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Hydroxylamine is an inorganic compound with the formula NH2OH. The pure material is a white, unstable crystalline, hygroscopic compound. However, hydroxylamine is almost always provided and used as an aqueous solution. It is used to prepare oximes, an important functional group. It is also an intermediate in biological nitrification. In biological nitrification, the oxidation of NH3 to hydroxylamine is mediated by the enzyme ammonia monooxygenase (AMO). Hydroxylamine oxidoreductase (HAO) further oxidizes hydroxylamine to nitrite.
The Nitrosomonadales are an order of the class Betaproteobacteria in the phylum "Proteobacteria". Like all members of their class, they are Gram-negative.
Nitrosomonas is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria, belonging to the Betaproteobacteria. It is one of the five genera of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and, as an obligate chemolithoautotroph, uses ammonia as an energy source and as a carbon source in presence of oxygen. Nitrosomonas are important in the global biogeochemical nitrogen cycle, since they increase the bioavailability of nitrogen to plants and in the denitrification, which is important for the release of nitrous oxide, a powerful greenhouse gas. This microbe is photophobic, and usually generate a biofilm matrix, or form clumps with other microbes, to avoid light. Nitrosomonas can be divided into six lineages: the first one includes the species Nitrosomonas europea, Nitrosomonas eutropha, Nitrosomonas halophila, and Nitrosomonas mobilis. The second lineage presents the species Nitrosomonas communis, N. sp. I and N. sp. II, meanwhile the third lineage includes only Nitrosomonas nitrosa. The fourth lineage includes the species Nitrosomonas ureae and Nitrosomonas oligotropha and the fifth and sixth lineages include the species Nitrosomonas marina, N. sp. III, Nitrosomonas estuarii and Nitrosomonas cryotolerans.
Carcinus maenas is a common littoral crab. It is known by different names around the world. In the British Isles, it is generally referred to as the shore crab, or green shore crab. In North America and South Africa, it bears the name green crab or European green crab. In Australia and New Zealand, it is referred to as either the European green crab or European shore crab.
Hydroxylamine oxidoreductase (HAO) is an enzyme found in the prokaryote Nitrosomonas europaea. It plays a critically important role in the biogeochemical nitrogen cycle as part of the metabolism of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria.
Afifella is a genus in the phylum Proteobacteria (Bacteria). Afifella are found in marine and estuarine settings, including microbial mats.[3][4][5][6] They are a anaerobes, with one cultured representative capable of photosynthesis.
Alishewanella is a genus in the phylum Proteobacteria (bacteria).
Ammonia monooxygenase (EC 1.14.99.39, AMO) is an enzyme, which catalyses the following chemical reaction
Nitrosomonas communis is an ammonia-oxidizing, gram-negative, bacterium from the genus of Nitrosomonas which was isolated from the rhizoplane of the reed from a wastewater treatment plant.
Nitrosomonas eutropha is an ammonia-oxidizing, Gram-negative bacterium from the genus of Nitrosomonas.
Nitrosomonas halophila is an ammonia-oxidizing, aerobe, Gram-negative bacterium from the genus of Nitrosomonas. Nitrosomonas halophila uses the enzyme Ammonia monooxygenase.
Nitrosomonas marina is an ammonia-oxidizing, aerobe, gram-negative bacterium from the genus of Nitrosomonas.
Nitrosomonas nitrosa is an ammonia-oxidizing, aerobe, gram-negative bacterium from the genus of Nitrosomonas.
Nitrosomonas oligotropha is an ammonia-oxidizing, aerobe, gram-negative bacterium from the genus of Nitrosomonas which occurs in chloraminated drinking water systems.
Nitrosomonas ureae is an ammonia-oxidizing, aerobe, gram-negative bacterium from the genus of Nitrosomonas.
Aniela Jaffé was a Swiss analyst who for many years was a co-worker of Carl Gustav Jung. She was the recorder and editor of Jung's semi-autobiographical book Memories, Dreams, Reflections.
Roseovarius aestuarii is a Gram-negative and motile bacterium from the genus of Roseovarius which has been isolated from tidal flat sediments from the Yellow Sea in Korea.
Alishewanella aestuarii is a Gram-negative bacterium from the genus of Alishewanella which has been isolated from tidal flat sediments from Yeosu in Korea.
Gaetbulibacter aestuarii is a Gram-negative, aerobic and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Gaetbulibacter which has been isolated from seawater from the South South Sea in Korea.
Lutibacter aestuarii is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Lutibacter which has been isolated from sediments of tidal flat from the South Sea in Korea.
References
- ↑ LSPN lpsn.dsmz.de
- ↑ Straininfo of Nitrosomonas aestuarii
- ↑ Michael T. Madigan, John M. Martinko, Jack Parker: Brock - Mikrobiologie. 11. Auflage. Pearson Studium, München 2006, ISBN 3-8274-0566-1
- ↑ George M. Garrity: Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology. 2. Auflage. Springer, New York 2005, Vol. 2: The Proteobacteria Part C: The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta-, and Epsilonproteabacteria, ISBN 0-387-24145-0
- ↑ WoRMS World Register of Marine Species
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