Lightning Network

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Lightning Network Protocol Suite Lightning Network Protocol Suite.png
Lightning Network Protocol Suite
Example ACFKLQ routing through an idealized mesh network of payment channels. 17 node mesh network.svg
Example ACFKLQ routing through an idealized mesh network of payment channels.

The Lightning Network (LN) is a "layer 2" payment protocol built on the Bitcoin blockchain and those of other cryptocurrencies. [1] It is intended to enable fast transactions among participating nodes (independently run members of the network) and has been proposed as a solution to the bitcoin scalability problem. [2] [3] It is a peer-to-peer system for making micropayments of cryptocurrency through a network of bidirectional payment channels, without delegating custody of funds. [4]

Contents

Transacting parties use the Lightning Network by opening a payment channel and transferring (committing) funds to the relevant layer-1 blockchain (e.g. Bitcoin) under a smart contract. The parties then make any number of off-chain Lightning Network transactions that update the tentative distribution of the channel's funds, without broadcasting to the blockchain. Whenever the parties have finished their transaction session, they close the payment channel, and the smart contract distributes the committed funds according to the transaction record. [5]

To initiate closing, one node first broadcasts the current state of the transaction record to the network, including a proposed settlement, a distribution of the committed funds. If both parties confirm the proposal, the funds are immediately paid on-chain. The other option is uncooperative closure, for example if one node has dropped from the network, or if it is broadcasting an incorrect (possibly fraudulent) transaction state. In this case settlement is delayed during a dispute period, when nodes may contest the proposal. If the second node broadcasts a more up-to-date timestamped distribution, including some transactions omitted by the first proposal, then all committed funds are transferred to the second node: this punitive breach remedy transaction thwarts attempts to defraud the other node by broadcasting out-of-date transactions.

The Lightning network has received praise for having the "potential to transform the world of payments, making Bitcoin more accessible, faster, and cheaper to use" and is the scaling solution that can bring Bitcoin to the average person. [6] Lightning has been adopted by El Salvador to assist in adopting Bitcoin as a form of legal tender. [6] Lightning was also used by Robert F. Kennedy Jr.'s presidential campaign, making it the first time Bitcoin was used to fund a presidential campaign. [7] [8]

History

The network at birth, screenshot Recksplorer, February 5, 2018 LN Network 20180205.jpg
The network at birth, screenshot Recksplorer, February 5, 2018

Joseph Poon and Thaddeus Dryja published a Lightning Network white paper in February 2015. [9] [ non-primary source needed ]

2019 Bitcoin Lightning Torch

On January 19, 2019, pseudonymous Twitter user hodlonaut began a game-like promotional test of the Lightning Network by sending 100,000 satoshis (0.001 bitcoin) to a trusted recipient where each recipient added 10,000 satoshis ($0.34 at the time) to send to the next trusted recipient. The "lightning torch" payment reached notable personalities including Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey, Litecoin Creator Charlie Lee, Lightning Labs CEO Elizabeth Stark, and Binance CEO "CZ" Changpeng Zhao, among others. [10] [11]

Design

A Lightning Network overview

Andreas Antonopoulos calls the Lightning Network a second layer routing network. [12] The payment channels allow participants to transfer money to each other without having to make all their transactions public on the blockchain. [13] [14] This is secured by penalizing uncooperative participants. When opening a channel, participants must commit an amount on the blockchain (a funding transaction). [15] Time-based script extensions like CheckSequenceVerify and CheckLockTimeVerify make the penalties possible.

Implementations

Lightning operates under the BOLT (Basis of Lightning Technology) standard specification. [16] Its four major implementations are: Lightning Network Daemon, CoreLightning, Eclair, and Lightning Dev Kit. [17]

Benefits

The Lightning Network claims to provide several advantages over on-chain transactions:

Limitations

The Lightning Network is made up of bidirectional payment channels between two nodes which combined create smart contracts. If at any time either party drops the channel, the channel will close and be settled on the blockchain. [19] The on-chain transactions required to open and close lightning channels limit the scaleability of the lightning network. This can be mitigated if multiple users that trust each other share a lightning node. [20] Poon Dryja channels are typically used for smaller amounts because they require that keys be online. Secure operation of a high volume lightning node requires security mechanisms like a validating lightning signer or frequent swaps with cold storage. [21]

Lightning Network's dispute mechanism requires all users to watch the blockchain constantly for fraud. This vigilance can be outsourced to watchtower nodes, trusted providers who are paid to monitor for fraud.

A period of 24 hours is allotted to create a bidirectional channel after receiving a request.

Routing

In the event that a bi-directional payment channel is no longer open between the transacting parties, the payment must be routed through network intermediaries via an onion routing technique similar to Tor. This requires that the sender and receiver of the payment have open channels with enough established peer nodes to find a path for the payment. [22]

The original whitepaper on routing suggests that "eventually, with optimizations, the network will look a lot like Tier-1 ISPs".

Use cases

Laszlo Hanyecz, famous for paying 10,000 BTC for two pizzas in 2010, bought two more pizzas in 2018 via Lightning Network for 0.00649 BTC. [23] In 2021, Lightning was adopted by El Salvador to assist in adopting Bitcoin as a form of legal tender. [24] In 2023, Lightning was also used by Robert F. Kennedy Jr.'s presidential campaign, making it the first time Bitcoin was used to fund a presidential campaign. [25]

Lightning Internetwork

The lightning network based on Poon Dryja payment channels is interoperable with other payment networks that support HTLCs which results in a multi-asset network of networks. [26]

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cryptocurrency</span> Digital currency not reliant on a central authority

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References

  1. ↑ "lightningnetwork/lnd". GitHub. Retrieved 2021-05-04.
  2. ↑ Russo, Camila (March 15, 2018). "Technology Meant to Make Bitcoin Money Again Is Now Live". www.bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2019-12-12.
  3. ↑ "MIT and Stanford Professors Are Designing a Cryptocurrency to Top Bitcoin: Unit-e". fortune.com. January 17, 2019. Retrieved 2019-12-12.
  4. ↑ Popper, Nathaniel (August 15, 2017). "Bitcoin price surges after deal on software updates". The Boston Globe. Retrieved December 12, 2019.
  5. ↑ Lee, Timothy B. (2018-02-04). "Bitcoin has a huge scaling problem—Lightning could be the solution". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2019-12-12.
  6. 1 2 Fox, Martell. "Bitcoin's Lightning Network: What It Is And How It Works". Forbes. Retrieved 2024-03-13.
  7. ↑ "Bitcoin Miami: 2024 Candidates Robert F. Kennedy Jr and Gabbard Defend Bitcoin and Decentralization". Yahoo Finance. 2023-05-22. Retrieved 2024-03-13.
  8. ↑ "Watch Robert F. Kennedy Jr.'s Keynote Address at Bitcoin 2023". TheStreet Crypto: Bitcoin and cryptocurrency news, advice, analysis and more. Retrieved 2024-03-13.
  9. ↑ "Lightning Network whitepaper 0.5 by Joseph Poon and Thaddeus Dryja". 28 February 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-02-28.
  10. ↑ Browne, Ryan (6 February 2019). "Jack Dorsey says the 'only' cryptocurrency he owns is bitcoin". CNBC. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  11. ↑ Hackett, Robert; Roberts, Jeff John; Wieczner, Jen. "The Ledger: Cryptocurrency Custody, QuadrigaCX Quagmire, CEOs Pass Bitcoin 'Torch'". Fortune. Fortune Magazine. Archived from the original on 1 June 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Antonopoulos, Andreas (2017-07-21). Mastering Bitcoin (2nd ed.). O'Reilly. pp. 297–304. ISBN   978-1491954386.
  13. ↑ "The Lightning Network Could Make Bitcoin Faster—and Cheaper". Wired. ISSN   1059-1028 . Retrieved 2019-12-12.
  14. ↑ "MIT, Stanford Academics Design Cryptocurrency to Better Bitcoin". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2019-12-12.
  15. ↑ Burchert, Conrad; Decker, Christian; Wattenhofer, Roger (August 29, 2018). "Scalable Funding of Bitcoin Micropayment Channel Networks" (PDF). Royal Society Open Science. 5 (8): 180089. Bibcode:2018RSOS....580089B. doi:10.1098/rsos.180089. PMC   6124062 . PMID   30225004 . Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  16. ↑ Lightning Network In-Progress Specifications, Lightning Network, 2022-10-15, retrieved 2022-10-15
  17. ↑ Perez, Sarah (2022-01-18). "Block's Cash App adopts Lightning Network for free bitcoin payments". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  18. ↑ Ajiboye, Timi; Buenaventura, Luis; Gladstein, Alex; Liu, Lily; Lloyd, Alexander; Machado, Alejandro; Song, Jimmy; Vranova, Alena (2019-08-14). The little bitcoin book : why bitcoin matters for your freedom, finances, and future. Redwood City, CA: 21 Million Books. ISBN   978-1-64199-050-9.
  19. ↑ Antonopoulos, Andreas; Osuntokun, Olaoluwa; Pickhardt, René (January 4, 2022). "How the Lightning Network Works". Mastering the Lightning Network: A Second Layer Blockchain Protocol for Instant Bitcoin Payments (1st ed.). O'Reilly Media. ISBN   978-1492054863.
  20. ↑ Sztorc, Paul (April 4, 2022). "Lightning Network -- Fundamental Limitations". Truthcoin. Retrieved 2024-01-17.
  21. ↑ Kohler, Che (July 6, 2023). "What Is The Validating Lightning Signer?". The Bitcoin Manual. Retrieved 2024-01-18.
  22. ↑ Antonopoulos, Andreas; Osuntokun, Olaoluwa; Pickhardt, René (January 4, 2022). "Chapter 8: Routing on a Network of Payment Channels". Mastering the Lightning Network: A Second Layer Blockchain Protocol for Instant Bitcoin Payments (1st ed.). O'Reilly Media. ISBN   978-1492054863.
  23. ↑ Russo, Camila (February 27, 2018). "Crypto Legend Who Bought Pizza With 10,000 Bitcoin Is Back At It". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2019-12-12.
  24. ↑ Fox, Martell. "Bitcoin's Lightning Network: What It Is And How It Works". Forbes. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  25. ↑ Toppa, Sabrina (2023-05-21). "Watch Robert F. Kennedy Jr.'s Keynote Address at Bitcoin 2023". TheStreet Crypto: Bitcoin and cryptocurrency news, advice, analysis and more. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  26. ↑ Hydranet Team (October 17, 2018). "Lightning Network and Atomic Swaps". Medium. Retrieved 2024-01-17.
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