Old Spaghetti Factory Cafe

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Old Spaghetti Factory Cafe
Old Spaghetti Factory Cafe
Interactive map of the Old Spaghetti Factory Cafe area
General information
StatusUsed for other businesses
Location478 Green Street, San Francisco, California, United States
Coordinates 37°48′00″N122°24′26″W / 37.7999°N 122.4071°W / 37.7999; -122.4071
Year built1908 (1908)
Renovated1956
Closed1984
Design and construction
ArchitectUnknown [1]
‹ The template Infobox historic site is being considered for merging. ›
Designated1981-06-07
Reference no.127 [2]

The Old Spaghetti Factory Cafe, officially known as the Old Spaghetti Factory and Excelsior Coffee House at the time of opening, is a historic commercial building, first built for industrial purposes in 1908, located in North Beach, San Francisco. It was converted from a spaghetti factory to a nightclub, coffee house, and restaurant by Frederick Walter Kuh in 1956 after it was heavily damaged in a fire several years earlier. It was listed as San Francisco Designated Landmark number 127 on June 7, 1981.

Contents

It was known for being a center of beatnik culture, hosting live performances of various of music and comedy, decorated with Kuh's large personal collection of Victorian furniture on its interior. The business ran until 1984, excluding an approximately year-long period where the main building was shut down for fire code violations, when Kuh retired and sold the restaurant and its furnishings.

History

The building that would later become the Old Spaghetti Factory Cafe was originally a "barn like, wood-frame building", first constructed after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. It was first used to manage imported olive oil and cheese; it was later used as a factory for bottling seltzer water. Before it became the restaurant, it was owned by three Italian-American men named Baccigalupi, Casaretto, and Demartini, who operated a spaghetti factory out of it. The building was heavily damaged in a fire in January 1954, requiring later remodeling. [3] [4] Richard Whalen, a local artist and friend of Kuh, claimed Kuh had been attending a party across the street from the building while it was on fire, and voiced plans to buy it if it were vacated afterwards. [5]

Frederick "Freddie" Walter Kuh was born to a Jewish-German family in Chicago, Illinois, in 1927. His father was a stock broker, and his mother a teacher. [6] He had attended the University of Illinois before graduating from Lake Forest College. He was a World War II veteran, having served in the mechanized cavalry division in the North African campaign, despite not knowing how to drive or ride a horse; he was transferred to the infantry after he ran over a superior officer, breaking their arm. [7] [8] After the end of the war, he spent time studying the arts in Paris. [7]

Kuh first moved to San Francisco in 1954, where he worked at a nightclub, The Purple Onion. He opened the restaurant, also described as a nightclub and a cabaret club, after pressure from friends over finding a new place to store his collection of Victorian style furniture in 1956. [7] In June, Kuh placed a legal notice in The San Francisco News stating his intention to begin selling alcohol after a short waiting period, and initial reporting was for a planned opening day of August 1st. [9] [10] It was first open to the general public for business during the third week of October 1956, [a] seemingly due to issues obtaining the liquor license. [14] The full, official name at the time was the "Old Spaghetti Factory and Excelsior Coffee House". [15] [b] Kuh originally co-owned the restaurant with James "Jim" Silverman, but Silverman, described by Caen as "an original Beatnik-hater", sold his share of ownership to Kuh by 1961. [16] [17] He recruited his friend George Donald Currie, who had experience running a nightclub in Paris after World War II, to run the kitchen. [18] [19] The restaurant quickly became a popular hangout spot, and Kuh was later said to be the "father of funk" by journalist Herb Caen. [3] It was a popular gathering spot for beatniks at the time. [20] Spaghetti was not originally an actual menu item - it was primarily a coffee house that also served beer. Repeated customer requests from people unfamiliar with the business's intended role led to spaghetti actually being served, and the success of the menu offering lead to expansion into more traditional restaurant offerings. [21] The Chronicle, who had previously reported on the menu's lack of its namesake dish before full opening in June, reported that it was present on the menu in a January 1st, 1957 column. [10] [22]

Fire Safety Shutdown

The Old Spaghetti Factory Cafe was shut down by the fire marshal after two years of operation as a nightclub in November 1962 for violating building codes. Hosting public gatherings of 50 or more people in a three-story wooden building was classified as a code violation, regardless of any other safety precautions taken. Kuh filed an appeal to the Board of Permit Appeals in August 1963. [23] Concerns were also raised about the number of exits from the building. [24] One board member, George Gillin, protested that the shutdown was an "arbitrary interpretation" of the building code. [25] Richard Whalen, who managed a flamenco performance that was shut down, complained that the restaurant was being targeted specifically, while a majority of North Beach venues would be shut down under the same rulings. [26] [25] Some acts, such as Donald Pippin's concerts, moved to perform directly in the smaller restaurant next door. [24] One writer for the San Francisco Chronicle voiced concerns that the code enforcement was not consistent, and that the Old Spaghetti Factory Cafe was a victim of being in the middle. [27]

The Board of Appeals unanimously declined to appeal the board's decision after their inspection. [28] Gillin, who attended the inspection, complained of "atrocious" housekeeping causing immense fire risks. [29] The building inspector had previously reported that the other North Beach venues in question had a lower capacity than 50 people, [23] and the appeals commissioner recommended removing the top two floors of the building. [28] [30] The Spaghetti Factory Cafe's management complained in response that the verdict was made after an unfairly short inspection, and that other nightclubs had only obtained exemption through misrepresenting themselves as a food venue with entertainment on the side. A writer for the San Francisco Chronicle agreed, stating "anybody over 5 years old knows this is a sham". [27]

A petition was circulated, primarily by the Flamenco troupe operating in the restaurant next door, that acquired around 5,000 signatures protesting the city's decision, including many other North Beach venue owners. [27] [29] The petition was not sufficient, and Kuh was given three weeks to bring the venue into compliance with the code's safety standards. [29] He agreed to shut down the top two floors and install sprinklers, but ran into issues with the city bureaucracy; he was permitted to receive the night club license after installing the sprinklers, but the building inspector, John Goodyear, refused to issue the permit for installing the sprinklers until Kuh had the night club permit. [30] [31] Additionally, Kuh was the building's tenant, not the landlord. The owner, who resided in Europe at the time, reportedly had a history of refusing to make "capital improvements", such as the installation of a sprinkler system. [31] Kuh was eventually able to sort out the bureaucratic and logistic issues, and the venue had reopened by 1964. [32]

Relation to The Old Spaghetti Factory

In April 1971, it was reported that a restaurant named The Old Spaghetti Factory in Portland had opened, spawning a chain that featured the same theming and menu as the San Francisco location, and had applied for a trademark. One of the chain's operators, Guss Dussin, admitted to copying the name. They had originally intended to purchase naming rights, but were not willing to pay the price Kuh set for the name, and a lawsuit began. [33] [34] The Oregon Daily Journal characterized Dussin's objection that Kuh's version of the Old Spaghetti Factory brand started as a coffee house, not a spaghetti restaurant, a "spaghetti-like tangle of logic". [33] Negotiations for the name were eventually successful. [21] The first location of the restaurant chain did not open in the San Francisco Bay Area until 1988 - part of the contract stipulated that they would not be allowed to open one there until Kuh's restaurant had closed. [35]

Landmark Status and Closing

In May 1980, the landlord of the building the Old Spaghetti Factory Cafe occupied died, leaving management of approximately 40 parcels of land around San Francisco to two of his cousins in France. [36] [37] By December 1980, the lots received a probate sale managed by Wells Fargo. Kuh intended to place a bid, but knew he would not be able to place a winning offer - the price after appraisal was $2.5 million dollars, which he estimated to be more than twice that which the rent could warrant, and expected the new owner to end up tearing down whatever was built on the lots. [15] An effort emerged to get the old factory building designated as a landmark to protect it from demolition after ownership changed, led by Mary Burns, the manager of one of Kuh's other propeties, the Savoy Tivoli. [38] [15] Landmark status was eventually granted, although Burns complained of "an obvious political maneuver" being pulled in the process to delay the hearing that would grant it a one-year protection against demolition. [38] The proposal was approved by the Board of Supervisors on April 27, 1981, and it was listed as Designated Landmark number 127 on June 7, 1981. [39] [1] The landmark designation granted a degree of protection for the building - any changes to its exterior would have to be approved by the landmark advisory board, and demolition permits could be delayed by up to one year. To that point, no buildings that had been listed as a city landmark were yet to have been demolished. [39]

In October 1981, Herb Caen reported that Kuh had managed to buy the building by selling his Telegraph Hill house and taking out a loan, thus saving it from demolition. [40] However, by January 1983 he had sold the Savoy Tivoli and was said to be looking for a buyer for the Old Spaghetti Factory Cafe. [41] He was ultimately unable to find a buyer for it, so the restaurant was closed and sold off, with the decorations sold at a liquidation auction, as he retired in March 1984. [42] [7] [43] [44] Over 700 items were sold to several hundred bidders (estimates ranged from over 350 to over 500), including the bar itself (for $18,000) and the liquor license (for $27,500). [45] [46] Butterfield & Butterfield, the auctioneering company in charge of the event, estimated the total value of the goods sold to be nearly $100,000 (equivalent to $302,659in 2024). [46] [43] The last show performed was a comedy special by Darryl Henriques and Geoff Hoyle, as a benefit for the Pickle Family Circus, ending on March 17, 1984. [47]

Kuh died at the age of 70 from a cerebral hemorrhage at his residence in St. Helena, France on November 6, 1997. [7] His home in France had a large collection of art, collectables, and various memorabillia that was sold by a Bay Area auction house over a period of four months in 1998. [8]

Legacy

Robin Williams performed at the Old Spaghetti Factory Cafe early in his career, and participated in a "Save the Old Spaghetti Factory!" benefit in 1980. [1] [48] [36] Adlai Stevenson II used it as an "unofficial local headquarters" for his 1956 presidential campaign. [7] The Macaroni Show, a 1962 variety show that evolved into Beach Blanket Babylon , and Donald Pippin's Pocket Opera started in the "Blue Noodle Room" at the Old Spaghetti Factory Cafe. [3] Pippin received a benefit concert there in 1962 to help raise funds to pay off medical bills he received during (successful) treatment of a tumor in one of his arms. [49] The Old Spaghetti Factory Cafe influenced the careers of other San Francisco restaurateurs, such as Alan Palmer and Ruben Medina, who were employed there. [50] [51]

The new owner of the building that housed the Old Spaghetti Factory Cafe was issued a cease and desist order for modifying a Historic Landmark building without proper approval on February 1, 1985, the first time that any incidents had happened since the system had been established. He was fined $500 (equivalent to $1,462in 2024) for each day that the building was in non-compliance. [52]

In an article that ran in the San Francisco Business Journal in 1985, Nancy Peters viewed the closure of the Old Spaghetti Factory Cafe as emblematic of the end of an era in North Beach, as a wooden sculpture that was in front of the restaurant was destroyed with an axe. Rising rents for commercial were seen as pricing local businesses out of operation, as chain businesses with larger cash reserves were considered to be more reliable by landlords. [53]

A 2010 paper by Tony Dumas for the Pacific Review of Ethnomusicology credited the Old Spaghetti Factory Cafe for helping to establish a social network of Flamenco dancers for a duration of nearly 30 years, creating a local identity for flamenco. [54]

Successors

Various other restaurants have been established in the landmark building in the years after closing. Parts of the building were leased separately; the main part, considered the "heart and soul of the Old Spaghetti Factory" by Chronicle writer Patricia Unterman, was occupied by a restaurant named Cars; the other tenant was the Telegraph Hill Bistro. [55] Cars was founded by a man named Pascal Chevillot, and was opened for business before the end of 1984; [56] the Telegraph Hill Bistro was opened by March 1985. [57] By 1987, Cars was replaced with RAF (also known as RAF Centrogriglia), [58] an upscale Italian restaurant. Cars had featured a prop police car crashed through a wall, while RAF was minimalist and rustic in design its interior design (although the design of its waiters uniforms, black shirts with "RAF" stamped on them, was criticized). [59]

The longest-lasting successor took over operations after RAF. A local chain of Humphrey Bogart-themed restaurants established a "Bogie's" location within the landmark building in 1990, which had opened their first location in San Mateo in 1982. [60] [61] A following cease-and-desist order from the Bogart estate resulted in the owner, Ugur, changing the name to Bocce in May 1991 before selling off the San Francisco location the following year. [60] [62] Then known as the Bocce Cafe, it operated continuously until it was replaced by a gastropub, The Barbary Coast, in April 2016; it did not have the same longevity, closing in January the following year. [63] [64] A Mexican restaurant, Equal Parts, was opened in December 2025 (following an Iranian-operated restaurant named American Bites), and is the current resident as of 2026. [65] [66]

Notes

  1. ↑ Conflicting sources have given the opening date as October 16, [11] October 19, [12] October 20, [13] and October 21. [14]
  2. ↑ Also referred to as the "Old Spaghetti Factory Cafe and Excelsior Coffee House" in contemporary sources. [10]

References

  1. 1 2 3 "San Francisco City Planning Comission Resolution No. 8882" (PDF). SF Planning GIS. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 15, 2025. Retrieved June 14, 2025.
  2. ↑ "SAN FRANCISCO PRESERVATION BULLETIN NO. 9" (PDF). SF Planning. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 11, 2024. Retrieved June 14, 2025.
  3. 1 2 3 Noyes, Mary Tolaro (May 2001). "Freddy Kuh's Victorian Kitsch, Declasse Furniture, Baubles and Gewgaws". The Semaphore. No. 156. Telegraph Hill Dwellers. pp. 26–27, 32.
  4. ↑ Petrin, Katherine (February 2012). "The Old Spaghetti Factory: Unassuming and Significant". The Semaphore. No. 197. Telegraph Hill Dwellers. p. 4.
  5. ↑ Horvath, Alex (September 18, 2001). "Rediscovered Old Spaghetti Factory mural sparks reunion". San Francisco Examiner . pp. 25, 30. Retrieved January 17, 2026– via Newspapers.com. "Continued - Memories of a golden age brought to life"
  6. ↑ Sales, Grover (April 1, 1979). "Freddie And The Factory Family". San Francisco Chronicle . pp. 336–337 – via Newspapers.com. Continued - Page 2
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Pimsleur, J.L. (November 12, 1997). "OBITUARY -- Frederick Walter Kuh". SFGate . Archived from the original on April 8, 2024. Retrieved June 15, 2025.
  8. 1 2 Kuhn, Sarah (June 22, 1998). "Critical Angle - Auctioning Kuh's massive estate". Oakland Tribune . p. 34. Retrieved January 19, 2026– via Newspapers.com.
  9. 1 2 3 Hulburd, David (June 26, 1956). "Talk Around Town". San Francisco Chronicle . p. 14. Retrieved January 23, 2026– via Newspapers.com.
  10. ↑ "Letters to the Editor - Goodbye, Old Friend". San Francisco Chronicle . March 14, 1984. p. 14. Retrieved January 23, 2026– via Newspapers.com.
  11. ↑ Burkhart, David (November 17, 2022). "The Model for America's Modern Craft Beer Boom? Inside the Small-Brewer Scene in 1950s San Francisco". LitHub . Retrieved January 23, 2026.
  12. ↑ Pimsleur, J. L. (October 26, 1958). "Life in an Old Spaghetti Factory". San Francisco Chronicle . p. 117. Retrieved January 17, 2026– via Newspapers.com.
  13. 1 2 Hulburd, David (October 20, 1956). "Talk Around Town". San Francisco Chronicle . p. 13. Retrieved January 23, 2026– via Newspapers.com.
  14. 1 2 3 Adams, Gerald (November 26, 1980). "North Beach beatnik landmarks up for sale". San Francisco Examiner . pp. 1, 12. Retrieved January 19, 2026– via Newspapers.com. Continued from page 1
  15. ↑ Peterson, Jackie (March 1, 1959). "Ghostly Clutter in a North Beach Haunt". San Francisco Examiner . p. 131. Retrieved January 23, 2026– via Newspapers.com.
  16. ↑ Caen, Herb (April 27, 1961). "Big Wide Wonderful Whirl". San Francisco Chronicle . p. 19 – via Newspapers.com.
  17. ↑ "CURRIE, George Donald". SFGate . April 7, 2002. Archived from the original on July 4, 2020. Retrieved June 15, 2025.
  18. ↑ Stout, Doug (November 3, 2018). "Veteran column: Currie taken prisoner during WWII". The Newark Advocate . Archived from the original on February 2, 2023. Retrieved June 15, 2025.
  19. ↑ Marech, Rona (December 15, 2000). "Enigmatic Millie Timeless Fixture in North Beach". SFGate . Retrieved July 4, 2025.
  20. 1 2 Shaw, Larry (February 4, 1979). "Spaghetti chain dishes out $14 million in business". The Sunday Oregonian . p. 117. Retrieved January 17, 2026– via Newspapers.com.
  21. ↑ Hulburd, David (January 1, 1957). "Talk Around Town". San Francisco Chronicle . p. 32. Retrieved January 23, 2026– via Newspapers.com.
  22. 1 2 "Spaghetti Factory Appeal". San Francisco Examiner . August 8, 1963. p. 10. Retrieved January 18, 2026– via Newspapers.com.
  23. 1 2 Wallace, Dean (March 19, 1963). "'Spaghetti' Concerts Resume". San Francisco Chronicle . p. 37. Retrieved January 18, 2026– via Newspapers.com.
  24. 1 2 "No Spice in the Spaghetti Factory". San Francisco Chronicle . August 8, 1963. p. 4. Retrieved January 18, 2026– via Newspapers.com.
  25. ↑ "Bistro Boss And the Dawn Patrol". San Francisco Chronicle . August 9, 1963. p. 2. Retrieved January 18, 2026– via Newspapers.com.
  26. 1 2 3 Gleason, Ralph J. (September 4, 1963). "Do Food and Flamenco Mix?". San Francisco Chronicle . p. 39. Retrieved January 18, 2026– via Newspapers.com.
  27. 1 2 "Old Spaghetti Plea Lost". San Francisco Examiner . August 15, 1963. p. 7. Retrieved January 18, 2026– via Newspapers.com.
  28. 1 2 3 "Verdict on Spaghetti Factory". San Francisco Examiner . September 12, 1963. p. 50. Retrieved January 18, 2026– via Newspapers.com.
  29. 1 2 "Red Tape, Spaghetti-- They're Intertwined". San Francisco Examiner . October 10, 1963. p. 14. Retrieved January 18, 2026– via Newspapers.com.
  30. 1 2 "Spaghetti Factory Stay". San Francisco Chronicle . October 10, 1963. p. 3. Retrieved January 18, 2026– via Newspapers.com.
  31. ↑ "'Pocketful of Wry' by Any Other Name but 'Macaroni'". San Francisco Examiner . June 6, 1964. p. 15. Retrieved January 18, 2026– via Newspapers.com.
  32. 1 2 "Unravelling The Olde Spaghetti". The Oregon Daily Journal . April 13, 1971. p. 3. Retrieved January 17, 2026– via Newspapers.com.
  33. ↑ Caen, Herb (April 9, 1971). "Bagged-by-the-Bay". San Francisco Chronicle . p. 23. Retrieved January 19, 2026– via Newspapers.com.
  34. ↑ Brand, William (February 15, 1988). "A new face with an old S.F. name". Oakland Tribune . p. 15. Retrieved January 17, 2026– via Newspapers.com.
  35. 1 2 Caen, Herb (December 4, 1980). "You Know What I Know". San Francisco Chronicle . p. 43. Retrieved January 17, 2026– via Newspapers.com.
  36. ↑ "Old Spaghetti Factory Cafe May Be Saved as Landmark". San Francisco Chronicle . March 20, 1981. p. 30. Retrieved January 19, 2026– via Newspapers.com.
  37. 1 2 "Mix the Old Spaghetti Factory and politics and it's a stew". San Francisco Chronicle . February 17, 1981. p. 18. Retrieved January 19, 2026– via Newspapers.com.
  38. 1 2 "Supervisors approve 3 for city landmarks". San Francisco Examiner . April 28, 1981. p. 15. Retrieved January 19, 2026– via Newspapers.com.
  39. ↑ Caen, Herb (October 14, 1981). "Notes of an Infomaniac". San Francisco Chronicle . p. 41 – via Newspapers.com.
  40. ↑ Caen, Herb (January 3, 1983). "This Old Town". San Francisco Chronicle . p. 21 – via Newspapers.com.
  41. ↑ Caen, Herb (February 20, 1984). "Take the Day Off". San Francisco Chronicle . p. 17 – via Newspapers.com.
  42. 1 2 "Liquidation Auction". San Francisco Chronicle . March 16, 1984. p. 23. Retrieved January 19, 2026– via Newspapers.com.
  43. ↑ "Spaghetti Factory closes with auction". United Press International . March 19, 1984. Archived from the original on January 23, 2025. Retrieved June 30, 2025.
  44. ↑ Kershner, Vlae (March 19, 1984). "Old Spaghetti Factory's Treasures Sold". San Francisco Chronicle . p. 3. Retrieved January 17, 2026– via Newspapers.com.
  45. 1 2 Link, Terry (March 19, 1984). "Antiques auctioned off at Old Spaghetti Factory". Oakland Tribune . p. 9. Retrieved January 17, 2026– via Newspapers.com.
  46. ↑ "Last Stand at Spaghetti Factory". San Francisco Chronicle . March 14, 1984. p. 57. Retrieved January 18, 2026– via Newspapers.com.
  47. ↑ Hartlaub, Peter; Garchik, Leah; Lewis, David (August 12, 2014). "Robin Williams' heart never strayed far from San Francisco". SFGate . Archived from the original on May 12, 2025. Retrieved June 15, 2025.
  48. ↑ Wallace, Dean (December 11, 1962). "Splendid Concert At Benefit". San Francisco Chronicle . p. 41. Retrieved January 17, 2026– via Newspapers.com.
  49. ↑ Pimsleur, J. L. (April 22, 1998). "Alan Palmer". SFGate . Retrieved January 19, 2026.
  50. ↑ "Ruben Medina - In Memory". San Francisco Chronicle . August 28, 2008. p. 26. Retrieved January 19, 2026– via Newspapers.com.
  51. ↑ "Old Spaghetti Factory Cafe Cease and Desist Order". Telegraph Hill Semaphore. No. 90. Telegraph Hill Dwellers. February 1985. pp. 16–17.
  52. ↑ Laura, Evenson (August 5, 1985). "Fast Food, Fast Change Disquiet North Beach". San Francisco Business Journal . 6 (42): 1. ProQuest   204173907.
  53. ↑ Dumas, Tony (2010). "(Re)Locating Flamenco: A Northern California Case Study". Pacific Review of Ethnomusicology. 15. ISSN   2164-4578 . Retrieved January 19, 2026.
  54. ↑ Unterman, Patricia (December 16, 1984). "A Mix of Hard Rock Cafe and Le Central". San Francisco Chronicle . p. 250. Retrieved January 18, 2026– via Newspapers.com.
  55. ↑ Caen, Herb (December 11, 1984). "Pocketful of Notes". San Francisco Chronicle . p. 37. Retrieved January 17, 2026– via Newspapers.com.
  56. ↑ Alex, Bill (March 8, 1985). "Around Town With Bill Alex". San Francisco Chronicle . p. 28. Retrieved January 18, 2026– via Newspapers.com.
  57. ↑ Unterman, Patricia (March 20, 1987). "RAF Centrogriglia". San Francisco Chronicle . p. 29. Retrieved January 19, 2026– via Newspapers.com.
  58. ↑ Unterman, Patricia (January 18, 1987). "A Famous S.F. Spot's Latest Tenant's a Winner". San Francisco Chronicle . p. 210 – via Newspapers.com.
  59. 1 2 Bauer, Michael (December 14, 1990). "Bogie Plays It Again in North Beach". San Francisco Chronicle . p. 97. Retrieved January 18, 2026– via Newspapers.com.
  60. ↑ Woolfolk, John (September 9, 1994). "San Mateo Restaurateur In Trouble With Bogarts". San Francisco Chronicle . p. 4. Retrieved January 18, 2026– via Newspapers.com.
  61. ↑ Wood, Jim (October 10, 1963). "Raisin folks offer tips on cooking". San Francisco Examiner . p. 85. Retrieved January 18, 2026– via Newspapers.com.
  62. ↑ "Bar: Drink Your Heroin at The Barbary Coast". SFWeekly. June 29, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2026.
  63. ↑ Garrett, Rose (February 14, 2017). "After Less Than A Year, North Beach's Barbary Coast Gastropub Has Closed". Hoodline. Retrieved January 18, 2026.
  64. ↑ de Guzman, Dianne (December 11, 2025). "The Old Spaghetti Factory Location Lives Again as a Mexico City-Style Restaurant and Bar". Eater SF. Archived from the original on January 3, 2026. Retrieved January 18, 2026.
  65. ↑ Cusumano, Camille (August 19, 2021). "San Francisco on Grant Avenue and Green Street". The Bold Italic. Retrieved January 18, 2026.


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