstantinos G. (2004-01-01). "Bilateral Mooren's Ulcer in Six Patients: Diagnosis, Surgery and Histopathology". International Ophthalmology. 25 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1023/B:INTE.0000018510.06715.c9. ISSN   1573-2630. PMID   15085968. S2CID   24410012.
  16. ↑ Ngan, Nguyen D; Chau, Hoang TM (July 2011). "Amniotic membrane transplantation for Mooren's ulcer: Amniotic membrane for Mooren's ulcer". Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology. 39 (5): 386–392. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9071.2010.02479.x. PMID   21176038. S2CID   43523619.
  17. ↑ Kubo, Masato; Sonoda, Yasushi; Muramatsu, Ryuji; Usui, Masahiko (2001-06-01). "Immunogenicity of Human Amniotic Membrane in Experimental Xenotransplantation". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 42 (7): 1539–1546. ISSN   1552-5783. PMID   11381058.
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