No. 490 Squadron RNZAF

No. 490 (NZ) Squadron RAF
Active	28 March 1943 – 1 August 1945
Country	United Kingdom
Allegiance	New Zealand
Branch	Royal Air Force
Role	Anti-submarine Maritime Reconnaissance
Motto(s)	Māori: Taniwha kei runga (Translation: "The Taniwha is in the air")
Engagements	Second World War
Insignia
Squadron Badge	An arm couped below the elbow, holding in the hand a patu
Aircraft flown
Reconnaissance	Consolidated Catalina Twin-engined flying boat; Short Sunderland Four-engined flying boat

No. 490 (NZ) Squadron was an anti-submarine and maritime reconnaissance squadron of Coastal Command established for service during the Second World War. It was a New Zealand squadron formed under Article XV of the Empire Air Training Plan. Although many of its flying personnel were drawn from the Royal New Zealand Air Force, the squadron served under the operational and administrative command of the Royal Air Force.

Formed in March 1943, No. 490 Squadron was based at Jui, near Freetown, in West Africa and initially flew the Consolidated Catalina flying boat. Becoming operational in July, its work mainly consisted of escorting convoys, carrying out maritime patrols, and search and rescue missions along the coast of West Africa. It began using the Short Sunderland flying boat in 1944 but by this time the threat that U-boats posed to convoys in the area was largely non-existent and the squadron saw little enemy action. It was disbanded in August 1945.

Background

In the mid-1930s, the Royal Air Force (RAF) was in the process of expanding and required an increasing number of suitable flying personnel. A number of schemes were implemented for New Zealanders to obtain short-service commissions in the RAF with the intention of then transferring to the Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) in the future. This led to over 500 New Zealanders serving in the RAF by the time of the outbreak of the Second World War. ^[1]

At around the same time there was discussion between the governments of Britain, Australia, Canada and New Zealand to facilitate the co-ordination of training of air crew in the event of hostilities. This led to the implementation of the Empire Air Training Scheme (ETAS) in December 1939. Under this agreement, New Zealand committed to initially supply 880 full trained pilots for the RAF, with another 520 pilots being trained to an elementary standard annually. As each of the Dominion governments desired its personnel to serve together, the ETAS had a clause, Article XV, that allowed for the establishment of squadrons with personnel from the respective countries. In theory, the Dominions would supply the ground crew as well as flying personnel. However, in New Zealand's case, there was a reluctance to maintain RNZAF squadrons in Britain so the decision was made to allow for the formation of squadrons within the RAF designated as being New Zealand. These squadrons, known as Article XV squadrons, were formed around a cadre of New Zealand flying personnel already serving in the RAF but supplemented by newly trained pilots from the RNZAF, with administrative and ground crew being predominantly British. ^{[2] [3]}

History

A group of No. 490 Squadron personnel in front of a Consolidated Catalina flying boat at Jui, near Freetown, June 1943

No. 490 Squadron was formed 28 March 1943 at Jui near Freetown in what is now present-day Sierra Leone. ^{[4] [5]} The last of the seven New Zealand Article XV squadrons, it had been intended that the squadron would be located so it could operate over the Indian Ocean, but the need for more Coastal Command squadrons for coverage of the convoy routes along the west coast of Africa dictated a change in destination to Jui. The first personnel to arrive at Jui, located on a strip of land of extending into an estuary and surrounded by mangrove swamps, was the ground crew. The aircrew began flying their aircraft in from Scotland, where they had received training at Stranraer, in June. The unit was led by Wing Commander D. W. Baird, who had previously commanded RNZAF forces in Fiji. ^{[6] [7]}

Equipped with Consolidated Catalina flying boats, No. 490 Squadron was tasked with patrolling for submarines, escorting convoys, and search and rescue missions, both from Jui and from Fisherman's Lake in Liberia. Its first operation was as a convoy escort on 2 July. ^{[8] [9]} On 7 August the squadron rescued its first seamen, 39 survivors from the merchant ship Fernhill that had been sunk by a torpedo about 400 miles (640 km) from Freetown. This involved a Catalina flying station over the seamen, who had taken to life rafts, while a second guided another ship to pick them up. Just a few days later, a U-boat was sighted and attacked. Four depth charges were dropped and appeared to have damaged the steering of the U-boat, which then submerged. ^{[10] [9]} However, most patrols were uneventful as U-boat activity was on the decline and their crews very cautious, operating at the fringe of the squadron's air coverage. In early December, there was a brief flurry of action when a ship was torpedoed near Freetown and the squadron sought out the attacking U-boat, but without success. ^[11]

Wing Commander B. S. Nicholl took over in December 1943 and oversaw the squadron's conversion to Short Sunderland flying boats the following year. By this time, an advance base for the squadron had been established at Fisherman's Lake in Liberia. The U-boat threat had now largely disappeared but the squadron still escorted convoys and carried out patrols. Despite the boredom, there was still risk to flying personnel, often through the storms that affected the area of operations. One Sunderland was forced down 200 miles (320 km) from land due to damage from a storm on 13 July 1944. Two crew members were lost, trapped in the sinking aircraft, and the others spent 24 hours in life rafts without food and water before being rescued. ^[12]

A Short Sunderland of No. 490 Squadron with some crew standing on the top of the fuselage waiting for the refueling barge while on the Gambia River

In October 1944, Wing Commander T. S. Gill was appointed commander of the squadron. It flew its last operation on 6 May 1945, and when it became obvious that No. 490 Squadron would not be needed in Japan, the squadron was disbanded on 1 August. ^{[5] [8]}

Operational summary

Of all the New Zealand squadrons of the RAF, No. 490 Squadron saw the least action, but nonetheless flew 463 operational sorties, totalling 4853 hours. One Distinguished Flying Cross was awarded to squadron personnel. ^[8]

The squadron's motto, in Māori, the indigenous language of New Zealand, was Taniwha kei runga which translates as "Taniwha in the air". ^[8] Taniwha are mythical intelligent monsters in Māori legend, occasionally but not particularly accurately translated as "dragons". ^[13] An arm couped below the elbow, holding in the hand a patu (club) was selected as the squadron's badge. ^{[4] [5]}

Commanding officers

The following served as commanding officers of No. 490 Squadron: ^[8]

• Wing Commander D. W. Baird (June–December 1943);
• Wing Commander B. S. Nicholl (December 1943–October 1944);
• Wing Commander T. F. Gill (October 1944–August 1945).

Notes

1. McGibbon 2000, p. 8.
2. McGibbon 2000, pp. 156–157.
3. Thompson 1953, pp. 209–211.
4. Rawlings 1982, p. 225.
5. Halley 1988, p. 533.
6. Thompson 1956, pp. 33–35.
7. McGibbon 2000, p. 10.
8. Thompson 1956, p. 462.
9. Thomas 1988, p. 817.
10. Thompson 1956, p. 35.
11. Thompson 1956, p. 38.
12. Thompson 1956, pp. 417–418.
13. Keane, Basil. "Story: Taniwha". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Ministry for Culture & Heritage. Retrieved 12 August 2022.

References

• Halley, James J. (1988). The Squadrons of the Royal Air Force & Commonwealth, 1918–1988. Tonbridge, Kent: Air-Britain (Historians). ISBN   0-85130-164-9.
• McGibbon, Ian, ed. (2000). The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Military History. Auckland: Oxford University Press. ISBN   0-19-558376-0.
• Rawlings, John D. R. (1982). Coastal, Support and Special Squadrons of the RAF and their Aircraft. London: Jane's. ISBN   0-7106-0187-5.
• Thomas, Andrew (22 January – 4 February 1988). "Kiwi Boatmen: No.490 Squadron, Royal New Zealand Air Force". Aviation News . Vol. 16, no. 18. pp. 817–818.
• Thompson, H. L. (1953). New Zealanders with the Royal Air Force. Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45. Vol. I. Wellington: War History Branch. OCLC   270919916.
• Thompson, H. L. (1956). New Zealanders with the Royal Air Force. Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45. Vol. II. Wellington: War History Branch. OCLC   300089346.

External links

• Australian site on Article XV
• Canadian site on Article XV