| Operation Karbala 10 | |||||||||
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| Part of the Iran–Iraq War | |||||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Iraq |  Iran  Peshmerga | ||||||||
Operation Karbala 10 was a joint operation by Iran and Kurdish PUK rebels in Iraq.
Following the failure of the Siege of Basra, the Iranians launched Operation Karbala 10 in northern Iraq on 14 April. The Iranians, supported by a few thousand PUK Peshmergas succeeded to capturing the outskirts of Sulaymaniyah and Halabja and lands around them. [1] [2]
The Iran–Iraq War, also known as the First Gulf War, was an armed conflict between Iran and Iraq that lasted from September 1980 to August 1988. Active hostilities began with the Iraqi invasion of Iran and lasted for eight years, until the acceptance of United Nations Security Council Resolution 598 by both sides. Iraq's primary rationale for the attack against Iran cited the need to prevent Ruhollah Khomeini—who had spearheaded the Iranian Revolution in 1979—from exporting the new Iranian ideology to Iraq. There were also fears among the Iraqi leadership of Saddam Hussein that Iran, a theocratic state with a population predominantly composed of Shia Muslims, would exploit sectarian tensions in Iraq by rallying Iraq's Shia majority against the Baʽathist government, which was officially secular and dominated by Sunni Muslims. Iraq also wished to replace Iran as the power player in the Persian Gulf, which was not seen as an achievable objective prior to the Islamic Revolution because of Pahlavi Iran's economic and military superiority as well as its close relationships with the United States and Israel.
The Patriotic Union of Kurdistan is a political party active in Kurdistan Region and the disputed territories in Iraq. The PUK describes its goals as self-determination, human rights, democracy and peace for the Kurdish people of Kurdistan and Iraq. The PUK is currently under the leadership of Bafel Talabani. The PUK was founded in 1975 by Jalal Talabani, Nawshirwan Mustafa, Fuad Masum, Adel Murad, Ali Askari and Abdul Razaq Feyli. All presidents of Iraq under the 2005 constitution have been from this party.
Karbala or Kerbala is a city in central Iraq, located about 100 km (62 mi) southwest of Baghdad, and a few miles east of Lake Milh, also known as Razzaza Lake. Karbala is the capital of Karbala Governorate, and has an estimated population of 711,530 people (2018).
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Kurdistan Region is an autonomous administrative entity within the Republic of Iraq. It comprises four Kurdish-majority divisions of Arab-majority Iraq: the Erbil Governorate, the Sulaymaniyah Governorate, the Duhok Governorate, and Halabja Governorate. The KRI is bordered by Iran to the east, by Turkey to the north, and by Syria to the west. It does not govern all of Iraqi Kurdistan, and lays claim to the disputed territories of northern Iraq; these territories have a predominantly non-Arab population and were subject to the Ba'athist Arabization campaigns throughout the late 20th century. Though the KRI's autonomy was realized in 1992, one year after Iraq's defeat in the Gulf War, these northern territories remain contested between the Kurdistan Regional Government and the Government of Iraq to the present day. In light of the dispute, the KRI's constitution declares the city of Kirkuk as the capital of Iraqi Kurdistan. However, the KRI does not control Kirkuk, and the Kurdistan Region Parliament is based in Erbil. In 2014, when the Syria-based Islamic State began their Northern Iraq offensive and invaded the country, the Iraqi Armed Forces retreated from most of the disputed territories. The KRI's Peshmerga then entered and took control of them for the duration of the War in Iraq (2013–2017). In October 2017, following the defeat of the Islamic State, the Iraqi Armed Forces attacked the Peshmerga and reasserted control over the disputed territories.
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The Second Battle of al-Faw (also known as the Operation Ramadan Mubarak (Blessed Ramadan), fought on 17 April 1988, was a major battle of the Iran–Iraq War. After their defeat at the First Battle of al-Faw two years earlier, the newly restructured Iraqi Army conducted a major operation to clear the Iranians out of the peninsula.
Operation Dawn 4 was an Iranian operation of the Iran–Iraq War launched in October 1983. At the end of the operation Iran had captured a small amount of territory from the Iraqis.
Operation Karbala-4 was an Iranian offensive in the Iran–Iraq War on the southern front. The operation was launched after the failure of Operation Karbala-2 and Operation Karbala-3 to move the Iraqi lines in an effort to capture Iraqi territory.
The Iraqi Kurdish Civil War was a civil war that took place between rival Kurdish factions in Iraqi Kurdistan during the mid-1990s, mostly between the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan and the Kurdistan Democratic Party. Over the course of the conflict, Kurdish factions from Iran and Turkey, as well as Iranian, Iraqi and Turkish forces, were drawn into the fighting, with additional involvement from American forces. Between 35,000 and 40,000 fighters and civilians were killed.
The Iraqi–Kurdish conflict consists of a series of wars, rebellions and disputes by the Kurds against the central authority of Iraq starting in the 20th century shortly after the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I. Some put the marking point of the conflict beginning to the attempt by Mahmud Barzanji to establish an independent Kingdom of Kurdistan, while others relate to the conflict as only the post-1961 insurrection by the Barzanis. Since the US-led invasion of Iraq and the subsequent adoption of federalism and the recognition of the Kurdistan Region (KRI) as a federal entity in the new Iraqi constitution, the number and scope of armed clashes between the central government of Iraq and the Kurds have significantly decreased. In spite of that, however, there are still outstanding issues that continue to cause strife such as the disputed territories of northern Iraq and rights to oil and gas, leading to occasional armed clashes. In September 2023, Masrour Barzani sent a letter to the President of the United States expressing concerns about a possible collapse of the Kurdistan Region and calling for the United States to intervene.
Azhar al-Dulaymi was the mastermind of the January 20 attack in Karbala where fighters speaking English, wearing US military uniforms and carrying American weapons attacked a joint military command headquarters, leaving five US soldiers dead. Al-Dulaimi was believed to be a member of the Khazali Network, a Mahdi Army faction. He was tracked down and killed by U.S. forces on May 19, 2007, in Sadr City. The U.S. military had received intelligence reports that al-Dulaimi received training and funding from the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps and the Hezbollah.
The siege of Basra, code-named Operation Karbala-5 or The Great Harvest, was an offensive operation carried out by Iran in an effort to capture the Iraqi port city of Basra in early 1987. This battle, known for its extensive casualties and ferocious conditions, was the biggest battle of the war and proved to be the last major Iranian offensive. The Iranians failed to reach their objective.
77th "Pirooz-e Samen-ol-A'emeh" Infantry Division of Khorasan is an infantry division of the Ground Forces of Islamic Republic of Iran Army based in Mashhad, Razavi Khorasan Province. It was formerly being called 77th Infantry Division of Khorasan and was renamed to "The Victor of Samen-ol-A'emeh" later after the successful Operation Samen-ol-A'emeh during Iran–Iraq War, which was led by this division.
The 41st Tharallah Division was a division of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps from 1980 until it was merged into the Sarallah Corps of Kerman Province in 2008.
Operation Karbala-7 was an Iranian offensive in Haj Omran during the Iran–Iraq War to prevent Iraq from rapidly transferring units to its defense lines at Basra after Iran had launched the failed Operation Karbala-5 to capture the city of Basra. This was a failed Iranian attempt to reoccupy the summit of Kurda Mand Mountain. There was an additional Iranian attack after this with the size of an infantry brigade on the night of 11–12 March, but this failed and suffered heavy losses.
Operation Karbala 8 was an operation which was commenced by Iran on 7 April 1987 with the --Islamic-- code of "Ya Saheb al-Zaman".
Operation Karbala 3, also known as the Battle of Al-Ummiyah, was an operation during Iran–Iraq War, which was launched by Iran from 30 August to 2 September 1986 with the operation code of "Hasbonallah wa Ne'mal Wakil ".
Operation Karbala-9 was an offensive operation in Iran–Iraq War, which was launched by Islamic Republic of Iran Army with the operation code of "Ya Mahdi, Adrekni" on 9 April 1987. This operation ended inconclusively, and Iran had very large casualties from the numerous Iraqi traps.
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