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The Chadic languages form a branch of the Afroasiatic language family. They are spoken in parts of the Sahel. They include 150 languages spoken across northern Nigeria, southern Niger, southern Chad, the Central African Republic, and northern Cameroon. The most widely spoken Chadic language is Hausa, a lingua franca of much of inland Eastern West Africa.
Laal is an endangered language isolate spoken by 749 people in three villages in the Moyen-Chari prefecture of Chad on opposite banks of the Chari River, called Gori (lá), Damtar (ɓual), and Mailao. It represents an isolated survival of an earlier language group of Central Africa. It is unwritten except in transcription by linguists. According to former Summer Institute of Linguistics-Chad member David Faris, it is in danger of extinction, with most people under 25 shifting to the locally more widespread Bagirmi.
The three dozen East Chadic languages of the Chadic family are spoken in Chad and Cameroon.
The Niellim language is a Bua language spoken by some 5,000 people along the Chari River in southern Chad. It is mainly spoken in two areas: one around the city of Sarh and one, its traditional home, further north, between about 9°30′ and 9°50′ N, corresponding to the former chiefdoms of Pra, Niellim, and Niou.
Marba is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken by the Azumeina peoples of Chad as their first language. It is also the name of one of the Azumeina peoples.
Baldemu, or Mbazlam, is a nearly extinct Afro-Asiatic language spoken in northern Cameroon. Baldamu is spoken in Bogo commune, Diamaré department, Far North Region by only 5 speakers as of 2012. Speakers have been shifting to Fulfulde.
Bidiyo is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in south central Chad.
Dangaléat is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in central Chad. Speakers make up the majority of the population of Migami Canton in Mongo, Chad.
Mawa is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in central Chad.
Migaama is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in central Chad. Speakers make up the majority of the population of Bang Bang, Chad.
Mogum is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in south central Chad. Speakers are found in Sorki canton in Chinguil sub-prefecture.
Birgit is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in southeastern Chad. Speakers are found in Moubi Goz Canton, Kouka Margni Sub-prefecture and in Moubi Zarga Canton, Mangalmé Sub-prefecture.
Kajakse is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in eastern Chad.
Masmaje is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in central Chad. There are speakers in Moubi Hadaba Canton, Bitchotchi Sub-prefecture.
Saba is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in south central Chad. Speakers are found in Sorki canton in Chinguil sub-prefecture.
Sokoro is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in central Chad. Dialects are Bedanga and Sokoro. Speakers make up the majority of the population of Gogmi Canton in Melfi, Chad.
Mokilko, or Mukulu, is a Chadic language spoken in central Chad. The local name for the language is Gergiko. This is the name used for mother-tongue literacy materials. Mukulu is the name of a village.
Lele is an East Chadic language spoken in the Tandjilé Region, in the Tandjilé Ouest department, south of Kélo.
Wandala, also known as Mandara or Mura', is a language in the Chadic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family, spoken in Cameroon and Nigeria.
Herrmann Rudolf Jungraithmayr is an Austrian Africanist and retired university professor. Until 1996, he was the chair of African linguistics at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
References
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- Johnson, Eric, and Calvain Mbernodji. 2006. Enquête sociolinguistique de la langue Moubi du Tchad. SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2006–003. Dallas: SIL International. Online. URL: https://sil.org/silesr/abstract.asp?ref=2006-003.
- Jungraithmayr, Herrmann. 1968. The Hamitosemitic Present-Habitative verb stem in Ron and Mubi. Journal of West African Languages 5:71–76.
- Jungraithmayr, Herrmann. 1978. Ablaut und Ton im Verbalsystem des Mubi. Afrika und Übersee 61:312–320.
- Jungraithmayr, Herrmann. 1987. La formation de classes verbales en mokilko et en mubi. In: Herrmann Jungraithmayr and Henry Tourneux (eds.), Etudes tchadiques, Classes et extensions verbales. Paris: Geuthner.
- Jungraithmayr, Herrmann. 1991. Essai sur la subordination en Bidiya et en Mubi. In: Herrmann Jungraithmayr and Henry Tourneux (eds.), Études tchadiques: la phrase complexe, 9–13. Paris: Geuthner.
- Jungraithmayr, Herrmann. 2005. Prefix and suffix conjugation in Chadic. In: Pelio Fronzaroli and Paolo Marrassini (eds.), Proceedings of the 10th Meeting of Hamito-Semitic (Afroasiatic) Linguistics, 411–419. Florence: Dipartimento di Linguistica, Università di Firenze.
- Jungraithmayr, Herrmann . 2013. La langue mubi (République du Tchad). Précis de Grammaire – Textes – Lexique (Sprache und Oralität in Afrika, Volume 27). 226 p., Dietrich Reimer Verlag, Berlin, ISBN 978-3-496-02852-9.
- Newman, Paul. 1977b. The formation of the imperfective verb stem in Chadic. Afrika und Übersee 60:178–192.
- Tacáks, Gábor. 2009b. Mubi-Toram lexicon in Chadic and Afro-Asiatic perspective I: Lexemes with initial *B-. Acta Orientalia. 62/3. 315–350.
- Wolff, H. Ekkehard. 1988. “Ablaut” and accent in Chadic. In: Siegmund Brauner and Ekkehard Wolff(eds.), Progressive Traditions in African and Oriental Studies, 165–179.
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