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Jazz is a music genre that originated in the African-American communities of New Orleans, Louisiana, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with its roots in blues, ragtime, European harmony and African rhythmic rituals. Since the 1920s Jazz Age, it has been recognized as a major form of musical expression in traditional and popular music. Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes, complex chords, call and response vocals, polyrhythms and improvisation.
Bebop or bop is a style of jazz developed in the early to mid-1940s in the United States. The style features compositions characterized by a fast tempo, complex chord progressions with rapid chord changes and numerous changes of key, instrumental virtuosity, and improvisation based on a combination of harmonic structure, the use of scales and occasional references to the melody.
Modal jazz is jazz that makes use of musical modes, often modulating among them to accompany the chords instead of relying on one tonal center used across the piece.
Kind of Blue is a studio album by the American jazz trumpeter and composer Miles Davis. It was released on August 17, 1959 through Columbia Records. For the recording, Davis led a sextet featuring saxophonists John Coltrane and Julian "Cannonball" Adderley, pianist Bill Evans, bassist Paul Chambers, and drummer Jimmy Cobb, with new band pianist Wynton Kelly appearing on one track—"Freddie Freeloader"—instead of Evans. The album was recorded in two sessions on March 2 and April 22, 1959, at Columbia's 30th Street Studio in New York City.
Hard bop is a subgenre of jazz that is an extension of bebop music. Journalists and record companies began using the term in the mid-1950s to describe a new current within jazz that incorporated influences from rhythm and blues, gospel music, and blues, especially in saxophone and piano playing.
Clifford Benjamin Brown was an American jazz trumpeter, pianist and composer. He died at the age of 25 in a car crash, leaving behind four years' worth of recordings. His compositions "Sandu", "Joy Spring", and "Daahoud" have become jazz standards. Brown won the DownBeat magazine Critics' Poll for New Star of the Year in 1954; he was inducted into the DownBeat Hall of Fame in 1972.
Tadley Ewing Peake Dameron was an American jazz composer, arranger, and pianist.
Rhythm changes is a common 32-bar jazz chord progression derived from George Gershwin's "I Got Rhythm". The progression is in AABA form, with each A section based on repetitions of the ubiquitous I–vi–ii–V sequence (or variants such as iii–vi–ii–V), and the B section using a circle of fifths sequence based on III7–VI7–II7–V7, a progression which is sometimes given passing chords.
A contrafact is a musical work based on a prior work. The term comes from classical music and has only since the 1940s been applied to jazz, where it is still not standard. In classical music, contrafacts have been used as early as the parody mass and In Nomine of the 16th century. More recently, Cheap Imitation (1969) by John Cage was produced by systematically changing notes from the melody line of Socrate by Erik Satie using chance procedures.
"Scrapple from the Apple" is a bebop composition by Charlie Parker written in 1947, commonly recognized today as a jazz standard, written in F major. The song borrows its chord progression from "Honeysuckle Rose", a common practice for Parker, as he based many of his successful tunes over already well-known chord changes.
The Miles Davis Quintet was an American jazz band from 1955 to early 1969 led by Miles Davis. The quintet underwent frequent personnel changes toward its metamorphosis into a different ensemble in 1969. Most references pertain to two distinct and relatively stable bands: the First Great Quintet from 1955 to 1958, and the Second Great Quintet from late 1964 to early 1969, Davis being the only constant throughout.
"Yardbird Suite" is a bebop standard composed by jazz saxophonist Charlie Parker in 1946. The title combines Parker's nickname "Yardbird" and a colloquial use of the classical music term "suite". The composition uses an 32-bar AABA form. The "graceful, hip melody, became something of an anthem for beboppers."
1958 Miles is a compilation album by American jazz musician Miles Davis, released in 1974 on CBS/Sony. Recording sessions for tracks that appear on the album took place on May 26, 1958, at Columbia's 30th Street Studio and September 9, 1958, at the Plaza Hotel in New York City. 1958 Miles consists of three songs featured on side two of the LP album Jazz Track, which was released in November 1959, one song from the same session not appearing in the album, and three recordings from Davis' live performance at the Plaza Hotel with his ensemble sextet. The recording date at 30th Street Studio served as the first documented session to feature pianist Bill Evans performing in Davis' group.
"Softly, as in a Morning Sunrise" is a song with music by Sigmund Romberg and lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II from the 1928 operetta The New Moon. One of the best-known numbers from the show, it is a song of bitterness and yearning for a lost love, sung in the show by Philippe (tenor), the best friend of the hero, Robert Mission (baritone).
By the end of the 1940s, the nervous energy and tension of bebop was replaced with a tendency towards calm and smoothness, with the sounds of cool jazz, which favoured long, linear melodic lines. It emerged in New York City, as a result of the mixture of the styles of predominantly white swing jazz musicians and predominantly black bebop musicians, and it dominated jazz in the first half of the 1950s. The starting point were a series of singles on Capitol Records in 1949 and 1950 of a nonet led by trumpeter Miles Davis, collected and released first on a ten-inch and later a twelve-inch as the Birth of the Cool. Cool jazz recordings by Chet Baker, Dave Brubeck, Bill Evans, Gil Evans, Stan Getz and the Modern Jazz Quartet usually have a "lighter" sound which avoided the aggressive tempos and harmonic abstraction of bebop. Cool jazz later became strongly identified with the West Coast jazz scene, but also had a particular resonance in Europe, especially Scandinavia, with emergence of such major figures as baritone saxophonist Lars Gullin and pianist Bengt Hallberg. The theoretical underpinnings of cool jazz were set out by the blind Chicago pianist Lennie Tristano, and its influence stretches into such later developments as Bossa nova, modal jazz, and even free jazz. See also the list of cool jazz and West Coast musicians for further detail.
The Legendary Prestige Quintet Sessions is a four compact disc box set of recordings by the Miles Davis Quintet released in 2006 by the Concord Music Group. It collates on three discs the entire set of recordings that made up the Prestige Records albums released from 1956 through 1961 — Miles, Cookin', Relaxin', Workin', and Steamin'. The track "'Round Midnight" was released on the album Miles Davis and the Modern Jazz Giants. The fourth disc contains live material from a television broadcast and in jazz club settings. It peaked at #15 on the Billboard jazz album chart, and was reissued on December 2, 2016, in a smaller compact disc brick packaging.
"Dig" is a bebop jazz standard attributed to Miles Davis by Prestige Records without Davis' knowledge. It was recorded on October 5, 1951 and first released on his album The New Sounds.
References
- ↑ Dueck, Byron (2013). "Jazz Endings, Aesthetic Discourse, and Musical Publics". Black Music Research Journal . 33 (1): 91–115. doi:10.5406/blacmusiresej.33.1.0091. ISSN 0276-3605. JSTOR 10.5406/blacmusiresej.33.1.0091 . Retrieved 30 October 2024.
One [piece performed] was a Charlie Parker blues arrangement, the other a version of Sonny Rollins's 'Oleo.' The chosen repertory seemed to pay homage to a particularly iconic version of jazz: bebop as an innovative African-American practice.
- ↑ Gioia, Ted (2021). The Jazz Standards: A Guide to the Repertoire. Oxford University Press. p. 348. ISBN 978-0-19-008717-3 – via Google Books.
- ↑ Rice, Timothy; Wilson, Dave (21 January 2019). Gateways to Understanding Music. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-17613-0 . Retrieved 30 October 2024– via Google Books.
In the 1940s and 1950s, musicians playing bebop and other later styles of jazz wrote songs based on the AABA refrain that became standards in their own rights, such as "Anthropology" (also known as "Thriving on a Riff") by Charlie Parker, "Oleo" by Sonny Rollins, and "Rhythm-a-ning" by Thelonious Monk.
- ↑ Schiff, David (2012). ""Cotton Tail": Rhythm". The Ellington Century (1 ed.). University of California Press. pp. 57–58. doi:10.1525/j.ctt1pphrg (inactive 1 November 2024). ISBN 978-0-520-24587-7. JSTOR 10.1525/j.ctt1pphrg.7 . Retrieved 30 October 2024.
Contrafacts apply this strategy to popular tunes, but a distinction may be drawn between a contrafact that is a new popular tune, such as "Meet the Flintstones," and jazz heads like [...] Sonny Rollins's "Oleo," [...] all based on 'I Got Rhythm.'
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link) - ↑ Hellmer, Jeffrey L.; Lawn, Richard J. (2005). Jazz Theory and Practice: For Performers, Arrangers and Composers. University of Texas at Austin: Alfred Music. pp. 215–216. ISBN 0-88284-722-8 – via Google Books.
- ↑ Tymoczko, Dmitri (2011). "Bill Evans' 'Oleo'". A Geometry of Music: Harmony and Counterpoint in the Extended Common Practice. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 378. ISBN 978-0-19-533667-2.
- ↑ "Spaces Revisited overview". Allmusic.com .
- ↑ Yurochko, Bob (2001) [1993]. "Hard Bop". A Short History of Jazz. Chicago, IL: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-8304-1595-3 – via Google Books.
His [Rollins'] tunes "Oleo," "Airegin," "Doxy," "St. Thomas," and "Pent-up House" are favorites of jazz musicians everywhere.
