Nicholas Van Dyke (governor)

Last updated
Nicholas Van Dyke
President of Delaware
In office
February 1, 1783 October 26, 1786
Preceded by John Cook
Succeeded by Thomas Collins
Continental Congressman
from Delaware
In office
February 22, 1777 February 2, 1782
Personal details
Born(1738-09-25)September 25, 1738
New Castle County, Delaware
DiedFebruary 19, 1789(1789-02-19) (aged 50)
New Castle County, Delaware
Resting placeImmanuel Episcopal Churchyard, New Castle
Spouse(s)Elizabeth Nixon
Charlotte Stanley
Residence New Castle, Delaware
Professionlawyer

Nicholas Van Dyke (September 25, 1738 – February 19, 1789) was an American lawyer and politician from New Castle, in New Castle County, Delaware. He served in the Delaware General Assembly, as a Continental Congressman from Delaware, and as President of Delaware.

Contents

Early life and family

Van Dyke was born at Berwick, his family's home in St. George's Hundred, New Castle County, Delaware, near the present location of Delaware City. He was the son of Nicholas and Rachael Alee Van Dyke, whose father, Andrew Van Dyke, had moved there from Long Island in New York in 1704. Young Nicholas was educated at home, then read law in Philadelphia where he was admitted to the Pennsylvania Bar in 1765.

Delaware City, Delaware City in Delaware, United States

Delaware City is a city in New Castle County, Delaware, United States. The population was 1,695 at the 2010 census. It is a small port town on the eastern terminus of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal and is the location of the Forts Ferry Crossing to Fort Delaware on Pea Patch Island.

Van Dyke returned to New Castle where he lived with his family and began a law practice. He married twice, first in 1766 to Elizabeth Nixon who died bearing their first child, Rachael, in 1767. After her death he married Charlotte Stanley. They made their home in New Castle and had four children, Nancy Ann, Mary, Nicholas, and Henry. They were members of Immanuel Episcopal Church.

Immanuel Episcopal Church on the Green Church in Delaware, United States

Immanuel on the Green (Episcopal) is an historic church in New Castle, Delaware, listed as a contributing property in the New Castle Historic District. The church is situated near the center of New Castle at the northeast end of the Green, or town common, making it a prominent local landmark and tourist attraction. Operating continuously since 1689, it is the oldest Anglican parish in Delaware and the oldest continuously operating Anglican/Episcopal parish in the country. The church building was constructed between 1703 and 1708 and enlarged in 1822. The interior and roof were rebuilt following a disastrous fire in 1980.

Professional and political career

Van Dyke entered political life in 1774 as a member of the Boston Relief Committee in Delaware. He then was a member of the Delaware Constitutional Convention of 1776 and served in the State Council for two years beginning with the 1776/77 session. That same year he was appointed as Judge of Delaware's Admiralty Court, and on February 22, 1777 he was elected to the Continental Congress to replace John Evans who had declined to serve. He would remain in Congress through 1781 and signed the Articles of Confederation for Delaware. For five sessions, from 1778/79 until he became President of Delaware in 1783, he served in the State House and was the Speaker in the 1780/81 session.

Articles of Confederation first constitution of the United States

The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union was an agreement among the 13 original states of the United States of America that served as its first constitution. It was approved, after much debate, by the Second Continental Congress on November 15, 1777, and sent to the states for ratification. The Articles of Confederation came into force on March 1, 1781, after being ratified by all 13 states. A guiding principle of the Articles was to preserve the independence and sovereignty of the states. The weak central government established by the Articles received only those powers which the former colonies had recognized as belonging to king and parliament.

A few months after John Dickinson resigned as President of Delaware in 1782, the Delaware General Assembly held a special vote to choose a successor to the conservative President John Cook. The conservative faction tried to elect John McKinly, who had been the first President, but the patriot faction won by electing Van Dyke. He took office February 1, 1783 and served until October 27, 1786.

John McKinly American politician

Dr. John McKinly was an American physician and politician from Wilmington, Delaware. He was a veteran of the French and Indian War, served in the Delaware General Assembly, was the first elected President of Delaware, and for a time was a member of the Federalist Party.

It was during his tenure as President of Delaware that the American Revolution officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris in September 1783. In an attempt to solve one problem resulting from the war, Van Dyke proposed and carried out a plan to pay Delaware's portion of the war debt. Another difficult unresolved war problem was the fate of loyalist Cheney Clow. Arrested in 1778, tried for and acquitted of treason in 1782, he was then charged with the murder of a member of the posse sent to capture him in 1778. Though there was no evidence that Clow actually killed the man, in May 1783 a jury convicted him and sentenced him to death. Unable politically to pardon Clow, but aware that many responsible people, including Caesar Rodney's brother, Thomas Rodney, believed the man innocent, Van Dyke postponed the execution indefinitely.

Cheney Clow American murderer

Cheney Clow (1734–1788) was a loyalist from Delaware Colony during the American Revolution who staged a rebellion against the colonial government that was advocating separation from Great Britain.

Caesar Rodney American politician

Caesar Rodney was an American lawyer and politician from St. Jones Neck in Dover Hundred, Kent County, Delaware, east of Dover. He was an officer of the Delaware militia during the French and Indian War and the American Revolution, a Continental Congressman from Delaware, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, and President of Delaware during most of the American Revolution.

Van Dyke returned to the State Senate for single session tenures in 1786/87 and briefly until his death in the 1788/89 session, when he was the Speaker.


Delaware General Assembly
(sessions while President)
YearAssemblySenate MajoritySpeakerHouse MajoritySpeaker
1782/83 7th non-partisan John Cook non-partisanvacant
1783/84 8th non-partisan Caesar Rodney non-partisanRobert Bryan
1784/85 9th non-partisanThomas McDonoughnon-partisanThomas Duff
1785/86 10th non-partisanThomas McDonoughnon-partisanThomas Duff

Death and legacy

Van Dyke died at Berwick, in St. George's Hundred, New Castle County, and was buried there at first. Later his remains were removed to the Immanuel Episcopal Church Cemetery at New Castle.

His son, also Nicholas, would later represent Delaware in the U.S. House and U.S. Senate. His daughter, Nancy Ann, married Kensey Johns at a 1784 wedding in the Amstel House in New Castle that was attended by General George Washington. Their son, Kensey Johns, Jr., would later serve in the U.S. House.

Much of the property surrounding Van Dyke's original home Berwick was taken in 1829 for the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, but the house itself remained through the American Civil War. All the remaining lands and home are believed to have been taken when the canal was expanded in 1929. His New Castle home, now known as the Amstel House, still stands on Fourth Street in New Castle and is open to the public.

No known portrait of Nicholas Van Dyke exists.

Almanac

Elections were held October 1 and members of the General Assembly took office on October 20 or the following weekday. State Legislative Councilmen had a three-year term and State Assemblymen had a one-year term. The whole General Assembly chose the Continental Congressmen for a one-year term and it chose the State President for a three-year term.

Public Offices
OfficeTypeLocationBegan officeEnded officenotes
Delegate Convention Dover August 27, 1776September 20, 1776 State Constitution
Councilman Legislature New Castle October 20, 1776October 20, 1778
Delegate Legislature Philadelphia February 22, 1777March 1, 1781 Continental Congress
Delegate Legislature Philadelphia March 1, 1781November 3, 1781 Continental Congress
Delegate Legislature Philadelphia November 3, 1781February 2, 1782 Continental Congress
Assemblyman Legislature Dover October 20, 1778October 20, 1779
Assemblyman Legislature Dover October 20, 1779October 20, 1780
Assemblyman Legislature Dover October 20, 1780October 20, 1781
Assemblyman Legislature Dover October 20, 1781October 20, 1782
Assemblyman Legislature Dover October 20, 1782February 1, 1783
State President Executive Dover February 1, 1783October 26, 1786
Councilman Legislature Dover October 20, 1786October 21, 1787
Councilman Legislature Dover October 20, 1788February 19, 1789
Delaware General Assembly service
DatesAssemblyChamberMajorityGovernorCommitteesDistrict
1776/77 1st State Council non-partisan John McKinly New Castle at-large
1777/78 2nd State Council non-partisan George Read New Castle at-large
1778/79 3rd State House non-partisan Caesar Rodney New Castle at-large
1779/80 4th State House non-partisan Caesar Rodney New Castle at-large
1780/81 5th State House non-partisan Caesar Rodney New Castle at-large
1781/82 6th State House non-partisan John Dickinson New Castle at-large
1782/83 7th State House non-partisan John Cook Speaker New Castle at-large
1786/87 11th State Council non-partisan Thomas Collins New Castle at-large
1787/88 12th State Council non-partisan Thomas Collins New Castle at-large
1788/89 13th State Council non-partisan Thomas Collins New Castle at-large

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References

Political offices
Preceded by
John Cook
President of Delaware
1783–1786
Succeeded by
Thomas Collins