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A fatwa is a legal ruling on a point of Islamic law (sharia) given by a qualified Islamic jurist (faqih) in response to a question posed by a private individual,judge or government. A jurist issuing fatwas is called a mufti,and the act of issuing fatwas is called ifta'. Fatwas have played an important role throughout Islamic history,taking on new forms in the modern era.
Sharia,Sharī'ah,Shari'a,Shariah or Syariah is a body of religious law that forms a part of the Islamic tradition based on scriptures of Islam,particularly the Qur'an and hadith. In Islamic terminology sharīʿah refers to immutable,intangible divine law;contrary to fiqh,which refers to its interpretations by Islamic scholars.
The Deobandi movement or Deobandism is a revivalist movement within Sunni Islam that adheres to the Hanafi school of law. It was formed in the late 19th century around the Darul Uloom Madrassa in Deoband,India,from which the name derives,by Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi,Rashid Ahmad Gangohi,Ashraf Ali Thanwi and Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri after the Indian Rebellion of 1857–58. They opposed the influence of non-Muslim cultures on the Muslims living in South Asia. The movement pioneered education in religious sciences through the Dars-i-Nizami associated with the Lucknow-based ulama of Firangi Mahal with the goal of preserving traditional Islamic teachings from the influx of modernist and secular ideas during British colonial rule. The Deobandi movement's Indian clerical wing,Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind,was founded in 1919 and played a major role in the Indian independence movement through its participation in the Pan-Islamist Khilafat movement and propagation of the doctrine of composite nationalism.
Wahhabism is a religious revivalist movement within Sunni Islam named after the 18th-century Hanbali scholar Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab. It was initially established in the central Arabian region of Najd and later spread to other parts of the Arabian Peninsula,and is today followed primarily in Saudi Arabia and Qatar.
Ijtihad is an Islamic legal term referring to independent reasoning by an expert in Islamic law,or the thorough exertion of a jurist's mental faculty in finding a solution to a legal question. It is contrasted with taqlid. According to classical Sunni theory,ijtihad requires expertise in the Arabic language,theology,revealed texts,and principles of jurisprudence,and is not employed where authentic and authoritative texts are considered unambiguous with regard to the question,or where there is an existing scholarly consensus (ijma). Ijtihad is considered to be a religious duty for those qualified to perform it. An Islamic scholar who is qualified to perform ijtihad is called as a "mujtahid".
The Darul Uloom Deoband is an Islamic seminary in India at which the Sunni Deobandi Islamic movement began. Uttar Pradesh-based Darul Uloom is one of the most important Islamic seminaries in India and the largest in the world. It is located in Deoband,a town in Saharanpur district,Uttar Pradesh. The seminary was established by Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi,Fazlur Rahman Usmani,Sayyid Muhammad Abid and others in 1866. Mahmud Deobandi was the first teacher and Mahmud Hasan Deobandi was the first student.
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Mahmood Ahmad Ghazi was a Pakistani jurist and scholar of Islamic Studies,shariah and fiqh. He was a professor at the International Islamic University,Islamabad,judge at the Federal Shariat Court and Federal Minister for Religious Affairs in Pakistan. He completed his dars-e-nizami at the age of 16 and later obtained a PhD in Islamic Studies from Punjab University. He was fluent in Urdu,English,Arabic,Persian,Turkish and French. He authored numerous works in Urdu and English,and translated Persian poetry Payam-e-Mashriq of Muhammad Iqbal into Arabic.
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Deobandi fiqh is a school of Islamic jurisprudence that is based on the Hanafi school of Islamic law. It is associated with the Deobandi movement,which originated in India in the late 19th century and has since spread to other parts of the world,particularly in South Asia. Deobandi fiqh emphasizes a strict adherence to the Quran and the Sunnah,and seeks to ensure that all aspects of daily life are guided by Islamic law. It places a strong emphasis on the principles of fiqh,or Islamic jurisprudence,and is known for its strict interpretation of Islamic law. It also emphasizes the importance of Islamic ethics and morality,and emphasizes the need for Muslims to lead a pious and virtuous life. Deobandi fiqh has had a significant influence on Islamic education and scholarship,particularly in South Asia and among the global South Asian diaspora. It plays a foundational role in the judiciary of Afghanistan. It has also been associated with various Islamic political movements and has been a subject of controversy and debate within the Muslim community.
Fatawa Darul Uloom Deoband is an 18-volume compilation of Islamic legal opinions,or fatwas,issued by the scholars of Darul Uloom Deoband,a prominent Islamic seminary in India. The fatwas cover a wide range of topics,including faith,prayer,fasting,charity,pilgrimage,marriage,divorce,and more. The collection is considered a comprehensive guide to Islamic jurisprudence,and has been cited by scholars and academics around the world as a reliable source for religious verdicts on social,economic,political,and moral issues.
References
- ↑ "CJP administers oath to Dr Muhammad Khalid Masood". Pakistan Today (newspaper). 1 November 2012. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Profile of Muhammad Khalid Masud Salzburg Global Seminar (Austria) website, Retrieved 19 November 2022
- ↑ Literature networking proposed: Islamic criminal law Dawn (newspaper), Published 30 May 2005, Retrieved 19 November 2022
- ↑ CII (Council of Islamic Ideology) holds workshop on Riba Dawn (newspaper), Published 3 June 2010, Retrieved 19 November 2022
- 1 2 3 Books by Muhammad Khalid Masud on goodreads.com website Retrieved 19 November 2022
- ↑ Iqbal's Reconstruction of Ijtihad Google Books website, Retrieved 19 November 2022
