Mr. Big (sometimes known as the Canadian technique) is a covert investigation procedure used by undercover police to elicit confessions from suspects in cold cases (usually murder). Police officers create a fictitious grey area or criminal organization and then seduce the suspect into joining it. They build a relationship with the suspect, gain their confidence, and then enlist their help in a succession of criminal acts (e.g., delivering goods, credit card scams, selling guns) for which they are paid. Once the suspect has become enmeshed in the criminal gang, they are persuaded to divulge information about their criminal history, usually as a prerequisite for being accepted as a member of the organization.
The Mr. Big technique was developed by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) in British Columbia, with the first documented case taking place in March 1965 during the investigation of David Louis Harrison, a former Vancouver police constable who was tried and convicted for taking part in the robbery of $1.2 million of cancelled currency from the Canadian Pacific Merchandise Services warehouse in Vancouver. Harrison was convicted using evidence gained by Cpl. Allan Richards, posing as crime syndicate hoodlum, John Clarke, and his sting partner, police operative Al Brooks. Harrison testified that he believed John Clarke was a violent syndicate hoodlum. Harrison testified that Clarke was often packing a gun, that Clarke carried a vial of nitroglycerine around his neck that he would throw at a police car if it got too close to him, and that he was afraid he would be harmed if he didn’t play along.[1]
The Mr. Big tactic has been used in more than 350 cases across Canada as of 2008.[2] The RCMP claims that the person of interest was either cleared or charged in 75% of cases (the rest remaining unresolved and requiring further investigation). Of the cases prosecuted, an estimated 95% result in a conviction.[3]
The use of this technique is essentially prohibited in some countries, including the United Kingdom[4] and the United States.[5] In Germany, which has high standards for what constitutes a voluntary confession, it may be more difficult to use confessions obtained by this technique.[5] The procedure has been used by police in Australia[6] and New Zealand,[7] and its use has been upheld by courts in both countries.
Description
In a Mr. Big case, the police usually place the suspect under extended surveillance, typically for weeks. Having thus learned about the suspect's personality and habits, the police develop an interactive scenario. Pretending to encounter the suspect by happenstance, an undercover operative solicits a small favor from the suspect, such as fixing a flat tire. Exploiting this acquaintanceship, the operative soon offers entertainment, gifts, companionship, meals, and eventually employment.[8]
The undercover operative pays the suspect appreciable money for petty tasks, such as counting cash or making deliveries, associated with fictitious criminal activity. As these tasks grow in importance and frequency, the suspect is treated as an "up-and-comer" in a criminal organization. As many as 50 operatives may be involved, crafting "a steady escalation in association, influence and pressure, leading up to the creation of an atmosphere in which it is deemed appropriate to encourage the target to confess".[9] Eventually, the suspect is introduced to Mr. Big, the fictitious crime organization's kingpin, who is actually a skilled police interrogator.
Employing enticements and threats, Mr. Big tells the suspect of receiving incriminating information about the suspect from the police, whose impending arrest threatens the gang, to explain why Mr. Big must know the unsolved crime's details. Mr. Big may offer to clean up the situation by framing someone else, or Mr. Big might claim that a mole within the police department can tamper with incriminating evidence. Sometimes, the confession is demanded to show good faith, loyalty, or trustworthiness or serve as "insurance" to Mr. Big. The final meeting is usually recorded.[8]
Once the police either obtain a confession or become convinced of the suspect's innocence, the lavish lifestyle and elaborate underworld evaporate, and (where a confession has been obtained) the suspect is arrested. The Mr. Big technique is often a last resort in cold cases, or where the police's strong suspicion is paired with insufficient evidence. The Mr. Big technique has been used to secure convictions in hundreds of cases and has been highly effective in obtaining confessions from suspects. Still, the technique also gives some innocent suspects compelling motivation to remain in the criminal organization; to maintain the new lifestyle and new friends, falsely confessing to Mr. Big may then seem an acceptable risk.
Legal history
The Andy Rose case
In October 1983, Andrea Scherpf and Bernd Göricke were murdered in Chetwynd, Canada. In 1991, Andy Rose was convicted of these killings, relying almost exclusively on testimony from a woman who claimed she saw him the night of the murder "drunk and covered in blood... claiming to have killed two people".[10] Rose was sentenced to a minimum of 15 years in prison. The conviction was overturned on a technicality in 1992, but a new trial was ordered immediately, and Rose remained in prison. In 1994, Rose was again sentenced to a minimum of 15 years in prison, again almost exclusively on testimony from the woman who claimed to see him in Chetwynd, and his next appeal was denied in 1996.[10] Rose was released on bail in 1997, when his second conviction was overturned on a technicality.
Mounting evidence against a possible third conviction complicated the developments for the Crown attorney's refiling, including the witness against Rose being off on her timing by at least two weeks and a man in California took his own life after confessing to his wife–with numerous consistent details–to murdering two people near Chetwynd in October 1983. In January 1999, an undercover operative of the RCMP contacted Rose to gain his trust in hopes of obtaining a confession through a Mr. Big operation.[11] In the next eight months, the investigator befriended Rose. Rose was seduced into illegal activities, for which he received about $5,900 (equivalent to $10,000in 2023).[10] After eight months, the "gang" told him that they could gather information about his upcoming case and change the evidence for him so he would not have to go back to prison, or even to court. However, this support would only be granted if he became a recognized gang member, and it would be important to impress Mr. Big.[10] At the meeting with Mr. Big in July 1999, Rose repeatedly reaffirmed his innocence. Then Mr. Big made it clear to him that he wanted to hear a confession and that Rose, known for his alcohol abuse, should consider this with a beer. After a few beers, Rose confessed.[10] Based on this confession, the Crown filed for a third trial.[10]
The third trial collapsed in 2001, and the proceedings against Rose were stayed, with the ability for the Crown to refile charges to a court.[10] Rose's innocence was proven due to lack of DNA evidence and he was acquitted.[12]
A confession obtained through a Mr. Big sting was declared inadmissible in the 1991 United States case of Arizona v. Fulminante. Oreste Fulminante was suspected of murdering his 11-year-old stepdaughter Jeneane Hunt in 1982 but was not charged with the crime. The following year Fulminante was serving time in prison for an unrelated crime when he was approached by undercover police agent Anthony Sarivola, who told him that there was a rumour going around the prison that he had killed a little girl. Sarivola warned Fulminante that he was in danger of "rough treatment" from other inmates because of the crime, then told him he had connections in organized crime and offered to protect him if he confessed. Fulminante agreed, confessing to Sarivola that he murdered his stepdaughter; he admitted to driving her out to the desert on his motorcycle, sexually assaulting her, choking her, making her plead for her life, and shooting her with his .357 revolver.[13]
Fulminante argued at trial that his confession was coerced because he had feared that he would be subject to physical harm if he was not afforded protection by Sarivola. He was convicted and sentenced to death. The Arizona Supreme Court denied an appeal against his conviction in 1988, finding that although his confession was coerced, other evidence against him rendered it harmless error. Fulminante then appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States in 1991. The court found that Fulminante's confession was indeed coerced, as he had faced a credible threat of physical violence if he did not confess, and that the confession was too important to the prosecution's case to be considered harmless error. The court therefore overturned Fulminante's conviction and ordered a new trial without the confession included in evidence.[14]
Canadians Atif Rafay and Sebastian Burns were sentenced to life for the 1994 murders, in Bellevue, Washington, United States, of Rafay's father, mother and sister, despite the lack of physical evidence and the presence of multiple alibis, on the basis of a Mr. Big confession.[15] Rafay and Burns are supported by multiple miscarriage of justice advocates and as of 2016 had been appealing their case for over a decade.[16] The Netflix documentary series The Confession Tapes covers the Rafay–Burns case in the first two episodes.[15]
The Nelson Hart case
The flaws of the Mr. Big procedure came to light during the R. v Hart case. Nelson Hart, of Newfoundland, Canada, was charged in June 2005 with the deaths of his 2-year-old twin daughters who died as a result of drowning on Sunday, August 4, 2002. Hart claimed that he had taken the girls, Krista and Karen, to Little Harbour where there was a small wharf. Krista fell off the wharf, and Hart (who could not swim) panicked and left to get help, leaving the other child. In a later interview, Hart claimed that he had had a small seizure at the time that Krista fell into the water. Karen ostensibly fell in the water during Hart's absence. He drove home and returned with his wife. Krista was found alive but died at the hospital, and Karen was pronounced dead at the scene.
The Mr. Big operation began in October 2002. Preliminary surveillance revealed that Hart was socially isolated, had few friends and went everywhere with his wife. He was also on social insurance with only a grade four education, and had a history of seizures, which became more frequent after a car crash in 1998. The first contact took place when he was paid for assisting in finding an operative's sister. He was then asked to make some truck deliveries for which he was well paid. A friendship with his operatives developed. He began dealing in fake credit cards, forged passports, and counterfeit casino chips. Hart was made to believe that the gang was nationwide, with branches in Vancouver, Montreal and Halifax. As time went on, the seriousness of the illegal activities increased, along with the lucrativeness of the payoffs. He and his wife were treated to luxurious trips around the country, extravagant shopping sprees and expensive dinners. Hart aspired to join the gang as a full-time member.
In the late spring of 2003 he was introduced to the "boss" (Mr. Big) who told Hart that something had come up from Hart's past that the criminal organization needed to take care of. Mr. Big confronted Hart about the death of his daughters, and would not accept his seizure explanation. Under pressure, Hart confessed to pushing the girls off the wharf. Hart then brought Mr. Big and some operatives to the scene of the crime, to re-enact the drownings. This event was videotaped and served as the primary foundation of the prosecution's case at trial. In March 2007, a jury convicted him of two counts of first-degree murder.
Hart appealed his conviction. In 2012, in a 2–1 split decision the Court of Appeal allowed the appeal and ordered a new trial. According to Chief Justice Green, Hart
was in the control of the state in a manner that was equivalent in degree to detention. It was not reasonable to expect that he would have any reason, or take any opportunity, to leave the organization. That meant he had to subscribe to the culture of the organization and to ensure that he continued to receive the approbation of Mr. Big. Although he obviously wanted to maintain that he had an innocent explanation for the deaths of his daughters, he eventually succumbed when it became clear that Mr. Big would accept no other answer than one which accepted his proposition that he was responsible for their murder. For Mr. Hart in the circumstances in which he found himself there was very little downside to telling Mr. Big what he wanted to hear, since he believed the operatives were not police and he had been assured that any information he gave would be kept from the authorities. On the other hand, in his mind, Mr. Hart had a great deal to lose if he did not accede to the required admission.[17]
The Crown appealed this decision to the Supreme Court of Canada, whose decision was released on July 31, 2014.[18] Writing for a unanimous majority, Justice Moldaver declared that confessions arising from Mr. Big operations would henceforth be considered "presumptively inadmissible, subject to a two-pronged admissibility analysis". The court ruled that the onus is on the Crown to overcome this presumption by demonstrating that the probative value of the evidence resulting from a Mr. Big operation, including the confession, outweighs its prejudicial effect (prong 1). Confirmatory evidence would constitute a "powerful guarantee of reliability". In other words, evidence found during a Mr. Big operation would be a vital factor on the issue of reliability, and not the confession per se. The confession itself should be considered carefully to evaluate the markers of reliability. Markers of reliability include components of the confession that coincide with evidence that is known to investigators, information that is unknown to the public, and mundane details that would only be known to the person who had committed the crime. In future operations this evidentiary requirement might shift the goal from getting a confession to unearthing conclusive evidence. The Supreme Court also alerted trial judges to the possible dangers of abuse of process which might take place during Mr. Big stings, and of the need for careful scrutiny during the trials (prong 2). An abuse of process has occurred when police "overcome the will of the accused and coerce a confession",[19] as was said to have taken place in R. v. Hart. Overwhelming inducements, veiled threats of violence, and intimidation are examples of conduct that could be considered an abuse of process by the police.
The Dax Mack case
Following the landmark ruling of R. v. Hart the Supreme Court of Canada issued another Mr. Big ruling on September 26, 2014.[20] Dax Mack was suspected of murdering his roommate, who at the time was considered a missing person. A friend of Mack's came forward to the police with claims that Mack had confessed to him about murdering his roommate. With this information, the police began a four-month Mr. Big operation which resulted in two confessions to undercover officers. Mack described shooting the victim and burning his body. During the Mr. Big operation Mack participated in roughly 30 crime scenarios, none of which included high levels of violence and he was paid approximately $5,000 for his work. Eventually the operation led undercover officers to a fire pit in a wooded area that belonged to Mack's father. The search resulted in the discovery of the victim's burned remains, as well as shot gun casings which matched a gun that was confiscated from the defendant's apartment. Mack was tried and found guilty of first degree murder by a jury.
Using the 2-pronged analysis from the Hart (2014) ruling, the Supreme Court dismissed Mack's appeal in another unanimous decision. They concluded that the probative value of the confession, which was supported by discovery of new evidence, outweighed any prejudicial effect. The Court also found no abuse of process in the conduct of the undercover officers involved in the investigation.
The Kelly case
The Court of Appeal for Ontario found in R. v. Kelly[21] that presumption of inadmissibility established in R. v. Hart was applicable even in circumstances without the hallmarks of a usual Mr. Big operation. The court found that the promise of a large payout from an insurance fraud scheme had the same potential for the same dangers as traditional Mr. Big cases set out in Hart.[22]
The Tawera Wichman case
The Supreme Court of New Zealand first ruled on the admissibility of "Mr. Big" confessions in the case of Tawera Wichman, then on trial for manslaughter in the 2009 death of his infant daughter. Wichman's five-month-old daughter Teegan, referred to in court filings as "T", died on 8 September 2009, having been hospitalized since 4 March after suffering massive internal haemorrhaging and fractured ribs and femora. Wichman stated that she had initially collapsed after suffering a choking fit, and admitted to having shaken her in an attempt to resuscitate her. Police suspected her injuries had actually been caused by Wichman violently shaking her after becoming frustrated with her constant crying. However, it was decided that insufficient evidence existed to prosecute Wichman, at which point a Mr. Big operation was initiated in December 2012 to gather evidence against Wichman.[23][24]
Two undercover police officers, "Ben" and "Scott", approached Wichman and pretended to recruit him to do various jobs for a fictitious criminal organization. Wichman was paid a total of $2,600 for his supposed work for this organization, which included burglaries and the selling of stolen goods and drugs, until 2 May 2013, when he was told that there would be an inquest into Teegan's death to ensure it would be at the forefront of his mind; an intercepted phone conversation between Wichman and his mother on this day showed that Wichman was afraid the inquest would result in him being charged with Teegan's death. Later that day, Wichman was contacted by Scott, who told him that he knew of his problems with the law and could leverage his contacts in the police to fix the problem for him if he told him what really happened. Wichman initially denied hurting Teegan, but Scott showed him Teegan's medical report which he had supposedly obtained from a corrupt police officer, which stated that Teegan appeared to have suffered injuries prior to her collapse on 4 March 2009. Wichman then confessed that he had shaken Teegan on 4 March and at least once a few days before that because she would not stop crying. He appeared to start crying at this point and thanked Scott for giving him the opportunity to confide about what really happened.[23][24]
Wichman was charged with Teegan's manslaughter and immediately argued that his confession was inadmissible because he was under pressure to confess. He claimed that everything he told Scott was a "complete act" and he had told him what he wanted to hear because he feared that Scott would not help him or allow him to stay in the organization if he did not believe he was being honest with him. An initial appeal to the high court held that Wichman's confession was admissible, but the court of appeal subsequently ruled that it had been obtained improperly and should be excluded. The crown then appealed to the supreme court, which ruled on the matter in 2015. In a split 3-2 decision, the court ruled that Wichman's confession was not obtained improperly and was admissible as evidence, as the police had not forced, threatened, or intimidated Wichman to confess.[23][24] The trial then proceeded with the confession admitted and ended in Wichman being jailed for three years on 21 July 2016.[24]
The Kamal Reddy case
On 22 June 2016, Kamal Reddy was convicted of the 2006 murders of his former girlfriend Pakeeza Faizal and her daughter Juwairiyah Kalim using evidence that the New Zealand Police had obtained from a Mr. Big operation. Undercover Police officers posed as members of a criminal organisation who befriended and recruited Reddy into their circle. In 2014, Reddy subsequently confessed to the double murders to an undercover Police officer, who secretly filmed it. Reddy even took the undercover officer to the site under the motor overhead bridge in Auckland's North Shore where the bodies were buried.[25][26]
While the Police and Crown wanted to suppress details of the undercover operation for efficacy purposes, Radio New Zealand and other New Zealand media successfully argued in Court that trials and police operations were a matter of public knowledge. Reddy's case marked the second time that a Mr. Big operation had gone before a jury and the first time that the NZ media was able to report it in full.[25]
David Lyttle case
In 2014, the New Zealand Police launched a Mr Big operation during a murder investigation into the disappearance and death of Brett Hall in May 2011. Prior to the 2014 Mr Big operation, the Police had bugged Lyttle's house and phone calls in 2011, which yielded information about his profile, personality, hobbies, financial situation and vulnerabilities. Posing as members of a criminal organisation, undercover police officers befriended murder suspect David Lyttle. Lyttle subsequently confessed to murdering Hall and showed an undercover police officer where he had supposedly buried Hall's remains; however, no remains were found when police excavated the site.[26][27][28] In November 2019, Lyttle was convicted by a Wellington High Court jury of murdering Hall. While the Crown defended the efficacy of the Police's Mr Big operation in securing Lyttle's conviction, the defence argued that his confession was just a story.[29][28] Lyttle was subsequently sentenced to life imprisonment with a minimum non parole period of 11 years.[28]
Lyttle's defence team appealed against his murder conviction to the New Zealand Court of Appeal, arguing that evidence acquired during the Mr Big sting was unreliable and should not have been used. The Court of Appeal agreed with the defence submission and the defence team successfully argued in court that there was insufficient evidence to convict Lyttle.[30] In December 2021, High Court Judge Simon France dismissed Lyttle's murder conviction on the grounds that "the jury could not reasonably convict Mr Lyttle on the available evidence."[31] He also ruled that Lyttle could not be retried.[30] In March 2022, the Court of Appeal criticised senior police officers involved in the Lyttle case for failing to disclose information per the requirements of the Criminal Disclosure Act and not seeking legal advice during the investigation.[32]
In early August 2022, the Supreme Court of New Zealand rejected a bid by Lyttle to get the Crown prosecutor to pay half of his legal costs. The Supreme Court also criticised the prosecution's delays in bringing the case to trial, which was attributed to Police failure to comply with their disclosure obligations.[33][34]
William James Fulton case
In the early hours of 5th June 1999, at a house on the Corcrain estate of Portadown in Northern Ireland, a 59 year old Protestant civilian named Elizabeth O'Neill (who had married a Catholic) was killed instantly after a pipe bomb, that was thrown through her living room window by suspected loyalist paramilitaries, detonated as she picked it up off the floor.[35] The prime suspect in the case, William James Fulton, who was a senior member of the Portadown based Loyalist Volunteer Force, later moved to Plymouth in south-west England, where he soon started working as a driver (on a weekly salary of £455) for a group of what he believed to be local criminals involved in the theft of lorries.[36]
They were in fact undercover Devon and Cornwall Police officers, who were covertly recording every interaction they had with Fulton. As they gained his trust, he soon started boasting about his involvement in a vast array of terrorist activities (including the murder of Elizabeth O'Neill), with tens of thousands of hours worth of audio recordings ultimately being secured as evidence.[37] Fulton would later try to dismiss the recordings as him repeating stories he heard from other people involved with loyalist paramilitaries, in the hope he would be promoted within the criminal gang on the strength of his previous experience conducting criminal activities in Northern Ireland.[38]
In 2006, after being tried on evidence recovered from the covert recordings, Fulton was found guilty[39] of 48 separate terrorist offences[40] and was thereafter was sentenced to a life in prison, with a minimum term of 28 years before he could be considered for release.[41] The crimes he was convicted of included:[42]
possession of the gun used in the murder of Catholic taxi driver Michael McGoldrick
destroying evidence in relation to the murder of Catholic council worker Adrian Lamph
conspiracy to murder regarding his involvement in the attempted bombing of the Newry offices of Sinn Fein in May 1994
directing terrorism (while acting as head of the L.V.F.) from June 1997 to September 1999
the importation and supply of cannabis, estimated at 50 kilograms a week, over a two year period
membership of an illegal paramilitary organization (the L.V.F.)
Alain Perreault case
Alain Perreault is a Quebec man who became widely known following his conviction for the 2003 murder of Lyne Massicotte, whom he had met through an online dating site. Massicotte, a 43-year-old woman from Chambly, Quebec, disappeared after traveling to Quebec City to meet Perreault. Her body was never recovered, but circumstantial evidence and a confession extracted through a controversial police "Mr. Big" sting operation led to his conviction. In such stings, undercover officers posed as members of a criminal organization, gaining Perreault’s trust until he disclosed information about the crime.
Initially convicted in 2011, Perreault's case faced setbacks, including a retrial after the Quebec Court of Appeal ruled that the jury had not been given proper instructions regarding the reliability of his confession. This retrial led to a second conviction in 2016, with Perreault ultimately sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole for 25 years. His conviction is notable for its reliance on the "Mr. Big" technique, which has faced scrutiny and legal challenges across Canada, leading to stricter standards for evidence gathered in this manner.
Massicotte’s disappearance and Perreault’s legal proceedings garnered extensive media coverage and brought public attention to the risks associated with online dating, as well as the legal and ethical implications of undercover police tactics. The case also had a lasting impact on Massicotte’s family, who continue to advocate for justice and remembrance despite the lack of closure due to her body never being found.
In law enforcement, a sting operation is a deceptive operation designed to catch a person attempting to commit a crime. A typical sting will have an undercover law enforcement officer, detective, or co-operative member of the public play a role as criminal partner or potential victim and go along with a suspect's actions to gather evidence of the suspect's wrongdoing. Mass media journalists occasionally resort to sting operations to record video and broadcast to expose criminal activity.
The murder of Wendy Sewell was committed on 12 September 1973. Wendy Sewell, a 32-year-old legal secretary from Bakewell, Peak District in Derbyshire was found beaten, sexually assaulted and murdered. In 1974, 17-year-old Stephen Downing was convicted of the murder of Sewell. Following a campaign by a local newspaper led by Don Hale, in which Sewell was purported to be promiscuous, Downing's conviction was overturned in 2002. The case is thought to be the longest miscarriage of justice in British legal history, and attracted international media attention.
The West Midlands Serious Crime Squad was a police unit in the English West Midlands which operated from 1974 to 1989. It was disbanded after an investigation into allegations of incompetence and abuse of power on the part of some of the squad's members. Some of this misconduct resulted in wrongful convictions, including the high-profile case of the Birmingham Six. The sister Regional Crime Squad based at Bilston was responsible for the investigation of the Bridgewater Four.
Arizona v. Fulminante, 499 U.S. 279 (1991), was a United States Supreme Court case clarifying the standard of review of a criminal defendant's allegedly coerced confession. The ruling was divided into parts, with various justices voting in different ways on different points of law, but ultimately 1) the defendant's confession was ruled involuntary, 2) the harmless error rule had to be applied, and 3) in this case, use of the confession as evidence was not harmless.
United States v Burns [2001] 1 S.C.R. 283, 2001 SCC 7, was a decision by the Supreme Court of Canada that found that extradition of individuals to countries in which they may face the death penalty is a breach of fundamental justice under section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The decision reached that conclusion by a discussion of evidence regarding the arbitrary nature of execution although the Court did not go so far as to say that execution was also unconstitutional under section 12 of the Charter, which forbids cruel and unusual punishments.
Andrew Mark Mallard was a British-born Australian who was wrongfully convicted of murder in 1995 and sentenced to life imprisonment. Almost 12 years later, after an appeal to the High Court of Australia, his conviction was quashed and a retrial ordered. However, the charges against him were dropped and Mallard was released. At the time, the Director of Public Prosecutions stated that Mallard remained the prime suspect and that if further evidence became available he could still be prosecuted. He was released from prison in 2006 after his conviction was quashed by the High Court, and was paid $3.25 million compensation by the state government. The Western Australian Commission on Crime and Corruption investigated whether there was misconduct by any public officer associated with this case and made findings against two policemen and a senior prosecutor.
Nelson Hart was a Gander, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, resident, who was convicted on March 28, 2007, of murdering his three-year-old twin daughters in 2002. He successfully appealed the conviction in 2012, and his 2005 confession to police, obtained through a Mr. Big Sting operation, was found to be inadmissible. Without the confession, Newfoundland and Labrador prosecutors declined to pursue a new trial.
Daniel James Morcombe was an Australian boy who was abducted from the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, on 7 December 2003 when he was 13 years old. Eight years later, Brett Peter Cowan, a former Sunshine Coast resident, was charged with Morcombe's murder. In the same month, DNA tests confirmed bones in the Glass House Mountains were Morcombe's. On 13 March 2014, Cowan was found guilty of the murder, and was sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder, indecently dealing with a child, and interference with a corpse.
The Norfolk Four are four former United States Navy sailors: Joseph J. Dick Jr., Derek Tice, Danial Williams, and Eric C. Wilson, who were wrongfully convicted of the 1997 rape and murder of Michelle Moore-Bosko while they were stationed at Naval Station Norfolk. They each declared that they had made false confessions, and their convictions are considered highly controversial. A fifth man, Omar Ballard, confessed and pleaded guilty to the crime in 2000, insisting that he had acted alone. He had been in prison since 1998 because of violent attacks on two other women in 1997. He was the only one of the suspects whose DNA matched that collected at the crime scene, and whose confession was consistent with other forensic evidence.
Mr. Big is a 2007 documentary directed and produced by Tiffany Burns and edited by Alec MacNeill Richardson. The documentary examines the "Mr. Big" undercover methods used by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP). In these operations, RCMP officers pose as high-ranking gang criminals and develop relationships with the target involved. This is deliberate, as the relationship that is forged is ultimately used to determine what knowledge the target has of the crime(s) being investigated. "Mr. Big" operations have been credited with securing difficult convictions in a large number of cases, such as United States v. Burns, R v. Hart, and R v. Grandinetti, but concerns have been raised that they involve a risk of false confessions and wrongful convictions. Mr. Big includes interviews with targets of "Mr. Big" operations and their families, such as the Burns family, as well as interviews with various professionals who have an interest in the "Mr. Big" tactics, and RCMP footage of "Mr. Big" operations.
Teresa Elena De Simone was murdered in Southampton, England, in 1979. Her murder led to one of the longest proven cases of a miscarriage of justice in English legal history. The murder occurred outside the Tom Tackle pub and was the subject of a three-year police investigation which resulted in the arrest of Sean Hodgson. Hodgson was convicted of the murder by a unanimous jury verdict in 1982 and was sentenced to life imprisonment. After serving 27 years in prison he was exonerated and released in March 2009. DNA analysis of semen samples that had been preserved from the original crime scene showed that they could not have come from him.
Brett Peter Cowan is an Australian murderer and serial child rapist. He was convicted of the murder of Daniel Morcombe, a 13-year-old boy who disappeared from the Sunshine Coast on 7 December 2003. His abduction led to an eight-year investigation involving various suspects. As a result of these investigations, Cowan led undercover police to a potential burial site. He was charged with the murder that same month, and Morcombe's remains were discovered days later on 17 August. Cowan was sentenced to life imprisonment, on 13 March 2014 in a trial that attracted worldwide attention. Cowan had two previous convictions for sexually abusing children, the earliest dating back to 1987.
Michael Moldaver is a former Canadian judge. He was a puisne justice on the Supreme Court of Canada from his 2011 appointment by former Prime Minister Stephen Harper until his retirement in 2022. Before his elevation to the nation's top court, he served as a judge at the Ontario Superior Court of Justice and the Court of Appeal for Ontario for over 20 years. A former criminal lawyer, Moldaver is considered an expert in both Canadian criminal law and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
A jailhouse confession is a confession to a crime given by a prisoner to another inmate while in custody. Legal regimes have developed with respect to the use of jailhouse confessions in the prosecution of crimes.
R v Mentuck is a 2001 criminal case in Canada which led to changes in undercover police procedure and how to interrogate suspects.
Andrea Scherpf and Bernd Göricke were a young German tourist couple shot and killed in Chetwynd, Canada in early October 1983. A Canadian was convicted of the murders in 1991, but was later exonerated by DNA evidence and released. The case remains unsolved.
The New Zealand Criminal Cases Review Commission is an independent Crown entity that was set up under the Criminal Cases Review Commission Act 2019 to investigate potential miscarriages of justice. If the Commission considers a miscarriage may have occurred, it can refer the case back to the Court of Appeal to be reconsidered.
Crooker v. California, 357 U.S. 433 (1958), was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States that limited criminal suspects' constitutional right to counsel before trial, refusing to overturn a subsequent conviction without a showing that the refusal of counsel had a coercive or prejudicial effect. This holding was later overturned by Escobedo v. Illinois and Miranda v. Arizona.
The murder of Catherine Carroll occurred on January 1, 1991, in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador. In the aftermath a miscarriage of justice occurred, resulting in the wrongful conviction of Carroll's son, Gregory Parsons, in 1994. In 1998, Parsons was cleared of her murder, and Brian Doyle was found guilty of the murder in 2002.
Alan Hall was convicted for the murder of Arthur Easton in 1985. The case has been described as one of New Zealand's worst miscarriages of justice. In August 2023, the Government agreed to pay him $5 million in compensation, the largest nominal payout for wrongful conviction in New Zealand history.
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