Musidora: The Bather 'At the Doubtful Breeze Alarmed'

Last updated

Musidora: The Bather 'At the Doubtful Breeze Alarmed', Tate version, exhibited 1846, 65.1 by 50.2 cm (25.6 by 19.8 in) Etty - Musidora- The Bather 'At the Doubtful Breeze Alarmed'.jpg
Musidora: The Bather 'At the Doubtful Breeze Alarmed', Tate version, exhibited 1846, 65.1 by 50.2 cm (25.6 by 19.8 in)

Musidora: The Bather 'At the Doubtful Breeze Alarmed', also known as The Bather, [1] is a name given to four nearly identical oil paintings on canvas by English artist William Etty. The paintings illustrate a scene from James Thomson's 1727 poem Summer in which a young man accidentally sees a young woman bathing naked and is torn between his desire to look and his knowledge that he ought to look away. The scene was popular with English artists as it was one of the few legitimate pretexts to paint nudes at a time when the display and distribution of nude imagery was suppressed.

Contents

Other than minor differences in the background landscape, the four paintings are identical in composition. The first version was exhibited in 1843. Two versions are in public collections, one in Tate Britain and one in the Manchester Art Gallery; one of these was painted in 1844 and first exhibited in 1846 and the other was painted at around the same time; it is not known which the version is exhibited in 1846. A fourth version is of poorer quality and may be a later copy by a student.

Musidora was extremely well received when first exhibited and considered one of the finest works by an English artist. Etty died in 1849 and his work rapidly went out of fashion. At the same time, the topic of Musidora itself became a cliche, and from the 1870s Thomson's writings faded into obscurity. Etty's Musidora is likely to have influenced The Knight Errant by John Everett Millais, but other than that has had little influence on subsequent works. The Tate's version of the painting was exhibited in major exhibitions in 2001–02 in London and in 2011–12 in York.

Background

William Etty in 1844, around the time Musidora was painted. Hill & Adamson - William Etty at easel.jpg
William Etty in 1844, around the time Musidora was painted.

William Etty (1787–1849), the seventh child of a York baker and miller, [2] began his career as an apprentice printer in Hull at the age of 11. [3] On completing his seven-year apprenticeship he moved to London "with a few pieces of chalk crayons", [4] with the intention of becoming a history painter in the tradition of the Old Masters, [5] and studied under renowned artist Thomas Lawrence. [6] Strongly influenced by the works of Titian and Rubens, Etty submitted numerous paintings to the Royal Academy of Arts and the British Institution, all of which were either rejected or received little attention when exhibited. [7]

In 1821 the Royal Academy accepted and exhibited one of Etty's works, The Arrival of Cleopatra in Cilicia (also known as The Triumph of Cleopatra), [7] which depicted a large number of nude figures. [8] Cleopatra was extremely well received, and many of Etty's fellow artists greatly admired him. He was elected a full Royal Academician in 1828, ahead of John Constable. [9] He became well respected for his ability to capture flesh tones accurately in painting, and for his fascination with contrasts in skin tones. [10] Following the exhibition of Cleopatra, over the next decade Etty tried to replicate its success by painting nudes in biblical, literary and mythological settings. [11] Between 1820 and 1829 Etty exhibited 15 paintings, of which 14 included nude figures. [12]

While some nudes by foreign artists were held in private English collections, the country had no tradition of nude painting and the display and distribution of such material to the public had been suppressed since the 1787 Proclamation for the Discouragement of Vice. [13] Etty was the first British artist to specialise in painting nudes, [14] and many critics condemned his repeated depictions of female nudity as indecent, although his portraits of male nudes were generally well received. [15] [upper-alpha 1] From 1832 onwards, needled by repeated attacks from the press, Etty remained a prominent painter of nudes, but made conscious efforts to try to reflect moral lessons in his work. [17]

Subject

How durst thou risk the soul-distracting view
As from her naked limbs of glowing white,
Harmonious swelled by nature's finest hand,
In folds loose-floating fell the fainter lawn,
And fair exposed she stood, shrunk from herself,
With fancy blushing, at the doubtful breeze
Alarmed, and starting like the fearful fawn?
Then to the flood she rushed.

These lines from Summer accompanied the painting on its original exhibit. [18]

Musidora is based on Summer , [19] a poem by the Scottish poet and playwright James Thomson (best known today as the author of Rule, Britannia! ). [20] Summer was initially published in 1727 and was republished in an altered form in 1730 along with Thomson's Winter (1726), Spring (1728) and Autumn (1730) as The Seasons . [20] Although the individual poems attracted little interest on their release, The Seasons proved critically and commercially successful once completed, and Thomson began to associate with important and influential London political and cultural figures. [20] In June 1744 Thomson published a drastically revised version of The Seasons, which became extremely influential over the following century. Joseph Haydn wrote a major oratorio based on the poem, significant artists including Thomas Gainsborough, J. M. W. Turner and Richard Westall painted scenes from it, and over 400 editions of The Seasons in a number of languages were published between 1744 and 1870. [20]

The painting depicts a scene from Summer in which the young Damon sits thinking by a stream on a hot summer's day. [19] The beautiful Musidora strips naked to cool down by bathing in the stream, not knowing that Damon can see her. Damon is torn between his desire to watch her and the "delicate refinement" of knowing he should avert his gaze. Damon decides to respect her modesty and leaves a note on the riverbank reading "Bathe on, my fair, / Yet unbeheld save by the sacred eye / Of faithful love: I go to guard thy haunt; / To keep from thy recess each vagrant foot / And each licentious eye". Musidora sees the paper and panics, but on reading it and realising that it has been written by Damon, feels admiration for his behaviour as well as a surge of pride that her own beauty can provoke such a reaction. She leaves him a note in turn, reading "Dear youth! sole judge of what these verses mean, / By fortune too much favoured, but by love, / Alas! not favoured less, be still as now / Discreet: the time may come you need not fly." [21]

Musidora by Thomas Gainsborough c.1780-1788. This painting was not exhibited during Gainsborough's lifetime. Gainsborough - Musidora.jpg
Musidora by Thomas Gainsborough c.1780–1788. This painting was not exhibited during Gains­borough's lifetime.

As a nude scene from a major and well-respected work of English literature, the theme of Musidora was one of the few pretexts under which mainstream English painters felt able to paint nudes, and Musidora has been described as "the nation's surrogate Venus". [18] Four versions of Musidora attributed to Etty exist in total, the first of which was exhibited at the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition in 1843. The best-known version is that now in Tate Britain, painted in 1844 and probably first exhibited at the British Institution in 1846. [22] [23] The four paintings are identical in composition, although the landscape background varies slightly. [24] One of the paintings is of poorer quality and may be a later copy by a student. [25]

Composition

The painting shows the moment from Summer in which Musidora, having removed the last of her clothes, steps into "the lucid coolness of the flood" to "bathe her fervent limbs in the refreshing stream". [19] Damon is not shown; instead, Etty illustrates the scene from Damon's viewpoint. [22] By placing the audience in Damon's position, Etty aimed to induce the same reactions in the viewer as Damon's dilemma as described by Thomson; that of whether to enjoy the spectacle despite knowing it to be inappropriate, or to follow the accepted morality of the time and look away, in what art historian Sarah Burnage has described as "a titillating moral test for spectators to both enjoy and overcome." [22]

The pose of Musidora is based on that of the Aphrodite of Cnidus and the Venus de' Medici. [18] It is possible that Etty was also familiar with Thomas Gainsborough's Musidora, which shares similar elements. [26] Gainsborough's Musidora, his only large nude, was never exhibited in his lifetime and remained in private hands until 1847, [27] but Etty was familiar with its then-owner Robert Vernon and may have seen it in his collection. [28]

The Plantation at Acomb, William Etty, 1842 The Plantation at Acomb, York YORAG-714.jpg
The Plantation at Acomb, William Etty, 1842

The setting for the painting is a pool in the grounds of The Plantation, a house in the village of Acomb, near York. [18] The Plantation was the home of his close friend and patron the Reverend Isaac Spencer, vicar of Acomb, and its grounds being a scene Etty had previously painted. [22] In 1846 Etty bought a house in York for his retirement; [29] Burnage speculates that Etty chose Acomb on the grounds that a view of York was quintessentially English. [22]

Although Etty had traditionally worked in the Venetian style of painting, with rich colours and detail, for Musidora he adopted a much softer and earthier palette, [22] although his use of reflected light on flesh is derived from Venetian styles. [18] He moved away from Rubens, who up to this time had been his greatest influence, and closer to the style of Titian. [22] This is likely owing to the nature of the subject matter. Until then his history paintings had primarily been of themes of classical mythology and took place in brightly lit Mediterranean settings. The Seasons, by contrast, was seen as an explicitly English work, requiring a more muted palette to deal with the typical lighting conditions of Yorkshire. [22]

Reception

Both exhibited versions met with great acclaim, [22] and Musidora was Etty's most successful painting of a single nude figure. [28] The Court Magazine and Monthly Critic called the 1843 version "One of the most delicate and beautiful female figures in the entire gallery", saying that "no hues can be more natural—more Titianesque, if we may so speak." [1] The Literary Gazette called the version exhibited in 1846 "by far his finest work of art", comparing the piece favourably to Rembrandt and in particularly praising Etty's ability to capture shadows and reflections in water, where "in the management of these effects [reflections and shadows] Etty has no superior, and very few equals, in any school, from the earliest dawn of art". [22] The Critic described it as "a preeminent work" and "the triumph of the British school." [22]

Leonard Robinson argues that the popularity of Musidora reflects a change in art buyers. As the Industrial Revolution took hold, the primary market for art was no longer a privately educated landed aristocracy who had been taught the Classics and were familiar with ancient mythology, but the emerging middle class. [30] These new buyers lacked the classical education to understand the references in history paintings but could appreciate Musidora as a skilful execution and as a work of beauty in its own right. [31]

Legacy

Jones - Godiva Preparing to Ride through Coventry.jpg
Godiva Preparing to Ride through Coventry, George Jones, 1833
Claxton - Lady Godiva 1850.jpg
Lady Godiva, Marshall Claxton, 1850
By the time of Musidora, Godiva was replacing Musidora as a pretext for English artists to paint nudes.

By the time Etty exhibited Musidora, the theme was becoming something of a cliché, so that by 1850 it was described by The Literary Gazette as "a favourite subject for a dip of the brush". [18] As interest in studies of Musidora waned, its role as a pretext for nude paintings by English artists was replaced by Lady Godiva, who had become a topic of increased interest owing to Alfred, Lord Tennyson's poem Godiva . [18] After the death of William Wordsworth in 1850, James Thomson ceased to be a major influence on writers. From the 1870s his popularity with readers waned, and by the end of the 20th century his works other than Rule, Britannia! were little known. [20]

When Etty died in 1849, [32] despite having worked and exhibited until his death, [33] he was still regarded by many as a pornographer. Charles Robert Leslie observed shortly after Etty's death that "[Etty] himself, thinking and meaning no evil, was not aware of the manner in which his works were regarded by grosser minds". [34] Interest in him declined as new movements came to characterise painting in Britain, and by the end of the 19th century the value of his paintings had fallen. [32]

It is likely that the composition of Millais's 1870 The Knight Errant was influenced by Musidora. The Knight Errant b John Everett Millais 1870.jpg
It is likely that the composition of Millais's 1870 The Knight Errant was influenced by Musidora.

It is likely that the composition and style of John Everett Millais's controversial The Knight Errant was influenced by Musidora, [35] but other than Millais, and Etty's admirer and imitator William Edward Frost, few other artists were directly influenced by Etty's work. [36] In 1882 Vanity Fair commented on Musidora that "I know only too well how the rough and his female companion behave in front of pictures such as Etty's bather. I have seen the gangs of workmen strolling round, and I know that their artistic interest in studies of the nude is emphatically embarrassing." [37] By the early 20th century Victorian styles of art and literature fell dramatically out of fashion in Britain, and by 1915 the word "Victorian" had become a derogatory term. [38] Frederick Mentone's The Human Form in Art (1944) was one of the few 20th-century academic works to favourably view Musidora. [39]

Versions

The 1843 Musidora was bought directly from Etty by City of London merchant George Knott for 70  guineas (about £8,700 in today's terms [40] ) who sold it on two years later for 225 guineas (about £28,000 today [40] ). [41] It has passed through the hands of a number of private collectors since, remaining in private collections until at least 1948. [42] [upper-alpha 2] As well as its 1843 exhibition at the Royal Academy, it was exhibited at an 1849 retrospective of Etty's work at the Society of Arts, and at the Royal Academy's 1889 Old Masters exhibition. [42]

It is not clear which Musidora was exhibited at the British Institution in 1846. The Tate Britain version was bought from Etty for an unknown sum by Jacob Bell. It was exhibited in Etty's 1849 Society of Arts retrospective but was described as "not previously exhibited". [42] It was bequeathed to the National Gallery by Jacob Bell in 1859, [35] and transferred to the Tate Gallery (now Tate Britain) in 1900. [42] In 2001–02 this painting was shown as part of Tate Britain's Exposed: The Victorian Nude exhibition, [18] and exhibited in 2011–12 as part of a major retrospective of Etty's work at the York Art Gallery. [19]

An almost identical version, which is possibly that originally exhibited in 1846, was bequeathed in 1917 to the Manchester Art Gallery, [25] where as of 2015 it remains. [43] Another version, again almost identical to the Tate and Manchester paintings, is in a private collection; it is of poorer quality and is possibly a copy by a 19th-century student. [25]

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Etty's male nude portraits were primarily of mythological heroes and classical combat, genres in which the depiction of male nudity was considered acceptable in England. [16]
  2. ↑ The 1843 version was bought by Thomas Agnew & Sons in November 1947 for 60 guineas from an anonymous seller, and was sold to a Mrs Dunne the following year for an undisclosed sum. [42] No full inventory of Etty's works has been conducted since 1958, and the current whereabouts of this version is not recorded.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">William Etty</span> English painter (1787–1849)

William Etty was an English artist best known for his history paintings containing nude figures. He was the first significant British painter of nudes and still lifes. Born in York, he left school at the age of 12 to become an apprentice printer in Hull. He completed his apprenticeship seven years later and moved to London, where in 1807 he joined the Royal Academy Schools. There he studied under Thomas Lawrence and trained by copying works by other artists. Etty earned respect at the Royal Academy of Arts for his ability to paint realistic flesh tones, but had little commercial or critical success in his first few years in London.

<i>Sir Nicholas Serota Makes an Acquisitions Decision</i> 2000 painting by Charles Thomson

Sir Nicholas Serota Makes an Acquisitions Decision is one of the paintings that was made as a part of the Stuckism art movement, and is recognized as a "signature piece" for the movement. It was painted in 2000 by the Stuckism co-founder Charles Thomson, and has been exhibited in a number of shows since, as well as being featured on placards during Stuckist demonstrations against the Turner Prize.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">A Gallery</span>

The A Gallery was a contemporary art gallery in Wimbledon, London run by Fraser Kee Scott.

Mark Louis Hallett is an English art historian specialising in the history of British art. He is the Märit Rausing Director of the Courtauld Institute of Art.

<i>The Sirens and Ulysses</i> 1837 painting by William Etty

The Sirens and Ulysses is a large oil painting on canvas by the English artist William Etty, first exhibited in 1837. It depicts the scene from Homer's Odyssey in which Ulysses (Odysseus) resists the bewitching song of the sirens by having his ship's crew tie him up, while they are ordered to block their own ears to prevent themselves from hearing the song.

<i>The Destroying Angel and Daemons of Evil Interrupting the Orgies of the Vicious and Intemperate</i> 1832 painting by William Etty

The Destroying Angel and Daemons of Evil Interrupting the Orgies of the Vicious and Intemperate, also known as The Destroying Angel and Daemons Inflicting Divine Vengeance on the Wicked and Intemperate and as The Destruction of the Temple of Vice, is an 1832 English oil painting on canvas by English artist William Etty, first exhibited in 1832. Etty had become famous for nude paintings, and acquired a reputation for tastelessness, indecency and a lack of creativity. With The Destroying Angel he hoped to disprove his critics with an openly moral piece. The painting is 127.8 cm by 101.9 cm and depicts a classical temple under attack from a destroying angel and a group of daemons. Some of the humans appear dead or unconscious, others flee or struggle against the daemons.

<i>Candaules, King of Lydia, Shews his Wife by Stealth to Gyges, One of his Ministers, as She Goes to Bed</i> 1830 painting by William Etty

Candaules, King of Lydia, Shews his Wife by Stealth to Gyges, One of his Ministers, as She Goes to Bed, rarely known as The Imprudence of Candaules, is a 45.1 by 55.9 cm oil painting on canvas by English artist William Etty, first exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1830. It shows a scene from the Histories by Herodotus, in which Candaules, king of Lydia, invites his bodyguard Gyges to hide in the couple's bedroom and watch his wife Nyssia undress, to prove to him her beauty. Nyssia notices Gyges spying and challenges him to either accept his own execution or to kill Candaules as a punishment. Gyges chooses to kill Candaules and take his place as king. The painting shows the moment at which Nyssia, still unaware that she is being watched by anyone other than her husband, removes the last of her clothes.

<i>Youth on the Prow, and Pleasure at the Helm</i> 1832 painting by William Etty, inspired by a metaphor in Thomas Grays poem The Bard

Youth on the Prow, and Pleasure at the Helm is an oil painting on canvas by English artist William Etty, first exhibited in 1832. Etty had been planning the painting since 1818–19, and an early version was exhibited in 1822. The piece was inspired by a metaphor in Thomas Gray's poem The Bard in which the apparently bright start to the notorious misrule of Richard II of England was compared to a gilded ship whose occupants are unaware of an approaching storm. Etty chose to illustrate Gray's lines literally, depicting a golden boat filled with and surrounded by nude and near-nude figures.

<i>The Wrestlers</i> (Etty) c. 1840 painting of two wrestlers by William Etty

The Wrestlers is an oil painting on millboard by English artist William Etty, painted around 1840 and currently in the York Art Gallery, in York, England. It depicts a wrestling match between a black man and a white man, both glistening with sweat and under an intense light emphasising their curves and musculature. While little documentation of the painting exists prior to 1947, it is likely that it was painted over a period of three evenings at the life class of the Royal Academy.

<i>Preparing for a Fancy Dress Ball</i> Painting by William Etty

Preparing for a Fancy Dress Ball, also known as The Misses Williams-Wynn, is a 173 by 150 cm oil on canvas by English artist William Etty, first exhibited in 1835 and currently in the York Art Gallery. Although Etty was then known almost exclusively for history paintings featuring nude figures, he was commissioned in 1833 by Welsh Conservative politician Charles Watkin Williams-Wynn to paint a portrait of two of his daughters. Preparing for a Fancy Dress Ball shows Williams-Wynn's daughters, Charlotte and Mary, in lavish Italian-style costume: Charlotte, the eldest, is shown standing, helping the seated Mary decorate her hair with a ribbon and a rose. Etty put a good deal of effort into the piece and took much longer than usual to finish it.

<i>The World Before the Flood</i> 1828 painting by William Etty

The World Before the Flood is an oil-on-canvas painting by the English artist William Etty, first exhibited in 1828 and currently in the Southampton City Art Gallery. It depicts a scene from John Milton's Paradise Lost in which, among a series of visions of the future shown to Adam, he sees the world immediately before the Great Flood. The painting illustrates the stages of courtship as described by Milton: a group of men select wives from a group of dancing women, drag their chosen woman from the group, and settle down to married life. Behind the courting group, an oncoming storm looms, foreshadowing the destruction which the dancers and lovers are about to bring upon themselves.

<i>The Combat: Woman Pleading for the Vanquished</i> Oil painting on canvas by English artist William Etty

The Combat: Woman Pleading for the Vanquished is a large oil painting on canvas by English artist William Etty, first exhibited in 1825 and now in the National Gallery of Scotland. Inspired by the Elgin Marbles and intended by the artist to provide a moral lesson on "the beauty of mercy", it shows a near-nude warrior whose sword has broken, forced to his knees in front of another near-nude soldier who prepares to inflict a killing blow. A woman, also near-nude, clutches the victorious warrior to beg him for mercy. Unusually for a history painting of the period, The Combat does not depict a scene from history, literature or religion and is not based on an existing artwork, but is instead a scene from the artist's own imagination.

<i>Portrait of Mlle Rachel</i> Painting by William Etty

Portrait of Mlle Rachel is an oil painting on millboard by English artist William Etty, painted during the 1840s and currently in the York Art Gallery. It shows the tragic actress Élisa Rachel Félix, better known as Mademoiselle Rachel, at the time one of the most acclaimed actresses in France. The subject is not shown looking at the artist, but glancing anxiously out of the picture with tears in her eyes. The work was probably painted during one of Rachel's tours of London in the 1840s. It appears unfinished, suggesting that it was painted in a single sitting and Rachel did not return to give Etty the opportunity to complete it.

<i>The Triumph of Cleopatra</i> 1821 painting by William Etty

The Triumph of Cleopatra, also known as Cleopatra's Arrival in Cilicia and The Arrival of Cleopatra in Cilicia, is an oil painting by English artist William Etty. It was first exhibited in 1821, and is now in the Lady Lever Art Gallery in Port Sunlight, Merseyside. During the 1810s Etty had become widely respected among staff and students at the Royal Academy of Arts, in particular for his use of colour and ability to paint realistic flesh tones. Despite having exhibited at every Summer Exhibition since 1811, he attracted little commercial or critical interest. In 1820, he exhibited The Coral Finder, which showed nude figures on a gilded boat. This painting attracted the attention of Sir Francis Freeling, who commissioned a similar painting on a more ambitious scale.

<i>Britomart Redeems Faire Amoret</i> Painting by William Etty

Britomart Redeems Faire Amoret is an oil painting on canvas by English artist William Etty, first exhibited in 1833 and now in Tate Britain. Intended to illustrate the virtues of honour and chastity, it depicts a scene from Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene in which the female warrior Britomart slays the evil magician Busirane and frees his captive, the beautiful Amoret. In Spenser's original poem Amoret has been tortured and mutilated by the time of her rescue, but Etty disliked the depiction of violence and portrayed her as unharmed.

<i>The Dawn of Love</i> (painting) Oil painting on canvas by English artist William Etty

The Dawn of Love, also known as Venus Now Wakes, and Wakens Love, is an oil painting on canvas by English artist William Etty, first exhibited in 1828 and currently in the Russell-Cotes Art Gallery & Museum in Bournemouth. Loosely based on a passage from John Milton's 1634 masque Comus, it shows a nude Venus leaning across to wake the sleeping Love by stroking his wings. While Etty often included nude figures in his work, he rarely depicted physical intimacy, and owing to this, The Dawn of Love is one of his more unusual paintings. The open sensuality of the work was intended to present a challenge to the viewer mirroring the plot of Comus, in which the heroine is tempted by desire but remains rational and detached.

Martin Myrone is lead curator, British art to 1800 at the Tate Gallery.

<i>Mammon</i> (painting) Painting by George Frederic Watts

Mammon, originally exhibited as Mammon. Dedicated to his Worshippers, is an 1885 oil painting by English artist George Frederic Watts, currently in Tate Britain. One of a number of paintings by Watts in this period on the theme of the corrupting influence of wealth, Mammon shows a scene from Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene in which Mammon, the embodiment of greed, crushes the weak through his indifference to their plight. This reflected Watts's belief that wealth was taking the place of religion in modern society, and that this worship of riches was leading to social deterioration. The painting was one of a group of works Watts donated to the South Kensington Museum in late 1886, and in 1897 it was one of 17 Watts paintings transferred to the newly created Tate Gallery. Although rarely exhibited outside the Tate Gallery, the popularity of reproductions made Mammon one of Watts's better known paintings.

Richard Green is an art curator and art critic.

Dennis Larry Ashwell Farr was a British art historian and curator. Through his writings and the exhibitions he organised in his positions as director of City Museums and Art Gallery in Birmingham (1969–1980) and subsequently as director of the Courtauld Institute Galleries (1980–93), Farr established a reputation as a champion of 20th century British art.

References

Notes

  1. 1 2 "Exhibition of the Royal Academy". The Court Magazine and Monthly Critic. 9 (14). London: William Syme: 151. June 1843.
  2. ↑ Farr 1958, p. 2.
  3. ↑ Farr 1958, p. 5.
  4. ↑ Burnage 2011a, p. 157.
  5. ↑ Smith 1996, p. 86.
  6. ↑ Farr 1958, p. 14.
  7. 1 2 Burnage 2011d, p. 31.
  8. ↑ Farr 1958, p. 30.
  9. ↑ Burnage 2011b, p. 118.
  10. ↑ Burnage 2011c, p. 198.
  11. ↑ "About the artist". Manchester Art Gallery. Archived from the original on 11 February 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
  12. ↑ Burnage 2011d, p. 32.
  13. ↑ Smith 2001b, p. 53.
  14. ↑ Smith 2001b, p. 55.
  15. ↑ Smith 2001a, p. 54.
  16. ↑ Burnage 2011d, pp. 32–33.
  17. ↑ Burnage 2011d, p. 42.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Smith 2001a, p. 58.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Burnage 2011b, p. 148.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 "James Thomson". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/27306.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  21. ↑ Thomson 1794, pp. 86–89.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Burnage 2011b, p. 149.
  23. ↑ Farr 1958, p. 100.
  24. ↑ Farr 1958, pp. 100–01.
  25. 1 2 3 Farr 1958, p. 150.
  26. ↑ Farr 1958, p. 101.
  27. ↑ "Musidora". London: Tate. May 2007. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
  28. 1 2 Robinson 2007, p. 254.
  29. ↑ Burnage & Bertram 2011, p. 27.
  30. ↑ Robinson 2007, p. 189.
  31. ↑ Robinson 2007, p. 255.
  32. 1 2 Robinson 2007, p. 440.
  33. ↑ Burnage 2011e, p. 243.
  34. ↑ Leslie, Charles Robert (30 March 1850). "Lecture on the Works of the late W. Etty, Esq, R.A., by Professor Leslie". The Athenæum (1170). London: 352.
  35. 1 2 Smith 2001a, p. 70.
  36. ↑ Robinson 2007, p. 433.
  37. ↑ "Vanities". Vanity Fair. London: Thomas Gibson Bowles. 4 February 1882. p. 65.
  38. ↑ Warner 1996, p. 11.
  39. ↑ Smith 2001a, p. 28.
  40. 1 2 UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth . Retrieved 7 May 2024.
  41. ↑ Robinson 2007, p. 283.
  42. 1 2 3 4 5 Farr 1958, p. 149.
  43. ↑ "Other works by Etty". Salvaged. Manchester: Manchester Art Gallery. Retrieved 14 June 2015.[ permanent dead link ]

Bibliography

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.