Ontario Malleable Iron Company

Last updated

Ontario Malleable Iron Company
Industry Manufacturing
Founded1872  OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
FounderJohn Cowan and William Cowan
Defunct1977 (1977)
FateDissolved
Headquarters
Oshawa
,
Canada

Ontario Malleable Iron Company (OMIC) was an iron foundry established in Oshawa, Ontario by brothers John Cowan and William Cowan. The factory was in operation from 1872 until closure in 1977. Ontario Malleable, along with many other industrial firms in Oshawa, enabled comparisons between Oshawa and Manchester, England such that Oshawa was, in the 1920s, referred to as the "Manchester of Canada". [1] [2]

Contents

Ontario Malleable: middle, left Oshawa's Factories (HS85-10-22386) original.tif
Ontario Malleable: middle, left

Early history

Ontario Malleable Iron Company, c. 1910 Ontario Malleable Iron Company, Oshawa, Ontario.jpg
Ontario Malleable Iron Company, c. 1910

John Cowan and William Cowan, the founders of Ontario Malleable, emigrated from County Tyrone, Ireland in 1841 with their mother and settled in Toronto. There they met their father, Thomas S. Cowan, who had previously emigrated. [3] Shortly thereafter, the father died, leaving the children to be raised by their widowed mother. William F. Cowan moved to Oshawa in 1862 and opened a dry goods firm; later purchasing an interest in Cedar Dale works, a manufacturer of farm implements. [4]

In 1872, the brothers then chose to join forces, divest themselves of Cedar Dale Works [5] and establish the Ontario Malleable Iron Company on Front Street in Oshawa enticed by a bonus offered by the township. The bonus was offered with the expectation that a number of men would be employed which quickly came to pass. Skilled workers, familiar with casting malleable iron, were solicited from New York State to staff the new foundry. [3] Originally, the firm employed approximately 50 men in daily operations [2] and was started to supply the agricultural implement industry with malleable castings manufactured in Canada instead of being imported from the United States. [6] Within a few short years, Ontario Malleable had reached considerable fortitude, earning it the reputation as having the largest molding shop in the Dominion of Canada. The company had expanded business to include small and large castings; the large including castings for both the agricultural and automotive industries. Company payroll included as many as 800 men in many different capacities. [1]

In December 1894, the entire foundry was destroyed in a fire that destroyed over $120,000 in assets but it was only insured for $27,000. The news of this fire was found in newspapers both in Canada and the United States. The New York Times , on 12 December 1894, in its article on the fire, reported that Ontario Malleable was the "oldest and most important industry of its kind in Canada." [7] The fire reportedly started in a "dwelling" room and was fanned by strong winds. As local fire service arrived, they realized that the water tank on the fire engine had been depleted and the firemen had to take the engine to Robson's Tannery which was a half mile away. The firemen could not recover from the delay and the building was lost to the fire. [8]

In 1895, electric rail lines were laid that allowed freight cars to roll directly into the factory for loading and connected back to the main Grand Trunk Railway line. Several key Oshawa factories were so accommodated, including McLaughlin Carriage, Ontario Malleable and Pedlar Roofing. Prior shipments had to be processed by wagon. [9] By 1898, the factory had been rebuilt and was once again operational. [1] Ontario Malleable was once again successful, so successful that by 1910, the plant employed more men than the McLaughlin Carriage and Automobile Works which became General Motors Canada. [10]

The plant, along with many in the Oshawa area, was critical to war supply operations in both World Wars. In the First World War, Ford was supplied with castings. In the Second World War, half of Ontario Malleable's production was occupied with the manufacture of bogie wheels for Bren gun carriers. [1]

Other business ventures

John Cowan became the president of the local Western Bank of Canada in Oshawa which operated in Oshawa from 1874 to 1908, when it merged with the Standard Bank of Canada. [3] [11] One of his more significant bank transactions was to loan Robert McLaughlin, owner of McLaughlin Carriage Company, the $3,000 he required to move his carriage business from Enniskillen to Oshawa. This was not a chance meeting between two of the most influential men of the region; rather, John's foundry had provided components for the carriage works for some time. [12]

Throughout his career, John was a member of the board of many other Oshawa institutions such as the Oshawa Hospital, the Children's Shelter, the Board of Education and the Oshawa Public Library. In 1887, John became the mayor of the town of Oshawa. [3]

New owners

Buried in the Canadian financial pages of 1925, was the news that Neil Sinclair had forced a cash takeover of Ontario Malleable. At this time, the net worth of the company was in the neighbourhood of one million dollars. News outlets such as the Toronto Telegram noted that the company was among the largest and best equipped malleable iron foundries in Canada. Earlier that same year, Sinclair had purchased McKinnon Industries, of St. Catharines, also for cash. [13] However, the single point management of both companies, that was promised in the press, was quickly unwound and by late 1928, the firm was sold to Grinnell Company of Canada. [14]

Labour disputes

Labour disputes at Ontario Malleable were commonplace prior to, and after unionization in 1937. The first recorded strike in Oshawa was at OMIC in 1883. [15]

1900

In December 1900, the core-makers at the factory went on strike, as a unit, because a core-maker was ordered by a foreman to dump molds. This required considerably more exertion next to the very hot molten metal which caused the core-makers to sweat. Returning to their relatively cold pattern room, the core-makers were concerned about getting chills from the temperature variance. The Labour Minister, William Mulock, was summoned by the then Mayor of Oshawa, Frederick Fowke. If the core-makers remained on strike, the lack of core production would eventually render the plant idle due to the lack of molds. This concerned the mayor as the winter season approached and threatened all of the employees with a lack of employment. The Deputy Minister of Labour, King, was dispatched to Oshawa immediately and by 12 December had settled the strike to the satisfaction of both the workers and the company. Among other concessions, the core-makers agreed to assist with pouring only in rare circumstances and a storm door was added to the pattern room to better regulate temperature. [16]

1936-1937

In June 1936, the Steel Workers Organizing Committee (SWOC) was formed as part of the Committee of Industrial Organizations, including the Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel and Tin Workers, (AAISTW) with the mandate to organize the labour of the steel industry. This American organization eventually made its way to Canada with its first contract being Sydney Steel in the Maritimes and Ontario Malleable. [17] On May 6, 1937, the SWOC announced to the media that it had successfully signed a contract with the company securing workers wage increases of 20 to 30 cents percent. [18]

This was a significant signing, which had been foreshadowed in a media war between John L. Lewis, the head of the CIO, and the Ontario Premier, Mitchell Hepburn, in the spring of 1937. Immediately following a contentious 16-day strike of the 3,700 employees at the Oshawa General Motors plant, [19] ending on 23 April 1937, the CIO threatened to unionize 300 parts supply plants and component operations supplying General Motors. [20] Lewis and Hepburn had previously faced off during the General Motors strike with the Premier stating that he would not deal with the CIO; the contract was signed by United Auto Workers. [21] [22] At the onset of the threat to the parts supply, the Premier publicly declared, "if this is intended as a challenge by foreign agitators then I am prepared to accept it". [20] He further emphasized, "if the people of Ontario are prepared to accept the domination of Canadian industry by Lewis and his paid hirelings, them I will retire to my farm in Elgin county where I can forget responsibilities as far as public life is concerned." [22] At the end of April, another Oshawa parts supplier, bumper manufacturer, Skinner Industries (now A.G. Simpson), joined the UAW. [23] Shortly thereafter, Ontario Malleable and Fittings, Limited were unionized, signing with the AAISTW. [24]

1940

In December 1939, the original contract between Ontario Malleable and the SWOC expired. Between December and March, the employees operated without a contract. [25] The union cited allegations of favoritism during this period for non-union employees and sympathizers. Several meetings were held in March 1940 between the union and the company, ending with a strike that started on 27 March 1940. The employees requested an increase in hourly wage by 10 cents, and a 20% increase in pay for piece work.

Within days of the strike, pickets surrounded the plant attempting to prevent the company from removing patterns from the factory. Police intervention was necessary to enable the company to move the patterns. [26] As tensions increased, final paychecks were distributed to the striking employees (for wages they had accrued up to the strike deadline), which included a letter from company management imploring the employees to meet separately with Ontario Malleable management without the union present. [27] Days later, the union lashed out at management in the Oshawa Daily Times: blaming management for the strike. Harry Hamburgh, SWOC representative, was quoted: "re-opening of the plant depends on the company when it shows a genuine desire to discuss union requests through democratic collective bargaining." [28] As tensions increased across Oshawa, Fittings Limited employees, also represented by SWOC, voted to strike. [29]

Intervention by Louis Fine, chief conciliation officer from the Ontario Labour Department, brought the two sides together at the negotiating table. The 23-day strike was concluded, as a result, on 29 April 1940 with a signed agreement providing employees with a 7.5% increase in wages, a 9-hour day, 5 day work week and time-and-a-half for overtime work. [30]

Further strikes

Further strikes followed in November 1945 [31] and July 1966. [32] The final lockout occurring in 1976 which lead to the plant's closure in 1977.

Landmark nuisance suit

Local Oshawa residents were keenly aware of the pollution emitted from the foundry industry that included companies like Ontario Malleable and Fittings, Limited. In 1949, a transportation company by the name of Russell Transport assumed the site next to Ontario Malleable. Russell Transport had a practice of parking the vehicles they transported for General Motors, in their lot over night or for short periods of time. In 1951, damage to the body panels of the new vehicles was noted by General Motors and their dealership body. This damage was traced to the pollution that was being emitted by Ontario Malleable as a result of the emission of corrosive iron particulate matter and manganese sulphide. [33] In 1951, Russell Transport brought suit in Ontario High Court in a case entitled, Russell Transport Ltd. et. al. v. Ontario Malleable Iron Co. Ltd. The landmark case requested that the corrosive particles be reduced as Ontario Malleable employed no control mechanisms for either smoke or fumes. [34]

The Chief Justice in the case, McRuer, sided on behalf of Russell indicating that OMIC had no right to pollute and that "it is no defence that the plaintiffs [Russell] came to the nuisance", [35] and it is no defence, even though the nuisance though beneficial to the public at large. McRuer cited Lord Halsbury in Fleming v. Hislop, from 1886, in his response. [33]

Chief Justice McRuer noted that the emission of the corrosive elements rendered Russell's property unfit for its intended usage. His ruling noted that the plaintiff had suffered and would continue to suffer, unless the "injurious substance [was] abated"; noting that the finish of automobiles can reasonably tolerate reasonable environmental concerns, he ordered that OMIC pay damages and he further ordered an injunction to take effect within six months prohibiting the harmful emissions. [33]

End of an era

2015 photo OMIC derelict building Ontario Malleable Building 2015.JPG
2015 photo OMIC derelict building

Ontario Malleable closed its doors on 16 March 1977, following a lockout that began 18 January 1976. [36] Ontario Malleable was that time owned by ITT Grinnell, as Grinnell Mechanical Products had sold out to ITT in 1969. [37] A labour dispute that started at the beginning of 1976, involved the workers requesting an additional $2.00 per hour in the following year. The company had offered an increase of $1.50 per hour over three years. When the workers rejected the company's offer, the company closed its doors indicating that it could not risk furnaces full of molten metal spoiling if left unattended by the lockout. [38] The company cited a "slumping market place and general uncertain market conditions" in its decision to the shutter the plant. As ITT moved some of the manufacturing to a sister plant in Toronto, 224 employees of the Oshawa facility were out of work as a result of the closure. [36]

Knob Hill Farms operated a big box food sales business in the building until 2000 when it too closed due to financial difficulties. [39] Discussions originally began in 2011 to possibly convert the site into a GO Transit station, however, due to difficulties settling a purchase price, the plans for a GO station were set aside, in 2011. Concerns associated with the environmental condition of the property were cited in addition to the cost upgrading the facility as a result. [40] In 2013, plans to expand the GO commuter line and expropriate the former OMIC facility. [41] Plans for the construction of the new GO station, the "Ritson Road Station" include maintaining the façade of the Ontario Malleable plant is it is considered a heritage site. The remainder of the building would be demolished in favor of new construction. [42]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oshawa</span> City in Ontario, Canada

Oshawa is a city in Ontario, Canada, on the Lake Ontario shoreline. It lies in Southern Ontario, approximately 60 km (37 mi) east of Downtown Toronto. It is commonly viewed as the eastern anchor of the Greater Toronto Area and of the Golden Horseshoe. It is the largest municipality in the Regional Municipality of Durham. The name Oshawa originates from the Ojibwa term aazhawe, meaning "the crossing place" or just "a cross".

The Communist Party USA and its allies played an important role in the United States labor movement, particularly in the 1930s and 1940s, but wasn't successful either in bringing the labor movement around to its agenda of fighting for socialism and full workers' control over industry, or in converting their influence in any particular union into membership gains for the Party. The CP has had only negligible influence in labor since its supporters' defeat in internal union political battles in the aftermath of World War II and the CIO's expulsion of the unions in which they held the most influence in 1950. After the expulsion of the Communists, organized labor in the United States began a steady decline.

The Communist Party (CP) and its allies played a role in the United States labor movement, particularly in the 1930s and 1940s, but largely wasn't successful either in bringing the labor movement around to its agenda or in converting their influence in any particular union into membership gains for the Party. The CP has had only negligible influence in labor since its supporters' defeat in internal union political battles in the aftermath of World War II and the Congress of Industrial Organizations's (CIO) expulsion of unions in which the party held the most influence in 1950. The expelled parties were often raided by stronger unions, and most withered away.

A lockout is a work stoppage or denial of employment initiated by the management of a company during a labour dispute. In contrast to a strike, in which employees refuse to work, a lockout is initiated by employers or industry owners.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Philip Murray</span> Scottish-born American labor leader (1886–1952)

Philip Murray was a Scottish-born steelworker and an American labor leader. He was the first president of the Steel Workers Organizing Committee (SWOC), the first president of the United Steelworkers of America (USWA), and the longest-serving president of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO).

Iorwith Wilbur Abel, better known as I. W. Abel, was an American labor leader.

The Trades and Labor Congress of Canada was a Canada-wide central federation of trade unions from 1886 to 1956. It was founded at the initiative of the Toronto Trades and Labour Council and the Knights of Labor. It was the third attempt at a national labour federation to be formed in Canada: it succeeded the Canadian Labour Union which existed from 1873 to 1877 and the Canadian Labour Congress which held only one conference in 1881.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Workers' Unity League</span>

The Workers' Unity League (WUL) was established in January 1930 as a militant industrial union labour central closely related to the Communist Party of Canada on the instructions of the Communist International.

The Steel Workers Organizing Committee (SWOC) was one of two precursor labor organizations to the United Steelworkers. It was formed by the CIO on June 7, 1936. It disbanded in 1942 to become the United Steel Workers of America. The Steel Labor was the official paper of SWOC.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers</span> Former American steelworkers union (1876–1942)

Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers (AA) was an American labor union formed in 1876 to represent iron and steel workers. It partnered with the Steel Workers Organizing Committee of the CIO, in November 1935. Both organizations disbanded May 22, 1942, to form a new organization, the United Steelworkers.

Charles Hibbert (Charlie) Millard was a Canadian trade union activist and politician.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economic history of Hamilton, Ontario</span>

This article describes the Economic History of Hamilton, Ontario.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ford Strike of 1945</span> Auto workers strike in Windsor, Ontario, Canada

The 99-day Ford strike of 1945 took place in Windsor, Ontario, Canada, from September 12, 1945, to December 19, 1945. Although several union demands were contentious issues, the two main demands of the UAW Local 200 were "union shop and checkoff," which became a rallying cry for the strikers. Negotiations for a new contract had spanned 18 months and officially ended with the exodus of Ford workers at 10 a.m. on the morning of September 12. The strike included picketing and eventually led to a two-day blockade of vehicles surrounding the Ford plant on November 5.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Benjamin Franklin Fairless</span> American steel executive

Benjamin Franklin Fairless was an American steel company executive. He was president of a wide range of steel companies during a turbulent and formative period in the American steel industry. His roles included President of Central Alloy Steel from 1928 to 1930; First Vice President of Republic Steel from 1930 to 1935; President of the Carnegie-Illinois Steel Company from 1935 to 1938; and then President (1938–1955), and later Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the board of directors (1952–1955) of U.S. Steel, the largest steel corporation in the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Little Steel strike</span> 1937 labor strike throughout the American steel industry

The Little Steel strike was a 1937 labor strike by the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) and its branch the Steel Workers Organizing Committee (SWOC), against a number of smaller steel producing companies, principally Republic Steel, Inland Steel, and Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company. The strike affected a total of thirty different mills belonging to the three companies, which employed 80,000 workers. The strike, which was one of the most violent labor disputes of the 1930s, ended without the strikers achieving their principal goal, recognition by the companies of the union as the bargaining agent for the workers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Congress of Industrial Organizations</span> North American federation of labor unions from 1935 to 1955

The Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) was a federation of unions that organized workers in industrial unions in the United States and Canada from 1935 to 1955. Originally created in 1935 as a committee within the American Federation of Labor (AFL) by John L. Lewis, a leader of the United Mine Workers (UMW), and called the Committee for Industrial Organization. Its name was changed in 1938 when it broke away from the AFL. It focused on organizing unskilled workers, who had been ignored by most of the AFL unions.

Hershey, Pennsylvania witnessed a six-day sit-down strike of workers at the Hershey Chocolate Corporation in 1937. The strike ended in violence, as dairy workers and loyal Hershey employees stormed the factory to force out strikers. Eventually, the company signed an agreement with the American Federation of Labor through the Bakery and Confectionery International Union, becoming one of the first American candy companies to unionize.

Fittings Limited was an iron foundry started in 1902 in Oshawa, Ontario, Canada, by J.D. Storie to manufacture cast iron pipe fittings. The factory was in operation from 1902 until closure in 1987. Fittings, together with several other small manufacturing operations enabled Oshawa to be considered the "Manchester of Canada".

The Portsmouth Steel Company, formerly Portsmouth Iron & Steel, AKA Portsmouth Steel Corporation, was a steel manufacturing company based in Portsmouth, Scioto County, Ohio.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Strikes in the United States in the 1930s</span>

Strikes in the United States in the 1930s played a major role in reshaping the economy as it recovered from the Great Depression. Unions gained millions of members for unions in the American Federation of Labor (AFL)and the new Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). Energized by successful strikes in major industries with the help of New Deal agencies, the unions played a major role in Democratic Party efforts to reelect President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1936, as well as 1940 and 1944.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Ontario Malleable Iron". Oshawa Community Museum. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
  2. 1 2 "The Manchester of Canada, Oshawa illustrated". Reformer Printing and Publishing Co. 1911. p. 3.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Kaiser, T.E. (1921). Historic Sketches of Oshawa (PDF). Reformer Printing and Publishing. pp. 130–133, 161. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
  4. ↑ "A Brief History Of The City of Oshawa". The City of Oshawa. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2014.
  5. ↑ "A.S. Whiting/ Cedardale Works". Oshawa Community Museum.
  6. ↑ Handbook of Oshawa (PDF). 1928. pp. 42–43.
  7. ↑ "Losses by Fire". No. XLIV NO 13, 512. p. 2. The New York Times. 12 December 1894.
  8. ↑ "Oshawa Ont., Dec 11". No. XXIII NO 50. p. 2. Quebec Saturday Budget. 15 December 1894.
  9. ↑ "Oshawa Electric Line Opened". Vol. X, no. 141. The Evening Journal. Ottawa Journal. 15 June 1895.
  10. ↑ Sessional Papers - Legislature of the Province of Ontario (Volume 5 ed.). Toronto: L.K. Cameron. 1911. p. 554.
  11. ↑ "The Standard Bank of Canada, 1873-1928". The Canadian Bank of Commerce. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
  12. ↑ Arculus, Paul (2011). Durant's Right Hand Man. Victoria, BC: Friesen Press. p. 44. ISBN   9781770677821.
  13. ↑ "Take Over of the Ontario Malleable". Vol. XLI, no. 16 The Ottawa Evening Journal. The Ottawa Journal. 29 December 1925.
  14. ↑ "Sold to Grinnel Co". No. CLVII No. 264. The Montreal Gazette. 3 November 1928.
  15. ↑ "Celebrating 150 Years of Library Service: Did you know 1864-1889". Oshawa Public Libraries.
  16. ↑ The Labour Gazette: The Journal of the Department of Labour (Volume 1 ed.). S.E. Dawson. 1900. pp. 230–232.
  17. ↑ "Creation of the Steelworkers Organizing Committee (SWOC)". McMaster University. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
  18. ↑ "Sign Agreement". No. LII No. 126. The Ottawa Journal. 7 May 1937.
  19. ↑ AP (22 April 1937). "CIO Out of New Canada Strike Meet". No. LXXIV No. 196. Montana Butte Standard.
  20. 1 2 The Canadian Press (24 April 1937). "Hepburn Daring CIO to Start Big Union Drive". No. 98, front page. The Winnipeg Tribune.
  21. ↑ "Peace Near in Canadian Strike". No. LXXI No. 9 p. 8. The Evening Independent , Massillon Ohio. 22 April 1937.
  22. 1 2 CP (25 April 1937). "Oshawa Strikers Vote to Return to Work Monday No Recognition of CIO". No. LII No 411. The Ottawa Journal.
  23. ↑ CP (1 May 1937). "Fourth U.A.W.A Pact Signed". No. CLXVI No. 104 p. 14. The Montreal Gazette.
  24. ↑ CP (28 May 1937). "Local CIO to act with Sydney union". No. CLXVI No. 127 p. 18. The Montreal Gazette.
  25. ↑ "Department of Labour, Economics and Research Branch : Strikes and Lockout Files: T-3012". Heritage. p. Image 566. Retrieved 7 August 2015.
  26. ↑ "Women Pickets Block Foreman at Oshawa Strike". Ottawa Morning Journal. 30 April 1940.
  27. ↑ "Up to Men Says Management of Malleable Firm". Heritage. Oshawa Daily Times. 5 April 1940.
  28. ↑ "Union Blames Company for Strike Impact". Oshawa Daily Times. 8 April 1940.
  29. ↑ "Oshawa Strikers Swelled to 500". Toronto Star. 4 April 1940.
  30. ↑ "Department of Labour Canada". Department of Labour, Economics and Research Branch: Strikes and Lockout Files T-3012. Heritage. pp. Image 520.
  31. ↑ CP (7 November 1945). "Sympathy strike". No. Edition XXXVII no 278. The Lethbridge Herald. p. 3.
  32. ↑ CP (20 July 1966). "Court move on pickets postponed". No. 155. The Ottawa Citizen. p. 8.
  33. 1 2 3 Canada Tort Law Cases, B. Private Nuisance. Russell Transport ltd v. Ontario Malleable Iron Co. Ltd. Ontario High Court [1952] O.R. 621, [1952] 4 D.L.R. 719. Osgood Law School. p. 576.
  34. ↑ Boyer, J. Patrick (29 July 2008). A Passion for Justice: How 'Vinegar Jim' McRuer Became Canada's Greatest Law Reformer. Blue Butterfly Book Publishing. pp. 237–239. ISBN   978-0-9781600-05.
  35. ↑ Hill, Peter J.; Meiners, Roger E. (1998). Who Owns the Environment. Oxford, UK: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. pp. 96, 97. ISBN   9780847690824.
  36. 1 2 Savage, Brad (16 March 1977). "Malleable Iron Plant Closed, Lockout Ended". Oshawa Times: 1.
  37. ↑ "History of Grinnel Corp". Funding Universe.
  38. ↑ "Iron workers picket plant over lockout". The Montreal Gazette. 20 January 1976. p. 18.
  39. ↑ Crimi, Crystal. "Oshawa: part of a changing world". Oshawa This Week. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
  40. ↑ "Metrolinx derails plans for Oshawa GO station". Oshawa This Week. 14 November 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
  41. ↑ Szekely, Reka. "Metrolinx looking to expropriate Oshawa Knob Hill Farms lands". Oshawa This Week.
  42. ↑ "Transit Project Assessment Process p.99" (PDF). GO AECOM. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 September 2014. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.