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Mycoremediation is a form of bioremediation in which fungi-based remediation methods are used to decontaminate the environment. Fungi have been proven to be a cheap, effective and environmentally sound way for removing a wide array of contaminants from damaged environments or wastewater. These contaminants include heavy metals, organic pollutants, textile dyes, leather tanning chemicals and wastewater, petroleum fuels, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, pesticides and herbicides in land, fresh water, and marine environments. The byproducts of the remediation can be valuable materials themselves, such as enzymes, edible or medicinal mushrooms, making the remediation process even more profitable. Some fungi are useful in the biodegradation of contaminants in extremely cold or radioactive environments where traditional remediation methods prove too costly or are unusable due to the extreme conditions. Mycoremediation can even be used for fire management with the encapsulation method. This process consists of using fungal spores coated with agarose in a pellet form. This pellet is introduced to a substrate in the burnt forest, breaking down the toxins in the environment and stimulating growth.
Rhizobacteria are root-associated bacteria that form symbiotic relationships with many plants. The name comes from the Greek rhiza, meaning root. Though parasitic varieties of rhizobacteria exist, the term usually refers to bacteria that form a relationship beneficial for both parties (mutualism). They are an important group of microorganisms used in biofertilizer. Biofertilization accounts for about 65% of the nitrogen supply to crops worldwide. Rhizobacteria are often referred to as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, or PGPRs. The term PGPRs was first used by Joseph W. Kloepper in the late 1970s and has become commonly used in scientific literature. PGPRs have different relationships with different species of host plants. The two major classes of relationships are rhizospheric and endophytic. Rhizospheric relationships consist of the PGPRs that colonize the surface of the root, or superficial intercellular spaces of the host plant, often forming root nodules. The dominant species found in the rhizosphere is a microbe from the genus Azospirillum. Endophytic relationships involve the PGPRs residing and growing within the host plant in the apoplastic space.
A biofertilizer is a substance which contains living micro-organisms which, when applied to seeds, plant surfaces, or soil, colonize the rhizosphere or the interior of the plant and promotes growth by increasing the supply or availability of primary nutrients to the host plant. Biofertilizers add nutrients through the natural processes of nitrogen fixation, solubilizing phosphorus, and stimulating plant growth through the synthesis of growth-promoting substances. The microorganisms in biofertilizers restore the soil's natural nutrient cycle and build soil organic matter. Through the use of biofertilizers, healthy plants can be grown, while enhancing the sustainability and the health of the soil. Biofertilizers can be expected to reduce the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, but they are not yet able to replace their use. Since they play several roles, a preferred scientific term for such beneficial bacteria is "plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria" (PGPR).
Streptomyces griseorubens is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from soil.
Labrys portucalensis is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile, non-spore-forming and aerobic bacteria from the family Xanthobacteraceae which has been isolated from polluted soil in Estarreja in Portugal. Labrys portucalensis has the ability to degrade fluorobenzene.
Methylobacterium oryzae is a facultatively methylotrophic and aerobic bacteria from the genus of Methylobacterium which has been isolated from tissues of the rice plant Oryza sativa in Cheongwon in Korea. Methylobacterium oryzae can utilize 1-aminocyclopropane 1-carboxylate. Methylobacterium oryzae can promote plant growth.
Nocardioides aromaticivorans is a gram-positive non-motile bacterium from the genus Nocardioides thathas been isolated from a river contaminated with dioxin in Kanagawa, Japan. Nocardioides aromaticivorans has the ability to degrade dibenzofuran and carbazole.
Nocardioides caricicola is a gram-positive and coccoid to rod-shaped bacterium from the genus Nocardioides that has been isolated from a root of the plant Carex scabrifolia on Namhae Island, South Korea.
Nocardioides halotolerans is a Gram-positive, strictly aerobic, halotolerant and motile bacterium from the genus of Nocardioides which has been isolated from farming field soil on the Bigeum Island in Korea.
Nocardioides kongjuensis is a Gram-positive bacterium from the genus of Nocardioides which has been isolated from soil from Gongju in South Korea. Nocardioides kongjuensis has the ability to degrade N-Acyl homoserine lactone.
Nocardioides luteus is a bacterium from the genus of Nocardioides which has been isolated from soil in Khartoum in Sudan. The C-10 Deacetylase from Nocardioides luteus can be used for enzymatic hydrolysis for producing 10-Deacetyl Baccatin III.
Nocardioides marinus is a Gram-positive, slightly halophilic and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Nocardioides which has been isolated from seawater from the Sea of Japan in Korea.
Nocardioides nitrophenolicus is a bacterium from the genus of Nocardioides which has been isolated from industrial wastewater. Nocardioides nitrophenolicus has the ability to degrade p-nitrophenol.
Nocardioides plantarum is a bacterium from the genus of Nocardioides which has been isolated from herbage.
Nocardioides pyridinolyticus is a pyridine-degrading bacterium from the genus of Nocardioides.
Microbacterium hydrocarbonoxydans is a Gram-positive and Crude oil-degrading bacterium from the genus of Microbacterium which has been isolated from oil contaminated soil in Germany.
Dyadobacter is a genus of gram negative rod-shaped bacteria belonging to the family Cytophagaceae in the phylum Bacteroidetes. Typical traits of the genus include yellow colony colour, positive flexirubin test and non-motile behaviours. They possess an anaerobic metabolism, can utilise a broad range of carbon sources, and test positive for peroxide catalase activity. The type species is Dyadobacter fermentans, which was isolated from surface sterilised maize leaves,.
Microbacterium oleivorans is a Gram-positive and crude-oil-degrading bacterium from the genus of Microbacterium which has been isolated from an oil storage cavern in Germany.
Microbacterium oxydans is a Gram-positive bacterium from the genus of Microbacterium which occurs in human clinical specimens. Microbacterium oxydans has the ability to degrade alginate and laminarin.
Microbacterium paraoxydans is a Gram-positive bacterium from the genus of Microbacterium which was first isolated from the fish Nile tilapia in Mexico. This bacterium can cause disease in fish. Microbacterium paraoxydans metabolize (RS)-mandelonitrile to (R)-(-)mandelic acid. Microbacterium paraoxydans is a plant growth-promoting bacteria.
References
- 1 2 Parte, A.C. "Nocardioides". LPSN .
- ↑ "Nocardioides oleivorans Taxon Passport - StrainInfo". www.straininfo.net.
- 1 2 "Nocardioides oleivorans". www.uniprot.org.
- ↑ Axel, Schippers; Franz, Glombitza; Wolfgang, Sand (2014). Geobiotechnology II: Energy Resources, Subsurface Technologies, Organic Pollutants and Mining Legal Principles. Springer. ISBN 978-3-662-44474-0.
- ↑ Dilfuza, Egamberdieva; Smriti, Shrivastava; Ajit, Varma (2015). Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) and Medicinal Plants. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-13401-7.
- ↑ "Details: DSM-16090". www.dsmz.de.
- 1 2 Schippers, A; Schumann, P; Spröer, C (July 2005). "Nocardioides oleivorans sp. nov., a novel crude-oil-degrading bacterium". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 55 (Pt 4): 1501–4. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.63500-0 . PMID 16014472.