| NEM | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Development | |
| Original author(s) | Jaguar Gimre BloodyRookie |
| Code repository | https://github.com/NemProject |
| Written in | Java |
| Developer(s) | Jaguar Gimre Hatchet |
| Website | nemplatform |
| Ledger | |
| Timestamping scheme | Proof-of-Importance |
| Block explorer | https://explorer.nemtool.com |
NEM ( New Economy Movement ) is a public blockchain Launched on March 31, 2015. [1]
The native currency is XEM. [2]
The idea for NEM came from UtopianFuture on the bitcointalk.org forum. The goal was to create a new economic zone based on the principles of financial freedom, decentralization, equality, and solidarity. [1]
After an open alpha test and an open beta test, the mainnet was launched on March 31, 2015. [3]
NEM defines XEM as its native currency, with a total issuance of approximately 9 billion (8,999,999,999) XEM, all of which were issued when NEM went public and will not be issued again. XEM is used to pay for transaction fees and to reward those who approve transactions, known as harvesters. [2]
NEM uses Proof-of-Importance (PoI) as a consensus algorithm, and the process of block generation is called harvesting.
In PoI, the importance of a NEM account is determined by the number of XEMs owned and the number and amount traded to and from the wallet, and about every minute, the fees in the block are randomly distributed to the wallet according to the importance. [2]
NEM has the ability to issue tokens, and these tokens are called mosaics. The native currency XEM is a type of mosaic, a token that is built in from the beginning.To create a token, a domain name is created in the namespace area and a mosaic is created underneath it. [4]
Kyōiku kanji, also known as Gakunenbetsu kanji haitōhyō is a list of 1,026 kanji and associated readings developed and maintained by the Japanese Ministry of Education that prescribes which kanji, and which readings of kanji, Japanese students should learn from first grade to the sixth grade. Although the list is designed for Japanese students, it can also be used as a sequence of learning characters by non-native speakers as a means of focusing on the most commonly used kanji.
The mon was the currency of Japan from the Muromachi period in 1336 until the early Meiji period in 1870. It co-circulated with the new sen until 1891. The Kanji for mon is 文 and the character for currency was widely used in the Chinese-character cultural sphere, e.g. Chinese wen, Korean mun, Vietnamese văn. Throughout Japanese history, there were many different styles of currency of many shapes, styles, designs, sizes and materials, including gold, silver, bronze, etc. Coins denominated in mon were cast in copper or iron and circulated alongside silver and gold ingots denominated in shu, bu and ryō, with 4000 mon = 16 shu = 4 bu = 1 ryo. In 1869, due to depreciation against gold, the new fixing officially was set for 1 ryo/yen = equal to 10.000 mon. The yen started to replace the old duodecimal denominations in 1870: in 3rd quarter of 1870, the first new coins appeared, namely 5, 10, 50 sen silver and 2, 5, 10, 20 Yen. Smaller sen coins did not appear before spring, 1873. So the mon coins remained a necessity for ordinary peoples commodities and were allowed to circulate until 31st December, 1891. From January 1, 1954 onward, the mon became invalid: postwar inflation had removed sen, mon etc. denominations smaller than 1 Yen. Due to the missing small coinage, the Japanese posts e.g. issued their first stamps in mon and fixed postal rates in mon until April, 1872.
The 500 yen coin is the largest denomination of Japanese yen coin issued for circulation. These coins were first struck in 1982 as the vending machine industry needed a higher valued coin for use in their machines. The denomination had previously been issued as paper currency which co-circulated with the new coins until 1994. Originally the 500 yen coin was made up of cupronickel, but was later changed to nickel brass, and then to bi-metallic to deter counterfeiting. This illegal practice has been a constant issue since the coin was first released due to its high purchase value. With a history spanning 3 imperial eras, 500 yen coins are also collectibles.
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The Ryukyuan mon was the currency used in the Ryukyu Islands. The Ryukyuan monetary system was based on that of China, like those of many nations in the Sinosphere, with the mon serving as the basic unit, just as with the Japanese mon, Vietnamese văn, and Korean mun. Like Japan had also done for centuries, the Ryukyuans often made use of the already-existing Chinese cash coins when physical currency was needed.
The Tenpō Tsūhō was an Edo period coin with a face value of 100 mon, originally cast in the 6th year of the Tenpō era (1830). The obverse of the coin reads "Tenpō" a reference to the era this coin was designed in, and "Tsūhō" which means "circulating treasure" or currency. The Kaō is that of Gotō San'emon, a member of the Kinza mint's Gotō family, descendants of Gotō Shozaburo Mitsutsugu, a metalworker and engraver from Kyoto appointed by shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu in 1600 to oversee the Edo mint of his shogunate and oversee its coinage. All mother coins were produced in Edo before they were sent to other mints where they would place the individual mint's mark on the edge of the coin. The coin circulated for 40 years, and stopped being produced during the Meiji Restoration after the introduction of the Japanese yen. Today these coins are now sold as "lucky charms" as well as being collected by numismatists.
Nagasaki trade coins (長崎貿易銭), also known as Nagasaki export coins refer to Japanese mon coins specifically cast for export by the Tokugawa government between 1659 and 1685 during the Sakoku era. Though the inscriptions on the coins often match Chinese coins from the Song dynasty they’re often cast with different typefaces such as the fact that the Genpō Tsūhō (元豊通寳) produced at Nagasaki was in Clerical script while the Song dynasty’s versions were in Seal script and Running script. Due to the success of these coins they’re often still found in modern day Vietnam and Java, and were copied by contemporary Vietnamese mints as they had become the de facto standard coinage in Vietnam as native production had declined in the 17th century. As the export of gold and silver was banned by the Qing dynasty Japanese merchants were most likely to go to Hanoi and Hội An to gain access to Chinese products causing these coins to start circulating en masse on the Vietnamese market. A special “5 elements” series of Nagasaki trade coins were also cast for export to Taiwan.
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Akinobu Kuroda(黑田明伸) is Professor of East Asian History in the Institute for Advanced Studies on Asia, University of Tokyo. He specialises in the complementarity of monies in East Asia, India, Africa, and Europe.
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Category:2015 software Category:Blockchains Category:Cross-platform software Category:Cryptocurrencies Category:Currencies introduced in 2015 Category:Directed acyclic graphs
