Terminologia Anatomica

Last updated

Terminologia Anatomica (commonly abbreviated TA) is the international standard for human anatomical terminology. It is developed by the Federative International Programme on Anatomical Terminology, a program of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA).

Contents

History

The sixth edition of the previous standard, Nomina Anatomica , was released in 1989. The first edition of Terminologia Anatomica, superseding Nomina Anatomica, was developed by the Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT) and the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) and released in 1998. [1] In April 2011, this edition was published online by the Federative International Programme on Anatomical Terminologies (FIPAT), the successor of FCAT. The first edition contained 7635 Latin items. [2]

The second edition was released online by FIPAT in 2019 and approved and adopted by the IFAA General Assembly in 2020. The latest errata is dated August 2021. [3] It contains a total of 7112 numbered terms (1-7113 skipping 2590), with some terms repeated. [4]

Adoption and reception

A 2014 survey of the American Association of Clinical Anatomists found that the TA preferred term had the highest frequency of usage in only 53% of the 25 anatomical terms surveyed, and was highest or second-highest for 92% of terms. 75% of respondents were unfamiliar with FIPAT and TA. [5]

In a panel at the 2022 International Federation of Associations of Anatomists Congress, one author stated "the Terminologia Anatomica generally receives no attention in medical terminology courses", but stressed its importance. [6] The TA is not well established in other languages, such as French. [7] The English equivalent names are often inconsistent if viewed as translations of the accompanying Latin phrases. [8]

The Terminologia Anatomica specifically excludes eponyms, as they were determined to "give absolutely no anatomical information about the named structure, and vary considerably between countries and cultures". [9] In a 2023 study of eight gynecologic eponyms, the TA term was preferred in two cases, and showed a significant trend towards TA adoption in three others, leaving three non-TA terms likely to remain in common use. [10]

Categories of anatomical structures

Terminologia Anatomica is divided into 16 chapters grouped into five parts. The official terms are in Latin. Although equivalent English-language terms are provided, only the official Latin terms are used as the basis for creating lists of equivalent terms in other languages.

Part I

Chapter 1: General anatomy

  1. General terms
  2. Reference planes
  3. Reference lines
  4. Human body positions
  5. Movements
  6. Parts of human body
  7. Regions of human body

Part II: Musculoskeletal systems

Chapter 2: Bones

  1. Axial skeleton
  2. Appendicular skeleton
  3. Bones
  4. Cranium
  5. Extracranial bones of head
  6. Auditory ossicles
  7. Teeth
  8. Nasal cartilages
  9. Cartilages of ear
  10. Laryngeal cartilages
  11. Vertebral column
  12. Thoracic skeleton
  13. Bones of upper limb
  14. Bony pelvis
  15. Bones of lower limb
  16. Joints

Chapter 3: Joints

  1. Joints of skull
  2. Joints of auditory ossicles
  3. Laryngeal joints
  4. Joints of vertebral column
  5. Thoracic joints
  6. Joints of upper limb
  7. Joints of lower limb

Chapter 4: Muscular system

  1. Cranial part of muscular system
  2. Cervical part of muscular system
  3. Dorsal part of muscular system
  4. Thoracic part of muscular system
  5. Abdominal part of muscular system
  6. Pelvic part of muscular system
  7. Muscular system of upper limb
  8. Muscular system of lower limb

Part III: Visceral systems

Chapter 5: Digestive system

  1. Mouth
  2. Fauces
  3. Pharynx
  4. Digestive canal
  5. Liver
  6. Gallbladder
  7. Extrahepatic bile ducts
  8. Pancreas

Chapter 6: Respiratory system

  1. Nose
  2. Paranasal sinuses
  3. Larynx
  4. Tracheobronchial tree
  5. Lungs

Chapter 7: Thoracic cavity

  1. Pleural cavity
  2. Mediastinum

Chapter 8: Urinary system

  1. Kidney
  2. Ureter
  3. Urinary bladder
  4. Urethra

Chapter 9: Genital systems

  1. Female genital system
  2. Male genital system

Chapter 10: Abdominopelvic cavity

Part IV: Integrating systems I

Chapter 11: Endocrine glands

  1. Hypophysis
  2. Pineal gland
  3. Thyroid gland
  4. Parathyroid glands
  5. Suprarenal gland
  6. Paraganglia

Chapter 12: Cardiovascular system

  1. Blood
  2. Lymph
  3. Vessels
  4. Vascular plexuses
  5. Heart
  6. Pulmonary vessels
  7. Cardiac vessels
  8. Systemic arteries
  9. Systemic veins
  10. Great lymphatic vessels

Chapter 13: Lymphoid organs

  1. Primary lymphoid organs
  2. Secondary lymphoid organs

Part V: Integrating systems II

Chapter 14: Nervous system

  1. Central nervous system
  2. Peripheral nervous system
  3. Autonomic division of peripheral nervous system

Chapter 15: Sense organs

  1. Olfactory organ
  2. Eye
  3. Ear
  4. Gustatory organ

Chapter 16: The integument

  1. Skin
  2. Skin appendages
  3. Subcutaneous tissue
  4. Breast
  5. Scalp
  6. Blood

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brachialis muscle</span> Flexor muscle in the upper arm

The brachialis is a muscle in the upper arm that flexes the elbow. It lies beneath the biceps brachii, and makes up part of the floor of the region known as the cubital fossa. It originates from the anterior aspect of the distal humerus; it inserts onto the tuberosity of the ulna. It is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve, and commonly also receives additional innervation from the radial nerve. The brachialis is the prime mover of elbow flexion generating about 50% more power than the biceps.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fibularis longus</span> Superficial muscle in the lateral compartment of the leg

In human anatomy, the fibularis longus is a superficial muscle in the lateral compartment of the leg. It acts to tilt the sole of the foot away from the midline of the body (eversion) and to extend the foot downward away from the body at the ankle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fascia</span> Layer of connective tissue in the body

A fascia is a generic term for macroscopic membranous bodily structures. Fasciae are classified as superficial, visceral or deep, and further designated according to their anatomical location.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Buccinator muscle</span> Muscle

The buccinator is a thin quadrilateral muscle occupying the interval between the maxilla and the mandible at the side of the face. It forms the anterior part of the cheek or the lateral wall of the oral cavity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thyroid cartilage</span> Largest of nine cartilages that make up the laryngeal skeleton

The thyroid cartilage is the largest of the nine cartilages that make up the laryngeal skeleton, the cartilage structure in and around the trachea that contains the larynx. It does not completely encircle the larynx.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iris dilator muscle</span> Smooth muscle of the eye

The iris dilator muscle, is a smooth muscle of the eye, running radially in the iris and therefore fit as a dilator. The pupillary dilator consists of a spokelike arrangement of modified contractile cells called myoepithelial cells. These cells are stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system. When stimulated, the cells contract, widening the pupil and allowing more light to enter the eye.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anconeus muscle</span> Muscle on the elbow joint

The anconeus muscle is a small muscle on the posterior aspect of the elbow joint.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fibularis tertius</span> Muscle of the human body located in the lower limb

In human anatomy, the fibularis tertius is a muscle in the anterior compartment of the leg. It acts to tilt the sole of the foot away from the midline of the body (eversion) and to pull the foot upward toward the body (dorsiflexion).

Nomina Anatomica (NA) was the international standard on human anatomic terminology from 1895 until it was replaced by Terminologia Anatomica in 1998.

The International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) is an umbrella scientific organization of national and multinational Anatomy Associations, dedicated to anatomy and biomorphological sciences.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Annular ligament of radius</span>

The annular ligament is a strong band of fibers that encircles the head of the radius, and retains it in contact with the radial notch of the ulna.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Inferior tibiofibular joint</span>

The inferior tibiofibular joint, also known as the distal tibiofibular joint, is formed by the rough, convex surface of the medial side of the distal end of the fibula, and a rough concave surface on the lateral side of the tibia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fibularis muscles</span> Group of muscles in the leg

The fibularis muscles are a group of muscles in the lower leg.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Outline of human anatomy</span> Overview of and topical guide to human anatomy

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to human anatomy:

The Terminologia Embryologica (TE) is a standardized list of words used in the description of human embryologic and fetal structures. It was produced by the Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology on behalf of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists and posted on the Internet since 2010. It has been approved by the General Assembly of the IFAA during the seventeenth International Congress of Anatomy in Cape Town.

The Terminologia Histologica (TH) is the controlled vocabulary for use in cytology and histology. In April 2011, Terminologia Histologica was published online by the Federative International Programme on Anatomical Terminologies (FIPAT), the successor of FCAT.

The Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology (FIPAT) is a group of experts who review, analyze, and discuss the terms of the morphological structures of the human body. It was created by the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) and was previously known as the Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT) and the Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FICAT).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anatomical terminology</span> Scientific terminology used by anatomists, zoologists, and health professionals

Anatomical terminology is a form of scientific terminology used by anatomists, zoologists, and health professionals such as doctors, physicians, and pharmacists.

The venous plexus of hypoglossal canal is a small venous plexus surrounding the hypoglossal nerve as it passes through the hypoglossal canal. The plexus connects with the occipital sinus (intercranially), inferior petrosal sinus (intercranially), internal jugular vein (extracranially), condylar vein, and paravertebral venous plexus.

References

  1. Terminologia Anatomica: International Anatomical Terminology. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers. 1998. ISBN   0-86577-808-6.
  2. Kachlik, David; Musil, Vladimir; Baca, Vaclav (September 2015). "Terminologia Anatomica after 17 years: Inconsistencies, mistakes and new proposals". Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger. 201: 8–16. doi:10.1016/j.aanat.2015.04.006. PMID   26094127.
  3. FIPAT (2019). Terminologia Anatomica. Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology.
  4. "Terminologia Anatomica 2019 TA2". www.bearboat.net.
  5. Martin, Bradford D.; Thorpe, Donna; DeLuna, Vanessa; Howard, Trish; Hagemeyer, Josh; Wilkins, Nicholas (18 September 2014). "Frequency in Usage of Terminologia Anatomica Terms by Clinical Anatomists". Journal of Biomedical Education. 2014: e950898. doi: 10.1155/2014/950898 .
  6. Mcleister, Kyle (August 2022). "Teaching anatomical terminology: a systematic approach" . Anatomy: International Journal of Experimental & Clinical Anatomy. Vol. 16. Istanbul, Turkey: EBSCO. pp. S68 via Wikipedia Library.
  7. Houle, Mélanie (August 2022). "Giving the province of Quebec a taste of its own medicine: diversity of dialect in the medical field" . Anatomy: International Journal of Experimental & Clinical Anatomy. Vol. 16. Istanbul, Turkey: EBSCO. pp. S69.
  8. Russell, Stephen Clark (August 2022). "Notes from a philologist: when the English equivalents of TA terms are inconsistent with the original Latin terms" . Anatomy: International Journal of Experimental & Clinical Anatomy. Vol. 16. Istanbul, Turkey: EBSCO. pp. S68–S69.
  9. McNulty, MA; Wisner, RL; Meyer, AJ (November 2021). "NOMENs land: The place of eponyms in the anatomy classroom" (PDF). Anatomical Sciences Education. 14 (6): 847–852. doi:10.1002/ase.2108. PMID   34145778. S2CID   235480786.
  10. Shrosbree, B.; DeLancey, J.O.; Hong, C.X. (March 2023). "Frequency and trends in usage of eponyms in gynecologic anatomical terminology". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 228 (3): S907–S908. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2022.12.176. S2CID   257448700.

TA1998:

TA2: