Orchard Sports Injury and Illness Classification System

Last updated
Orchard Sports Injury and Illness Classification System
OSIICS logo.jpg
AbbreviationOSIICS
StatusActive
Year started1993
First published1993
Latest version14
2022
Organization IOC
Editors John Orchard, IOC consensus panel (version 13)
AuthorsJohn Orchard, Katherine Rae (version 10)
Domain Medical classification
LicenseOpen-access

The Orchard Sports Injury and Illness Classification System (OSIICS), previously OSICS, [1] is an injury classification system for sports injuries and illnesses. It was first created in 1993 and is free (open access) for sporting teams and competitions to use. It is one of the two major Sports Injury classification systems in use worldwide; [2] the other is the Sports Medicine Diagnostic Coding System. [3]

Contents

Usage

OSIICS is used by multiple injury surveillance systems in the world of sport, including IOC, [4] UEFA, [5] professional English and international rugby union [6] [7] cricket, [8] professional tennis, [9] Paralympic sport, [10] cycling [11] and other Australian [12] [13] [14] [15] and European sports [16] [17] [18] and military studies. [19]

It has been translated into other languages including Spanish, [20] Italian (alongside the version 14 update) [21] and Catalan. [22]

International Olympic Committee (IOC) adoption

In October 2019, the IOC hosted a 3-day consensus meeting in Lausanne, Switzerland to provide a standard method to report injuries and illnesses in sport. [23] At this meeting, the expert panel recommended that OSICS should be rebranded as OSIICS to also reflect the importance of illness in sport. New consensus injury and illness categories were chosen by the consensus panel and adopted by both OSIICS and the SMDCS. [24] The IOC recommendations have since been adopted by golf, tennis, cycling and parasport [25] and national datasets such as that of the Australian Institute of Sport. [26]

Structure

The consensus structure as applied to OSIICS codes is summarised as follows:

CharacterDesignationExamples
FirstBody partH = Head; N = Neck; S = Shoulder; U = Upper arm; E = Elbow, etc.
FirstIllness codeM = Illness code
SecondPathology typeM = Muscle strain; T = Tendinopathy; F = Fracture, etc.
SecondOrgan SystemC = Cardiovascular; D = Dermatological; P = Respiratory, etc.
ThirdEtiologyE = Environmental Exercise-related; I = Infection; C = Degenerative or Chronic Condition, etc.

Evaluation

The reason why sporting teams and competitions use sports-specific systems rather than general medical systems like the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is that the general medical disease systems have many more codes but do not contain the relevant codes for sports injury. OSICS has been found to be more applicable to sports injury coding than the ICD. [27] Most classification of disease has a focus on conditions that present to hospital and/or cause major morbidity or death, whereas in sports medicine there is a focus on conditions (injury and illnesses) that stop an athlete from being able to compete. OSICS has been evaluated for efficacy in multiple studies. [28] [29] [30]

History

Previously published versions include version 1 in 1993, [31] version 6 in 1998, version 7 in 2000 and version 8 in 2002, [32] then version 10 in 2007, [33] version 13 in 2020 [34] and then version 14 in 2022.

The major upgrade for version 10 was to include more illness codes and to expand codes to 4 characters. Version 13 was re-written to align categories with an IOC consensus statement.

Limitations

OSIICS is almost exclusively used within the domain of professional and elite sport—with a high take-up in the field of sports medicine. The classification only includes diagnostic codes, and has no options for coding the mechanisms of injury or an injury's severity. [35]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Concussion</span> Type of traumatic brain injury

A concussion, also known as a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), is a head injury that temporarily affects brain functioning. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness; memory loss; headaches; difficulty with thinking, concentration, or balance; nausea; blurred vision; dizziness; sleep disturbances, and mood changes. Any of these symptoms may begin immediately, or appear days after the injury. Concussion should be suspected if a person indirectly or directly hits their head and experiences any of the symptoms of concussion. Symptoms of a concussion may be delayed by 1–2 days after the accident. It is not unusual for symptoms to last 2 weeks in adults and 4 weeks in children. Fewer than 10% of sports-related concussions among children are associated with loss of consciousness.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Injury in humans</span> Physiological wound caused by an external source

An injury is any physiological damage to living tissue caused by immediate physical stress. Injuries to humans can occur intentionally or unintentionally and may be caused by blunt trauma, penetrating trauma, burning, toxic exposure, asphyxiation, or overexertion. Injuries can occur in any part of the body, and different symptoms are associated with different injuries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tennis elbow</span> Condition in which the outer part of the elbow becomes sore and tender

Tennis elbow, also known as lateral epicondylitis or enthesopathy of the extensor carpi radialis origin, is an enthesopathy of the origin of the extensor carpi radialis brevis on the lateral epicondyle. The outer part of the elbow becomes painful and tender. The pain may also extend into the back of the forearm. Onset of symptoms is generally gradual although they can seem sudden and be misinterpreted as an injury. Golfer's elbow is a similar condition that affects the inside of the elbow.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Achilles tendinitis</span> Medical condition of the ankle and heel

Achilles tendinitis, also known as achilles tendinopathy, occurs when the Achilles tendon, found at the back of the ankle, becomes sore. Achilles tendinopathy is accompanied by alterations in the tendon's structure and mechanical properties. The most common symptoms are pain and swelling around the affected tendon. The pain is typically worse at the start of exercise and decreases thereafter. Stiffness of the ankle may also be present. Onset is generally gradual.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Strength training</span> Performance of physical exercises designed to improve strength

Strength training, also known as weight training or resistance training, involves the performance of physical exercises that are designed to improve strength and endurance. It is often associated with the lifting of weights. It can also incorporate a variety of training techniques such as bodyweight exercises, isometrics, and plyometrics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sports medicine</span> Branch of medicine for sports injuries

Sports medicine is a branch of medicine that deals with physical fitness and the treatment and prevention of injuries related to sports and exercise. Although most sports teams have employed team physicians for many years, it is only since the late 20th century that sports medicine emerged as a distinct field of health care. In some countries, sports medicine is a recognized medical specialty. In the majority of countries where sports medicine is recognized and practiced, it is a physician (non-surgical) specialty, but in some, it can equally be a surgical or non-surgical medical specialty, and also a specialty field within primary care. In other contexts, the field of sports medicine encompasses the scope of both medical specialists as well as allied health practitioners who work in the field of sport, such as physiotherapists, athletic trainers, podiatrists and exercise physiologists.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Patellar tendinitis</span> Human disease

Patellar tendinitis, also known as jumper's knee, is an overuse injury of the tendon that straightens the knee. Symptoms include pain in the front of the knee. Typically the pain and tenderness is at the lower part of the kneecap, though the upper part may also be affected. Generally there is no pain when the person is at rest. Complications may include patellar tendon rupture.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Strain (injury)</span> Injury due to slight tearing of a muscle or tendon

A strain is an acute or chronic soft tissue injury that occurs to a muscle, tendon, or both. The equivalent injury to a ligament is a sprain. Generally, the muscle or tendon overstretches and partially tears, under more physical stress than it can withstand, often from a sudden increase in duration, intensity, or frequency of an activity. Strains most commonly occur in the foot, leg, or back. Immediate treatment typically includes five steps abbreviated as P.R.I.C.E.: protection, rest, ice, compression, elevation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sprained ankle</span> Medical condition

A sprained ankle is an injury where sprain occurs on one or more ligaments of the ankle. It is the most commonly occurring injury in sports, mainly in ball sports such as basketball, volleyball, football, and tennis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anterior cruciate ligament injury</span> Ligament injury near the knee

An anterior cruciate ligament injury occurs when the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is either stretched, partially torn, or completely torn. The most common injury is a complete tear. Symptoms include pain, an audible cracking sound during injury, instability of the knee, and joint swelling. Swelling generally appears within a couple of hours. In approximately 50% of cases, other structures of the knee such as surrounding ligaments, cartilage, or meniscus are damaged.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ski helmet</span>

A ski helmet is a helmet specifically designed and constructed for winter sports. Use was rare until about 2000, but by about 2010 the majority of skiers and snowboarders in the US and Europe wore helmets. Helmets are available in many styles and typically consist of a hard plastic/resin shell with inner padding. Modern ski helmets may include many additional features, such as vents, earmuffs, headphones, goggle mounts, and camera mounts.

In both rugby union and rugby league, a blood replacement is a special kind of substitution which can be used in the case of a player having to leave the field of play temporarily to have a wound attended to. Both rugby union and rugby league are physically demanding games, so musculoskeletal injuries are common, as well as injuries to the head and neck, and fractures. During the IRB 2011 Rugby World Cup, a study was conducted to determine the frequency and nature of the injuries sustained. It confirmed that rugby, like many other contact sports, has a high incidence of injury.

<i>British Journal of Sports Medicine</i> Academic journal

The British Journal of Sports Medicine is a twice-monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering sports science and sports medicine including sport physiotherapy. It is published by the BMJ Group. It was established in 1964 and the editor-in-chief from 2008 to 2020 was Karim M. Khan. Jonathan Drezner has been editor-in-chief since January 1, 2021.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Caroline Finch</span> Australian statistician

Caroline Finch AO is an Australian sports injury epidemiologist and sports injury prevention researcher. Her research has been adopted and used to directly inform safety policy by Government Departments of Sport and Health, health promotion and injury prevention agencies, and peak sports bodies both within Australia and internationally. Her injury prevention research has been applied to falls in older people, road safety, workplace safety and injuries in children.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Australasian College of Sport and Exercise Physicians</span>

The Australasian College of Sport and Exercise Physicians (ACSEP) is a not-for-profit professional organisation responsible for training, educating, and representing over 350 doctors in Australia and New Zealand. These doctors practise medicine in the specialty of sport and exercise medicine (SEM). The ACSEP is the smallest of the 15 recognised specialist medical Colleges in Australia with approximately 260 Fellows and Registrars in 2020. Australia and New Zealand, along with the UK, have been cited as pioneer countries in the establishment of SEM as a stand-alone specialty.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Orchard (doctor)</span> Australian sport and exercise medicine physician (born 1967)

John Orchard FACSEP is an Australian sport and exercise medicine physician, notable for advocating for rule changes in sport to improve player safety. In 2020 he was awarded a Member of the Order of the Order of Australia for significant service to sports medicine, particularly cricket. He was a member of the Australian government advisory group for sport responding to COVID, representing professional sport as the Chief Medical Officer for Cricket Australia and was instrumental in cricket's response to COVID. During 2023, he worked as the General Medical Officer for Australia at the FIFA Women's World Cup.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Karim M. Khan</span> Canadian/Australian sport and exercise medicine physician

Karim M. Khan is a former sport and exercise medicine physician who served as editor in chief of the British Journal of Sports Medicine from 2008-2020. He was awarded the Officer of the Order of Australia in 2019 for "distinguished service to sport and exercise medicine and to the promotion of physical activity for community health" and an Honorary Fellowship of the Faculty of Sport and Exercise Medicine (UK) in 2014.

The American Medical Society for Sports Medicine (AMSSM) is a large sports medicine membership organization, representing over 3000 physicians in the United States, established in 1991. AMSSM includes members who serve as team physicians at the youth level, NCAA, NFL, MLB, NBA, WNBA, MLS, and NHL, as well as with Olympic and Paralympic teams.

A pediatric concussion, also known as pediatric mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), is a head trauma that impacts the brain capacity. Concussion can affect functional, emotional, cognitive and physical factors and can occur in people of all ages. Symptoms following after the concussion vary and may include confusion, disorientation, lightheadedness, nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, loss of consciousness (LOC) and environment sensitivity. Concussion symptoms may vary based on the type, severity and location of the head injury. Concussion symptoms in infants, children, and adolescents often appear immediately after the injury, however, some symptoms may arise multiple days following the injury leading to a concussion. The majority of pediatric patients recover from the symptoms within one month following the injury. 10-30% of children and adolescents have a higher risk of a delayed recovery or of experiencing concussion symptoms that are persisting.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Exercise medicine</span> Branch of medicine as it relates to Exercise

Exercise medicine is a branch of medicine that deals with physical fitness and the prevention and treatment of injuries and illness with exercise. In some countries, Sport and Exercise Medicine (SEM) is a recognized medical specialty. Exercise medicine is therefore an emerging physician (non-surgical) specialty, but there is also a belief that exercise is treatment of such fundamental benefit that it should be incorporated into all medical specialties. Allied health practitioners also can specialize in exercise such as exercise physiologists, physiotherapists, athletic trainers and podiatrists.

References

  1. ↑ Orchard, J; Rae, K; Brooks, J; Hägglund, M; Til, L; Wales, D; Wood, T (2010). "Revision, uptake and coding issues related to the open access Orchard Sports Injury Classification System (OSICS) versions 8, 9 and 10.1". Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine. 1: 207–14. doi: 10.2147/OAJSM.S7715 . PMC   3781871 . PMID   24198559.
  2. ↑ Junge, A; Engebretsen, L; Alonso, JM; Renström, P; Mountjoy, M; Aubry, M; Dvorak, J (June 2008). "Injury surveillance in multi-sport events: the International Olympic Committee approach". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 42 (6): 413–21. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2008.046631. PMID   18390916. S2CID   44544320.
  3. ↑ Meeuwisse, WH; Wiley, JP (May 2007). "The Sport Medicine Diagnostic Coding System". Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine. 17 (3): 205–7. doi:10.1097/JSM.0b013e318057518f. PMID   17513913. S2CID   27748004.
  4. ↑ Bahr, Roald; Clarsen, Ben; Derman, Wayne; Dvorak, Jiri; Emery, Carolyn A.; Finch, Caroline F.; Hägglund, Martin; Junge, Astrid; Kemp, Simon; Khan, Karim M.; Marshall, Stephen W.; Meeuwisse, Willem; Mountjoy, Margo; Orchard, John W.; Pluim, Babette; Quarrie, Kenneth L.; Reider, Bruce; Schwellnus, Martin; Soligard, Torbjørn; Stokes, Keith A.; Timpka, Toomas; Verhagen, Evert; Bindra, Abhinav; Budgett, Richard; Engebretsen, Lars; Erdener, Uğur; Chamari, Karim (1 April 2020). "International Olympic Committee consensus statement: methods for recording and reporting of epidemiological data on injury and illness in sport 2020 (including STROBE Extension for Sport Injury and Illness Surveillance (STROBE-SIIS))". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 54 (7): 372–389. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2019-101969. ISSN   0306-3674. PMC   7146946 . PMID   32071062.
  5. ↑ Ekstrand, J; Hägglund, M; Kristenson, K; Magnusson, H; Waldén, M (August 2013). "Fewer ligament injuries but no preventive effect on muscle injuries and severe injuries: an 11-year follow-up of the UEFA Champions League injury study". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 47 (12): 732–7. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092394 . PMID   23813543. S2CID   2620167.
  6. ↑ Fuller, CW; Sheerin, K; Targett, S (December 2013). "Rugby World Cup 2011: International Rugby Board injury surveillance study". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 47 (18): 1184–91. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091155. PMID   22685124. S2CID   22308429.
  7. ↑ Fuller, CW; Taylor, A; Kemp, SP; Raftery, M (January 2017). "Rugby World Cup 2015: World Rugby injury surveillance study" (PDF). British Journal of Sports Medicine. 51 (1): 51–57. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096275. PMID   27461882. S2CID   33840115.
  8. ↑ Frost, WL; Chalmers, DJ (June 2014). "Injury in elite New Zealand cricketers 2002-2008: descriptive epidemiology". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 48 (12): 1002–7. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091337. PMID   22942169. S2CID   45403308.
  9. ↑ Pluim, BM; Fuller, CW; Batt, ME; Chase, L; Hainline, B; Miller, S; Montalvan, B; Renström, P; Stroia, KA; Weber, K; Wood, TO (December 2009). "Consensus statement on epidemiological studies of medical conditions in tennis, April 2009". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 43 (12): 893–7. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2009.064915. PMID   19900956. S2CID   34852889.
  10. ↑ Steffen, Kathrin; Clarsen, Benjamin; Gjelsvik, Hilde; Haugvad, Lars; Koivisto-Mørk, Anu; Bahr, Roald; Berge, Hilde Moseby (2022). "Illness and injury among Norwegian Para athletes over five consecutive Paralympic Summer and Winter Games cycles: prevailing high illness burden on the road from 2012 to 2020". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 56 (4): 204–212. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-104489 . hdl: 11250/2830894 . ISSN   1473-0480. PMID   34607800. S2CID   238262151.
  11. ↑ Clarsen, Benjamin; Pluim, Babette M.; Moreno-Pérez, Víctor; Bigard, Xavier; Blauwet, Cheri; Del Coso, Juan; Courel-Ibáñez, Javier; Grimm, Katharina; Jones, Nigel; Kolman, Nikki; Mateo-March, Manuel (2021). "Methods for epidemiological studies in competitive cycling: an extension of the IOC consensus statement on methods for recording and reporting of epidemiological data on injury and illness in sport 2020". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 55 (22): 1262–1269. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2020-103906. hdl: 2263/80799 . ISSN   1473-0480. PMID   33980546. S2CID   234475637.
  12. ↑ Finch, CF; Cook, J; Kunstler, BE; Akram, M; Orchard, J (July 2017). "Subsequent Injuries Are More Common Than Injury Recurrences: An Analysis of 1 Season of Prospectively Collected Injuries in Professional Australian Football". The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 45 (8): 1921–1927. doi:10.1177/0363546517691943. PMID   28278378. S2CID   45869513.
  13. ↑ Orchard, J; Seward, H (February 2002). "Epidemiology of injuries in the Australian Football League, seasons 1997-2000". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 36 (1): 39–44. doi:10.1136/bjsm.36.1.39. PMC   1724448 . PMID   11867491.
  14. ↑ Ruddick, GK; Lovell, GA; Drew, MK; Fallon, KE (October 2019). "Epidemiology of bone stress injuries in Australian high performance athletes: A retrospective cohort study". Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 22 (10): 1114–1118. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2019.06.008. PMID   31307905. S2CID   196813367.
  15. ↑ Joseph, C; Naughton, G; Antcliff, A (December 2019). "Australian netball injuries in 2016: An overview of insurance data". Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 22 (12): 1304–1308. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.07.016 . PMID   31416755. S2CID   201018667.
  16. ↑ Gómez-Carmona, P; Fernández-Cuevas, I; Sillero-Quintana, M; Arnaiz-Lastras, J; Navandar, A (1 November 2020). "Infrared Thermography Protocol on Reducing the Incidence of Soccer Injuries". Journal of Sport Rehabilitation. 29 (8): 1222–1227. doi: 10.1123/jsr.2019-0056 . PMID   32188790.
  17. ↑ Florit, D; Pedret, C; Casals, M; Malliaras, P; Sugimoto, D; Rodas, G (December 2019). "Incidence of Tendinopathy in Team Sports in a Multidisciplinary Sports Club Over 8 Seasons". Journal of Sports Science & Medicine. 18 (4): 780–788. PMC   6873129 . PMID   31827363.
  18. ↑ Geßlein, M; Frodl, A; Millrose, M; Biber, R; Bail, HJ; Wolpert, AK (June 2020). "How dangerous is American football in a German amateur league? An injury analysis according to playing position over a period of four seasons". Der Unfallchirurg. 123 (6): 473–478. doi:10.1007/s00113-019-00743-z. PMID   31720735. S2CID   209256153.
  19. ↑ Gruhn, J; Leggat, P; Müller, R (February 1999). "Injuries presenting to Army physiotherapy in north Queensland, Australia". Military Medicine. 164 (2): 145–52. doi: 10.1093/milmed/164.2.145 . PMID   10050575.
  20. ↑ Beas-Jiménez, JD; Garrigosa, AL; Cuevas, PD; Riaza, LM; Terés, XP; Alonso, JM; Recio, MIÁ; Bolados, CC (April 2021). "Translation Into Spanish and Proposal to Modify the Orchard Sports Injury Classification System (OSICS) Version 12". Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 9 (4): 2325967121993814. doi:10.1177/2325967121993814. ISSN   2325-9671. PMC   8044570 . PMID   33954218.
  21. ↑ Orchard, J; Genovesi, F (22 June 2022). "Orchard Sports Injury and Illness Classification System (OSIICS) version 14 and Italian translation". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 56 (20): 1144–1145. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2022-105828. PMID   35732471. S2CID   249956079.
  22. ↑ Til, L; Orchard, J; Rae, K (2008). "The Orchard Sports Injury Classification System (OSICS) version 10". APUNTS. Medicina de l'Esport. 159: 109–12. doi:10.1016/S1886-6581(08)70085-9.
  23. ↑ "Medical and Scientific Commission". International Olympic Committee. 12 July 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
  24. ↑ International Olympic Committee Injury and Illness Epidemiology Consensus, Group.; Bahr, R; Clarsen, B; Derman, W; Dvorak, J; Emery, CA; Finch, CF; Hägglund, M; Junge, A; Kemp, S; Khan, KM; Marshall, SW; Meeuwisse, W; Mountjoy, M; Orchard, JW; Pluim, B; Quarrie, KL; Reider, B; Schwellnus, M; Soligard, T; Stokes, KA; Timpka, T; Verhagen, E; Bindra, A; Budgett, R; Engebretsen, L; Erdener, U; Chamari, K (February 2020). "International Olympic Committee Consensus Statement: Methods for Recording and Reporting of Epidemiological Data on Injury and Illness in Sports 2020 (Including the STROBE Extension for Sports Injury and Illness Surveillance (STROBE-SIIS))". Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 8 (2): 2325967120902908. doi:10.1177/2325967120902908. PMC   7029549 . PMID   32118084.
  25. ↑ Dvorak, J; Pluim, BM (January 2021). "Injury and illness surveillance in sports: how golf, tennis, cycling and parasport extended the IOC consensus statement to tailor injury and illness surveillance to specific sports". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 55 (1): 6–7. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102616 . hdl: 2263/80798 . ISSN   0306-3674. PMID   33122251.
  26. ↑ "The definitions and use of the injury record within the Athlete Management System Data Dictionary Version 2.1" (PDF). The AIS. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
  27. ↑ Rae, K; Britt, H; Orchard, J; Finch, C (December 2005). "Classifying sports medicine diagnoses: a comparison of the International classification of diseases 10-Australian modification (ICD-10-AM) and the Orchard sports injury classification system (OSICS-8)". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 39 (12): 907–11. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2004.017517. PMC   1725095 . PMID   16306497.
  28. ↑ Crossway, AK; Games, KE; Eberman, LE; Fleming, N (2017). "Orchard Sports Injury Classification System 10.1 Plus: An End-User Study". International Journal of Exercise Science. 10 (2): 284–293. PMC   5360368 . PMID   28344740.
  29. ↑ Finch, CF; Orchard, JW; Twomey, DM; Saad Saleem, M; Ekegren, CL; Lloyd, DG; Elliott, BC (April 2014). "Coding OSICS sports injury diagnoses in epidemiological studies: does the background of the coder matter?". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 48 (7): 552–6. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091219. PMC   3963545 . PMID   22919021.
  30. ↑ Hammond, LE; Lilley, J; Ribbans, WJ (July 2009). "Coding sports injury surveillance data: has version 10 of the Orchard Sports Injury Classification System improved the classification of sports medicine diagnoses?". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 43 (7): 498–502. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2008.051979. PMID   19050000. S2CID   24330003.
  31. ↑ Orchard, John (1993). "Orchard Sports Injury Classification System (OSICS)". Sport Health. 11: 39–41.
  32. ↑ Orchard, John; Rae, Katherine; Brooks, John; Hägglund, Martin; Til, Lluis; Wales, David; Wood, Tim (11 October 2010). "Revision, uptake and coding issues related to the open access Orchard Sports Injury Classification System (OSICS) versions 8, 9 and 10.1". Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine. 1: 207–214. doi: 10.2147/OAJSM.S7715 . ISSN   1179-1543. PMC   3781871 . PMID   24198559.
  33. ↑ Rae, K; Orchard, J (May 2007). "The Orchard Sports Injury Classification System (OSICS) version 10". Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine. 17 (3): 201–4. doi:10.1097/JSM.0b013e318059b536. PMID   17513912. S2CID   31994177.
  34. ↑ Orchard, JW; Meeuwisse, W; Derman, W; Hägglund, M; Soligard, T; Schwellnus, M; Bahr, R (April 2020). "Sport Medicine Diagnostic Coding System (SMDCS) and the Orchard Sports Injury and Illness Classification System (OSIICS): revised 2020 consensus versions". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 54 (7): 397–401. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2019-101921. hdl: 11250/2663641 . PMID   32114487. S2CID   211724559.
  35. ↑ Beas-Jiménez, JD; Garrigosa, AL; Cuevas, PD; Riaza, LM; Terés, XP; Alonso, JM; Recio, MIÁ; Bolados, CC (April 2021). "Translation Into Spanish and Proposal to Modify the Orchard Sports Injury Classification System (OSICS) Version 12". Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 9 (4): 2325967121993814. doi:10.1177/2325967121993814. ISSN   2325-9671. PMC   8044570 . PMID   33954218.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.