New 36th Division

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New 36th Division
Active1932–1937
CountryFlag of the Republic of China.svg Republic of China
Branch Flag of the Republic of China Army.svg National Revolutionary Army
TypeCavalry (later Infantry)
Garrison/HQ Xinjiang, later Yunnan
Engagements
Commanders
Ceremonial chief Ma Zhongying, Ma Hushan
Notable
commanders
Ma Zhongying, Ma Hushan, Ma Zhancang, Ma Fuyuan. Post reorganisation: Li Chih-peng

New 36th Division General Ma Fuyuan stormed Kashgar, and attacked the Uighur and Kirghiz rebels of the First East Turkestan Republic. He freed another New 36th Division general, Ma Zhancang, who had been trapped by the Uighurs and Kirghiz. Ma Zhancang repulsed six Uighur attacks, inflicting massive casualties on the Uighur forces. [26] 2,000 to 8,000 Uighur civilians were killed in revenge for the Kizil massacre. General Ma Zhongying gave a speech at Idgah mosque, reminding the Uighurs to be loyal to the Republic of China government at Nanjing. Several citizens at the British consulate were killed by the division. [27] [28] [29] [30]

Battle of Yangi Hissar

Ma Zhancang led the division in an attack on Uyghur forces at Yangi Hissar, wiping out the entire Uighur force, and killing Emir Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra. [31]

Battle of Yarkand

Ma Zhancang defeated the Uighur and Afghan volunteers sent by King Mohammed Zahir Shah, and exterminated them all. The emir Abdullah Bughra was killed and beheaded, his head put on display at Idgah mosque. [32]

Charkhlik Revolt

The New 36th Division, under General Ma Hushan, crushed a revolt by the Uighurs at the Charkhlik oasis. [33]

Administration of Tunganistan

The division, under General Ma Hushan, administered the oases of southern Xinjiang, and their administration was dubbed Tunganistan by Western travelers. Ma Hushan and the New 36th Division declared their loyalty to the Kuomintang government in Nanjing and sent emissaries to Nanjing requesting aid to fight against Sheng Shicai's provincial forces and the Soviet Union.

The administration was colonial in nature; the Chinese Muslims started putting up street signs and names in Chinese, which used to be written only in the Uighur language. They also sought to live a Chinese lifestyle, importing Chinese cooks and baths. [34] Islam barely played a role except as a "vague spiritual focus" for unified opposition against Sheng Shicai and the Soviet Union. [35]

The Uyghurs of the Charklik oases revolted against the New 36th Division in 1935, but the Chinese Muslims crushed the insurgents, executed 100 people, and took the family of the Uyghur chief as hostages. [36]

Camels were requisitioned by the division in Cherchen. [37]

Aftermath

In May 1937, the New 36th Division's acting commander, Ma Hushan, launched a military operation against Sheng Shicai, which involved laying siege to Kashgar, capturing Bachu, and taking the vanguard approaches to Aksu. Sheng Shicai requested assistance from the Soviets, and in September 1937 three Soviet regiments entered the country from Artush. They defeated Ma Hushan at Bachu, and moved to Kashgar and Yarkand. The 36th Division retreated to Hotan, and when the Soviet Red Army occupied Pishan in early September, Ma Hushan abandoned his troops and fled to India. Afterwards, the division disintegrated and ceased to exist. [38]

References

  1. Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 124. ISBN   0-521-25514-7 . Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  2. Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. pp. 142, 144. ISBN   0-521-25514-7 . Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  3. Christian Tyler (2004). Wild West China: the taming of Xinjiang. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. p. 109. ISBN   0-8135-3533-6 . Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  4. Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. pp. 83, 251. ISBN   0-521-25514-7 . Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  5. Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 142. ISBN   0-521-25514-7 . Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  6. Peter Fleming (1999). News from Tartary: A Journey from Peking to Kashmir . Evanston Illinois: Northwestern University Press. p. 307. ISBN   0-8101-6071-4.
  7. M. Rafiq Khan (1963). Islam in China. Delhi: National Academy. p. 63. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  8. Dickens, Mark. The Soviets in Xinjiang : 1911-1949.
  9. Peter Fleming (1999). News from Tartary: A Journey from Peking to Kashmir. Evanston Illinois: Northwestern University Press. p. 263. ISBN   0-8101-6071-4 . Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  10. Peter Fleming (1999). News from Tartary: A Journey from Peking to Kashmir. Evanston Illinois: Northwestern University Press. p. 308. ISBN   0-8101-6071-4 . Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  11. Peter Fleming (1999). News from Tartary: A Journey from Peking to Kashmir. Evanston Illinois: Northwestern University Press. p. 307. ISBN   0-8101-6071-4 . Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  12. Peter Fleming (1999). News from Tartary: A Journey from Peking to Kashmir. Evanston Illinois: Northwestern University Press. p. 308. ISBN   0-8101-6071-4 . Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  13. 1 2 McKelvie, P. (1989). "Year Book Of Otolaryngology/Head And Neck Surgery 1988 Wolfe Medical Publications Ltd: Year Book Medical Publisher Inc. ISBN 0 8151 6631 1 Price £34" . The Journal of Laryngology & Otology. 103 (4): 445. doi:10.1017/s0022215100109247. ISSN   0022-2151.
  14. Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 87. ISBN   0-521-25514-7 . Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  15. Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 108. ISBN   0-521-25514-7 . Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  16. Christian Tyler (2004). Wild West China: the taming of Xinjiang. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. p. 109. ISBN   0-8135-3533-6 . Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  17. Christian Tyler (2004). Wild West China: the taming of Xinjiang. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. p. 109. ISBN   0-8135-3533-6 . Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  18. Christian Tyler (2004). Wild West China: the taming of Xinjiang. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. p. 109. ISBN   0-8135-3533-6 . Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  19. Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 89. ISBN   0-521-25514-7 . Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  20. Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 95. ISBN   0-521-25514-7 . Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  21. Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 288. ISBN   0-521-25514-7 . Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  22. 1 2 Christian Tyler (2004). Wild West China: the taming of Xinjiang. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. p. 112. ISBN   0-8135-3533-6 . Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  23. Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 120. ISBN   0-521-25514-7 . Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  24. Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 121. ISBN   0-521-25514-7 . Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  25. Ai-ch'ên Wu, Aichen Wu (1940). Turkistan tumult. Methuen: Methuen. pp. 89, 234. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  26. AP (1 February 1934). "REPULSE REBELS AFTER SIX DAYS". Spokane Daily Chronicle. Retrieved 12 December 2010.[ permanent dead link ]
  27. AP (17 March 1934). "TUNGAN RAIDERS MASSACRE 2,000". The Miami News. Retrieved 12 December 2010.[ permanent dead link ]
  28. Associated Press Cable (17 March 1934). "TUNGANS SACK KASHGAR CITY, SLAYING 2,000". The Montreal Gazette. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
  29. "British Officials and 2,000 Natives Slain at Kashgar, on Western Border of China". The New York Times. Associated Press. 17 March 1934. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
  30. AP (17 March 1934). "2000 Killed In Massacre". San Jose News. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
  31. "Fighting Continues Tungan Troops Still Active in Chinese Turkestan". The Montreal Gazette. 10 May 1934. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
  32. Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 123. ISBN   0-521-25514-7 . Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  33. Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 134. ISBN   0-521-25514-7 . Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  34. Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 130. ISBN   0-521-25514-7 . Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  35. Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 130. ISBN   0-521-25514-7 . Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  36. Peter Fleming (1999). News from Tartary: A Journey from Peking to Kashmir. Evanston Illinois: Northwestern University Press. p. 267. ISBN   0-8101-6071-4 . Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  37. Ella Maillart (2003). Forbidden journey: from Peking to Kashmir (illustrated ed.). Northwestern University Press. p. 185. ISBN   0-8101-1985-4 . Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  38. 马从新:“马虎山在和阗始末”,《新疆文史资料》第26辑第209页,1994年版。
New 36th Division
Traditional Chinese 新編第三十六師
Simplified Chinese 新编第三十六师
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin Xīnbiān dì sānshíliù shī