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Arguments that Muhammad, the 7th century last prophet in Islam, is mentioned in certain Hindu scriptures, is asserted by various scholars. However, these interpretations are often debated among historians, theologians, and scholars of comparative religion. [1] [2] [3]
The Bhavishya Purana is one of the eighteen major Hindu Puranas. It is traditionally ascribed to Vyasa, the compiler of the Vedas, although the actual authorship remains unknown and the document is likely the work of many hands. Like the other puranas, it is written in Sanskrit. It contains passages that some interpret as references to Muhammad. In the Pratisarga Parva (Part III, Chapter 3, Verses 5-27, likely written after the 14th century), a figure named "Mahamada" is described as a leader in a foreign land who teaches a different dharma. His followers are also mentioned as "musalman". Some scholars suggest this refers to Muhammad. Sanskrit studies researcher Ved Prakash Upadhyay has been a proponent of this view in his book Muhammad in The Hindu Scriptures. [4] However, critics argue that these verses may be later interpolations and not part of the original text.
Certain Islamic scholars and followers claim that Muhammad is mentioned as the Kalki Avatar, the prophesied final avatar of Vishnu described in the Kalki Purana (16th-18th century). They argue that descriptions of a spiritual leader from a desert region, riding a white horse, and bringing about world transformation align with Muhammad's life. In October–December 2016 edition of Amriter shandhane, the Bangladeshi wing of Back to Godhead claimed the mention of Muhammad in Bhavishya Purana and hymn 127, book 20 of Atharvaveda in support of authenticity of vedic scriptures, which similared to the claim of the book. [5] [ better source needed ] Hindu spiritual leader Ravi Shankar claimed in his book Hinduism and Islam: The Common Thread that Muhammad is explicitly mentioned as the name "Mahamada" in Parva 3, Khand 3, Adhyay 3, texts 5-6 (Episode 3, section 3, chapter 3, text 5–6) of Bhavishya Purana: "An illiterate teacher will appear, Mohammed is his name, and he will give religion to the people of the desert", which also resembles the book. However, mainstream Hindu interpretations do not support this claim. [6] [ dubious – discuss ]
Kalki, also called Kalkin, is the prophesied tenth and final incarnation of the Hindu god Vishnu. According to Vaishnava cosmology, Kalki is destined to appear at the end of the Kali Yuga, the last of the four ages in the cycle of existence (Krita). His arrival will mark the end of the Kali Yuga and herald the beginning of the Satya Yuga, the most virtuous age, before the ultimate dissolution of the universe (Mahapralaya).
Avatar is a concept within Hinduism that in Sanskrit literally means 'descent'. It signifies the material appearance or incarnation of a powerful deity, or spirit on Earth. The relative verb to "alight, to make one's appearance" is sometimes used to refer to any guru or revered human being.
Kali Yuga, in Hinduism, is the fourth, shortest, and worst of the four yugas in a Yuga Cycle, preceded by Dvapara Yuga and followed by the next cycle's Krita (Satya) Yuga. It is believed to be the present age, which is full of conflict and sin.
Purānas are a vast genre of Indian literature that include a wide range of topics, especially legends and other traditional lore. The Puranas are known for the intricate layers of symbolism depicted within their stories. Composed originally in Sanskrit and in other Indian languages, several of these texts are named after major Hindu deities such as Vishnu, Shiva, Brahma, and Tridevi. The Puranic genre of literature is found in both Hinduism and Jainism.
In Hinduism, Itihasa-Purana, also called the fifth Veda, refers to the traditional accounts of cosmogeny, myths, royal genealogies of the lunar dynasty and solar dynasty, and legendary past events, as narrated in the Itihasa and the Puranas. They are highly influential in Indian culture, and many classical Indian poets derive the plots of their poetry and drama from the Itihasa. The Epic-Puranic chronology derived from the Itihasa-Puranais an influential frame of reference in traditional Indian thought.
In the field of comparative religion, many scholars, academics, and religious figures have looked at the relationships between Hinduism and other religions.
Hindu texts or Hindu scriptures are manuscripts and voluminous historical literature which are related to any of the diverse traditions within Hinduism. Some of the major Hindu texts include the Vedas, the Upanishads, and the Itihasa. Scholars hesitate in defining the term "Hindu scriptures" given the diverse nature of Hinduism, but many list the Agamas as Hindu scriptures, and Dominic Goodall includes Bhagavata Purana and Yajnavalkya Smriti in the list of Hindu scriptures as well.
Zakir Abdul Karim Naik is an Indian Islamic scholar and public orator who focuses on comparative religion. Naik is currently a wanted fugitive in India, where, in 2016, the authorities charged Naik for money laundering while he was abroad in Malaysia; Naik did not return to India and became a permanent resident of Malaysia. Naik denies all charges. The National Investigation Agency attempted to issue an Interpol red notice for his arrest, which was refused due to insufficient evidence.
The 'Bhavishya Purana' is one of the eighteen major works in the Purana genre of Hinduism, written in Sanskrit. The title Bhavishya means "future" and implies it is a work that contains prophecies regarding the future.
The Kalki Purana is a Vaishnava Hindu text about the tenth avatar of Vishnu named Kalki. The Sanskrit text was likely composed in Bengal during an era when the region was being ruled by the Bengal Sultanate or the Mughal Empire. Wendy Doniger dates it to sometime between 1500 AD and 1700 AD. It has a floruit of 1726 AD based on a manuscript discovered in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Yama, also known as Kāla and Dharmarāja, is the Hindu god of death and justice, responsible for the dispensation of law and punishment of sinners in his abode, Naraka. He is often identified with Dharmadeva, the personification of Dharma, though the two deities have different origins and myths.
Sambhal is a city located in the Sambhal district of Uttar Pradesh, India. The city lies approximately 158 km (98 mi) east of New Delhi and 355 km (220 mi) north-west of the state capital Lucknow. It also falls within the Rohilkhand region in the Moradabad division of the state, being approximately 32 km (20 miles) from the city of Moradabad. The city is considered significant by Hindus as the prophesized birthplace of Kalki, the tenth avatar of Vishnu, as mentioned in scriptures like Mahabharata, Skanda Purana, Bhavishya Purana & later Kalki Purana.
The Kumaras are four sages (rishis) from the Puranic texts of Hinduism who roam the universe as children, generally named Sanaka, Sanandana, Sanatana, and Sanatkumara. They are described as the first mind-born creations and sons of the creator-god Brahma. Born from Brahma's mind, the four Kumaras undertook lifelong vows of celibacy (brahmacharya) against the wishes of their father. They are said to wander throughout the materialistic and spiritualistic universe without any desire but with the purpose of teaching. All four brothers studied Vedas from their childhood, and always travelled together.
Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, is also venerated as a manifestation of God in Hinduism and the Baháʼí Faith. Some Hindu texts regard Buddha as an avatar of the god Vishnu, who came to Earth to delude beings away from the Vedic religion. Some Non-denominational and Quranist Muslims believe he was a prophet. He is also regarded as a prophet by the Ahmadiyyah.
Rohini is a queen of the Hindu god Krishna, who is an avatar of the god Vishnu and the king of Dvaraka in the Dvapara Yuga (epoch). She is mentioned as a queen in the Hindu epic Mahabharata, the Vishnu Purana, the Bhagavata Purana, and the Harivamsa, an appendix of the Mahabharata. Krishna is described to have the eight principal queen-consorts, the Ashtabharya and 16,000 or 16,100 ceremonial wives; Rohini is described as one of the Ashtabharya or identified with the queen Jambavati in some lists and head of the other wives in a different list.
Jainism and Hinduism are two ancient Indian religions. There are some similarities and differences between the two religions. Temples, gods, rituals, fasts and other religious components of Jainism are different from those of Hinduism.
Vajradatta is an asura king in Hindu mythology. He is the son and successor of King Bhagadatta, and the third ruler of the Naraka dynasty of the Pragjyotisha Kingdom. Vajradatta is regarded to have studied the four Vedas along with the disciplines called the Angas, as well as the Nitishastras of Brihaspati and Shukra. Vajradatta is mentioned in epics as powerful as Indra, speedy like Vajra and who pleased the performer of hundred sacrifices, who is Indra again, in battle. He said to possess bolt-like lustre and conquered enemies like Indra.
In Hinduism, Śāstra pramāṇam refers to the authority of the scriptures with regard to puruṣārtha, the objects of human pursuit, namely dharma, artha, kāma (pleasure) and mokṣa (liberation). Together with smṛti, ācāra, and ātmatuṣṭi, it provides pramana and sources of dharma, as expressed in Classical Hindu law, philosophy, rituals and customs.
Ved Prakash Upadhyay or Ved Prakash Upaddhay is an Indian scholar of Sanskrit language and Hinduism, author, professor and social activist. He is the author of many books on Sanskrit literature and Hinduism. He is mostly known for his controversial work Kalki Avatar and Muhammad, which says that there are references to Muhammad as Kalki in some Hindu scriptures.
Abdul Haq Vidyarthi (1888–1977) known as Maulana Abdul Haq Vidyarthi is a Pakistani scholar, author, writer, Islamic preacher and a prominent figure of Lahore Ahmadiyya movement, joined in 1907. In 1914, Maulana Muhammad Ali and his associates founded the Ahmadiyya Anjuman Isha‘at Islam missionary society in Lahore and Maulana Abdul Haq joined. He spent the rest of his life there as missionary, journalist, lecturer, writer and scholar. He studied Sanskrit and other languages and Hindu scriptures, to discover what he believed to be prophecies about Muhammad and to refute negative criticism of Islam. He earned the title vidyarthi due to his extensive knowledge of the Vedas.