NMNAT1

NMNAT1
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 1GZU, 1KKU, 1KQN, 1KQO, 1KR2
Identifiers
Aliases	NMNAT1 , LCA9, NMNAT, PNAT1, nicotinamide nucleotide adenylyltransferase 1, SHILCA
External IDs	OMIM: 608700; MGI: 1913704; HomoloGene: 39074; GeneCards: NMNAT1; OMA:NMNAT1 - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 1 (human) [1] Band 1p36.22 Start 9,943,428 bp [1] End 9,985,501 bp [1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 4 (mouse) [2] Band 4|4 E2 Start 149,552,029 bp [2] End 149,569,659 bp [2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in muscle of thigh mucosa of transverse colon testicle gastrocnemius muscle islet of Langerhans monocyte Achilles tendon stromal cell of endometrium rectum apex of heart Top expressed in otic placode otic vesicle saccule muscle of thigh right kidney quadriceps femoris muscle tibialis anterior muscle skeletal muscle tissue embryo intercostal muscle More reference expression data BioGPS n/a
Gene ontology Molecular function transferase activity nucleotide binding nucleotidyltransferase activity protein binding ATP binding catalytic activity nicotinamide-nucleotide adenylyltransferase activity nicotinate-nucleotide adenylyltransferase activity identical protein binding Cellular component nucleus nucleoplasm nuclear body cytoplasm Biological process pyridine nucleotide biosynthetic process NAD metabolic process NAD biosynthetic process biosynthesis 'de novo' NAD biosynthetic process from aspartate response to wounding ATP generation from poly-ADP-D-ribose positive regulation of MAPK cascade negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process negative regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation nucleotide biosynthetic process Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 64802 66454 Ensembl ENSG00000173614 ENSMUSG00000028992 UniProt Q9HAN9 Q9EPA7 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001297778 NM_001297779 NM_022787 NM_133435 NM_001356357 RefSeq (protein) NP_001284707 NP_001284708 NP_073624 NP_597679 NP_001343286 Location (UCSC) Chr 1: 9.94 – 9.99 Mb Chr 4: 149.55 – 149.57 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 1 (NMNAT1) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the nmnat1 gene. ^{[5] [6] [7]} It is a member of the nicotinamide-nucleotide adenylyltransferases (NMNATs) which catalyze nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) synthesis. ^[8]

Function

The coenzyme NAD and its derivatives are involved in hundreds of metabolic redox reactions and are utilized in protein ADP-ribosylation, histone deacetylation, and in some Ca²⁺ signaling pathways. NMNAT (EC 2.7.7.1) is a central enzyme in NAD biosynthesis, catalyzing the condensation of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) or nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN) with the AMP moiety of ATP to form NAD or NaAD. ^[7]

NMNAT1 is the most widely expressed of three orthologous genes with nicotinamide-nucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT) activity. Genetically engineered mice lacking NMNAT1 die during early embryogenesis, indicating a critical role of this gene in organismal viability. ^[9] In contrast, mice lacking NMNAT2, which is expressed predominantly in neural tissues, complete development but die shortly after birth. However, NMNAT1 is dispensable for cell viability, as homozygous deletion of this gene occurs in glioblastoma tumors and cell lines. Other tumors such as osteosarcoma, however, increase the expression of NMNAT1 upon exposure to DNA damaging agents and inactivation of the nmnat1 gene renders these cells more sensitive to chemotherapy with cisplatin. ^[10] This latter effect involves lowered nuclear NAD levels in NMNAT1 knockout cells and impaired DNA damage sensing by the NAD-dependent DNA break responsive enzyme poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1). ^[10] The dependence of osteosarcoma cells on NMNAT1-derived NAD for the PARP1-dependent DNA repair and survival is not restricted to cisplatin-treated cancer cells but has also been reported to occur in actinomycine D-treated tumor cell lines, as well. ^[11] These data suggest that nuclear NAD synthesis by NMNAT1 may represent a therapeutic target in osteosarcoma and possibly in other tumors, as well. ^{[10] [11]}

NMNAT enzymatic activity is probably essential at the cellular level, as complete ablation of NMNAT activity in model organisms leads to cellular inviability. ^[12]

NMNAT1 enhancement opposes the actions of SARM1 which would lead to axon degeneration, ^[13] but this effect is not due to preventing SARM1 depletion of NAD+. ^[8]

Clinical relevance

Mutations in this gene have been shown associated to the LCA9 form of the retinal degeneration pathology Leber's congenital amaurosis. ^{[14] [8] [15]}

Aging

Aged mice show a significant reduction of NMNAT1 gene products in the liver (which is the main site of de novo synthesis of NAD+). ^[16] All NMNAT gene isoform products also decline with age in mice in kidneys, oocytes, and colons. ^[16]

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000173614 – Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000028992 – Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. Schweiger M, Hennig K, Lerner F, Niere M, Hirsch-Kauffmann M, Specht T, et al. (Mar 2001). "Characterization of recombinant human nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyl transferase (NMNAT), a nuclear enzyme essential for NAD synthesis". FEBS Letters. 492 (1–2): 95–100. doi: 10.1016/S0014-5793(01)02180-9 . PMID   11248244.
6. Emanuelli M, Carnevali F, Saccucci F, Pierella F, Amici A, Raffaelli N, et al. (Feb 2001). "Molecular cloning, chromosomal localization, tissue mRNA levels, bacterial expression, and enzymatic properties of human NMN adenylyltransferase". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (1): 406–412. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M008700200 . PMID   11027696.
7. "Entrez Gene: NMNAT1 nicotinamide nucleotide adenylyltransferase 1".
8. Brazill JM, Li C, Zhu Y, Zhai RG (2017). "NMNAT: It's an NAD + Synthase… It's a Chaperone… It's a Neuroprotector". Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 44: 156–162. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2017.03.014. PMC   5515290 . PMID   28445802.
9. Fletcher RS, Lavery GG (2018). "The emergence of the nicotinamide riboside kinases in the regulation of NAD+ metabolism". Journal of Molecular Endocrinology. 61 (3): R107 –R121. doi:10.1530/JME-18-0085. PMC   6145238 . PMID   30307159.
10. Kiss A, Raduly AP, Regdon Z, Polgar Z, Tarapcsak S, Sturniolo I, et al. (2020-05-07). "Targeting Nuclear NAD+ Synthesis Inhibits DNA Repair, Impairs Metabolic Adaptation and Increases Chemosensitivity of U-2OS Osteosarcoma Cells". Cancers. 12 (5): E1180. doi: 10.3390/cancers12051180 . ISSN   2072-6694. PMC   7281559 . PMID   32392755.
11. Kiss A, Csikos C, Regdon Z, Polgar Z, Virag L, Hegedus C (2021-08-18). "NMNAT1 Is a Survival Factor in Actinomycin D-Induced Osteosarcoma Cell Death". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 22 (16): 8869. doi: 10.3390/ijms22168869 . ISSN   1422-0067. PMC   8396190 . PMID   34445574.
12. Muller FL, Colla S, Aquilanti E, Manzo VE, Genovese G, Lee J, et al. (August 2012). "Passenger deletions generate therapeutic vulnerabilities in cancer". Nature. 488 (7411): 337–342. Bibcode:2012Natur.488..337M. doi:10.1038/nature11331. PMC   3712624 . PMID   22895339.
13. Sasaki Y, Nakagawa T, Mao X, DiAntonio A, Milbrandt J (October 2016). "+ depletion". eLife. 5. doi: 10.7554/eLife.19749 . PMC   5063586 . PMID   27735788.
14. Koenekoop RK, Wang H, Majewski J, Wang X, Lopez I, Ren H, et al. (September 2012). "Mutations in NMNAT1 cause Leber congenital amaurosis and identify a new disease pathway for retinal degeneration". Nature Genetics. 44 (9). Finding of Rare Disease Genes (FORGE) Canada Consortium: 1035–1039. doi:10.1038/ng.2356. PMC   3657614 . PMID   22842230.
15. Jadeja RN, Thounaojam MC, Martin PM (2020). "Implications of NAD + Metabolism in the Aging Retina and Retinal Degeneration". Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2020: 2692794. doi: 10.1155/2020/2692794 . PMC   7238357 . PMID   32454935.
16. McReynolds MR, Chellappa K, Baur JA (2020). "Age-related NAD + decline". Experimental Gerontology. 134: 110888. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2020.110888. PMC   7442590 . PMID   32097708.

Further reading

• Maruyama K, Sugano S (1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides". Gene. 138 (1–2): 171–174. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID   8125298.
• Garavaglia S, D'Angelo I, Emanuelli M, Carnevali F, Pierella F, Magni G, et al. (2002). "Structure of human NMN adenylyltransferase. A key nuclear enzyme for NAD homeostasis". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (10): 8524–8530. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111589200 . PMID   11751893.
• Werner E, Ziegler M, Lerner F, Schweiger M, Muller YA, Heinemann U (2002). "Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of human nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT)". Acta Crystallographica. Section D, Biological Crystallography. 58 (Pt 1): 140–142. Bibcode:2002AcCrD..58..140W. doi:10.1107/S0907444901017437. PMID   11752792.
• Zhou T, Kurnasov O, Tomchick DR, Binns DD, Grishin NV, Marquez VE, et al. (2002). "Structure of human nicotinamide/nicotinic acid mononucleotide adenylyltransferase. Basis for the dual substrate specificity and activation of the oncolytic agent tiazofurin". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (15): 13148–13154. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111469200 . PMID   11788603.
• Fernando FS, Conforti L, Tosi S, Smith AD, Coleman MP (2002). "Human homologue of a gene mutated in the slow Wallerian degeneration (C57BL/Wld(s)) mouse". Gene. 284 (1–2): 23–29. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(02)00394-3. PMID   11891043.
• Werner E, Ziegler M, Lerner F, Schweiger M, Heinemann U (2002). "Crystal structure of human nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase in complex with NMN". FEBS Letters. 516 (1–3): 239–244. doi: 10.1016/S0014-5793(02)02556-5 . PMID   11959140.
• Raffaelli N, Sorci L, Amici A, Emanuelli M, Mazzola F, Magni G (2002). "Identification of a novel human nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 297 (4): 835–840. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(02)02285-4. PMID   12359228.
• Zhang X, Kurnasov OV, Karthikeyan S, Grishin NV, Osterman AL, Zhang H (2003). "Structural characterization of a human cytosolic NMN/NaMN adenylyltransferase and implication in human NAD biosynthesis". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (15): 13503–13511. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M300073200 . PMID   12574164.
• Yalowitz JA, Xiao S, Biju MP, Antony AC, Cummings OW, Deeg MA, et al. (2004). "Characterization of human brain nicotinamide 5'-mononucleotide adenylyltransferase-2 and expression in human pancreas". The Biochemical Journal. 377 (Pt 2): 317–326. doi:10.1042/BJ20030518. PMC   1223862 . PMID   14516279.
• Suzuki Y, Yamashita R, Shirota M, Sakakibara Y, Chiba J, Mizushima-Sugano J, et al. (2004). "Sequence comparison of human and mouse genes reveals a homologous block structure in the promoter regions". Genome Research. 14 (9): 1711–1718. doi:10.1101/gr.2435604. PMC   515316 . PMID   15342556.
• Berger F, Lau C, Dahlmann M, Ziegler M (2006). "Subcellular compartmentation and differential catalytic properties of the three human nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase isoforms". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (43): 36334–36341. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M508660200 . PMID   16118205.
• Olsen JV, Blagoev B, Gnad F, Macek B, Kumar C, Mortensen P, et al. (2006). "Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks". Cell. 127 (3): 635–648. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.026 . PMID   17081983. S2CID   7827573.
• Berger F, Lau C, Ziegler M (2007). "Regulation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 activity by the phosphorylation state of the nuclear NAD biosynthetic enzyme NMN adenylyl transferase 1". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (10): 3765–3770. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.3765B. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0609211104 . PMC   1820658 . PMID   17360427.