List of skeletal muscles of the human body

Last updated

This is a table of skeletal muscles of the human anatomy, with muscle counts and other information.

Contents

Table

MuscleLocationOriginInsertionArteryNerveAction Antagonist OTA
occipitalis head, occipitofrontalis, back of skull (left/right) superior nuchal line of occipital bone, mastoid part of temporal bone epicranial aponeurosis occipital artery facial nerve [CNVII], posterior auricular nerve retracts scalp ?21
frontalis head, occipitofrontalis, forehead (left/right)skin of eyebrow and glabella epicranial aponeurosis ophthalmic artery facial nerve [CNVII], temporal branch wrinkles eyebrow procerus, corrugator supercilii, and orbicularis oculi muscles [1] 21
orbicularis oculi, orbital parthead, forehead/eyelid (left/right) frontal bone lateral palpebral raphe ophthalmic artery, zygomatico-orbital artery, angular artery facial nerve [CNVII], zygomatic branch closes eyelids (voluntary, winking/squeezing) levator palpebrae superioris 23
orbicularis oculi, palpebral parthead, forehead/eyelid (left/right) medial palpebral ligament lateral palpebral raphe ophthalmic artery, zygomatico-orbital artery, angular artery facial nerve [CNVII], zygomatic branch closes eyelids (involuntary, blinking/sleeping) levator palpebrae superioris 23
orbicularis oculi, deep palpebral (lacrimal) parthead, forehead/eyelid (left/right) posterior crest of lacrimal bone Edges of eyelids ophthalmic artery, zygomatico-orbital artery, angular artery facial nerve [CNVII], zygomatic branch facilitates tear ducts?23
corrugator supercilii head, eye (left/right) nasal part of frontal bone intermediate third of skin of eyebrow ophthalmic artery facial nerve [CNVII], zygomatic branch moves skin of forehead medially and inferiorly (towards root of nose)?21
depressor supercilii head, eye (left/right) nasal part of frontal bone, medial rim of orbit medial third of skin of eyebrow ophthalmic artery facial nerve [CNVII], zygomatic branch moves skin of eyebrows inferiorly?21
levator palpebrae superioris head, extraocular (left/right) sphenoid bone tarsal plate, upper eyelid ophthalmic artery oculomotor nerve [CNIII] retracts and elevates eyelid orbicularis oculi 21
superior tarsal head, extraocular (left/right)underside of levator palpebrae superioris superior tarsal plate of eyelid ophthalmic artery sympathetic nervous system raises upper eyelid ?21
rectus, superior head, eye, orbit (left/right) annulus of Zinn at orbital apex7.5 mm superior to corneal limbus ophthalmic artery oculomotor nerve [CNIII], superior branch adducts, elevates, and medially rotates eye Oblique Superior and inferior21
rectus, inferior head, eye, orbit (left/right) annulus of Zinn at orbital apex6.5 mm inferior to corneal limbus ophthalmic artery oculomotor nerve [CNIII], inferior branch adducts and depresses eye Oblique Superior and inferior21
rectus, medial head, eye, orbit (left/right) annulus of Zinn at orbital apex5.5 mm medial to corneal limbus ophthalmic artery oculomotor nerve [CNIII], inferior branch adducts eye Oblique Superior and inferior21
rectus, lateral head, eye, orbit (left/right) annulus of Zinn at orbital apex7 mm temporal to corneal limbus ophthalmic artery abducens nerve [CNVI] abducts eye Oblique Superior and inferior21
oblique, superior head, extraocular (left/right) annulus of Zinn at orbital apex, medial to optic canal outer posterior quadrant of eyeball ophthalmic artery, lateral muscular branch trochlear nerve [CNIV] abducts, intorts, and depress eye right medial, superior, and inferior recti (superior and inferior oblique muscles are the synergists)21
oblique, inferior head, extraocular (left/right)orbital surface of maxilla, lateral to lacrimal groove laterally onto eyeball, deep to lateral rectus, by a short flat tendon ophthalmic artery oculomotor nerve [CNIII] abducts, extorts, and elevates eye right medial, superior, and inferior recti (superior and inferior oblique muscles are the synergists)21
temporoparietalis head, ear, outer ear (left/right) auriculares muscles epicranial aponeurosis facial nerve [CNVII]fixes galeal aponeurosis21
auricularis anterior head, ear, auricular, extrinsic (left/right) temporal fascia front of helix of ear posterior auricular artery facial nerve [CNVII]pulls auricle forwards21
auricularis superior head, ear, auricular, extrinsic (left/right) epicranial aponeurosis dorsocranial surface of auricle posterior auricular artery facial nerve [CNVII]pulls auricle upwards21
auricularis posterior head, ear, auricular, extrinsic (left/right) mastoid process of temporal bone, tendon of sternocleidomastoid dorsal part of auricle posterior auricular artery facial nerve [CNVII]pulls auricle backwards?21
helicis major head, ear, auricular, intrinsic (left/right) Spina helicis Anterior border of the helix Auricular branches of posterior auricular and auricular branch of occipital arteries Facial nerve depresses the anterior margin of the ear cartilage?21
helicis minor head, ear, auricular, intrinsic (left/right)Base of the helical crus Anterior aspect of the helical crus Auricular branches of posterior auricular and auricular branch of occipital arteries Facial nerve, Posterior auricular nerve branchAdjusts the shape of the anterior margin of the ear cartilage?21
tragicus head, ear, auricular, intrinsic (left/right)Base of the tragus Apex of the tragus Auricular branches of posterior auricular and auricular branch of occipital arteries Facial nerve Increase the opening of the external acoustic meatus ?21
antitragicus head, ear, auricular, intrinsic (left/right)Outer part of the antitragus Cauda helicis and antihelix Auricular branch of superficial temporal and auricular branches of posterior auricular artery Facial nerve Modifies the auricular shape?21
auricle, transverse head, ear, auricular, intrinsic (left/right)Cranial surface of the eminentia conchae Cranial surface of the eminentia scaphae Auricular branches of posterior auricular and auricular branch of occipital arteries Facial nerve Flattens the cranial profile outer ear ?21
auricle, oblique head, ear, auricular, intrinsic (left/right)??? Facial nerve, posterior auricular nerve ??21
Muscle of terminal notch [2] head, ear, auricular, intrinsic (left/right)??????01
stapedius head, ear, inner ear (left/right)tip of pyramid of middle ear neck of stapes stapedial branch of posterior auricular artery nerve to the stapedius from facial nerve [CNVII]reduces movement of stapes, controls amplitude of sound waves to inner ear 21
tensor tympani head, ear, inner ear (left/right) Eustachian tube handle of malleus superior tympanic artery medial pterygoid nerve from mandibular nerve [CNV3]tenses tympanic membrane, controls amplitude of sound waves to inner ear 21
procerus head, nose (left/right) fascia over lower part of nasal bone skin of lower part of forehead between eyebrows facial artery facial nerve [CNVII], buccal branch draws down medial angle of eyebrow (giving expressions of frowning)21
depressor septi nasi head, nose (left/right) incisive fossa of maxilla nasal septum and back part of alar part of nasalis superior labial artery facial nerve [CNVII], buccal branch depresses nasal septum 21
levator nasolabialis (levator labii superioris alaeque nasi)head, nose (left/right)frontal process of maxilla nostril and upper lip superior labial artery facial nerve [CNVII], buccal branch dilates nostril, elevates upper lip, elevates wing of nose 21
nasalis, transverse part head, nose, nasalis, transverse part (left/right)alveolar yoke of canine tooth lateral nasal cartilage superior labial artery facial nerve [CNVII], buccal branch compresses nostrils 22
nasalis, alar part head, nose, nasalis, alar part (left/right)alveolar yoke of lateral incisor tooth, greater and lesser alar cartilages skin near margin of nostril superior labial artery facial nerve [CNVII], buccal branch dilates nostrils 22
levator anguli oris head, mouth (left/right) maxilla modiolus of mouth facial artery facial nerve [CNVII] elevates angle of mouth (smile) depressor anguli oris 21
depressor anguli oris head, mouth (left/right) tubercle of mandible modiolus of mouth facial artery facial nerve [CNVII], mandibular branch depresses angle of mouth (frown) levator anguli oris 21
transversus menti head, mouth (left/right)continuation of depressor anguli oris musclesother side of depressor anguli oris muscles facial artery facial nerve [CNVII], mandibular branch or buccal branch depresses angle of mouth (frown) levator anguli oris 0.6 [3] 1
levator labii superioris head, mouth (left/right) medial part of infra-orbital margin of maxilla skin and muscle of upper lip (labii superioris) superior labial artery facial nerve [CNVII], buccal branch elevates upper lip 21
depressor labii inferioris head, mouth (left/right)oblique line of mandible, between symphysis and mental foramen integument of lower lip, orbicularis oris fibers, its fellow of opposite side inferior labial artery facial nerve [CNVII], marginal mandibular branch depresses lower lip 21
mentalis head, mouth (left/right)alveolar yoke of lower, lateral incisor tooth, found on anterior mandible skin of chin inferior labial artery facial nerve [CNVII], marginal mandibular branch elevates and wrinkles skin of chin, protrudes lower lip 21
bucinator (buccinator)head, mouth (left/right) alveolar processes of maxilla and mandible, pterygomandibular raphe fibres of orbicularis oris buccal artery facial nerve [CNVII], buccal branch compress cheeks against teeth (blowing), mastication 21
orbicularis oris, marginal parthead, mouth (left/right) maxilla and mandible skin around lips superior labial artery, inferior labial artery facial nerve [CNVII], buccal branch puckers lips 22
orbicularis oris, labial parthead, mouth (left/right) maxilla and mandible skin around lips superior labial artery, inferior labial artery facial nerve [CNVII], buccal branch puckers lips 22
risorius head, mouth (left/right) parotid fascia modiolus of mouth facial artery facial nerve [CNVII], buccal branch draw back angle of mouth 21
zygomaticus major head, mouth (left/right) zygomatic bone in region of zygomaticomaxillary suture modiolus of mouth facial artery facial nerve [CNVII], buccal branch draws angle of mouth upward and laterally21
zygomaticus minor head, mouth (left/right) zygomatic bone in region of zygomaticomaxillary sutureskin of upper lip facial artery facial nerve [CNVII], buccal branch elevates upper lip 21
masseter, superficial parthead, coronal plane (left/right)anterior two-thirds of inferior margin of zygomatic arch and maxilla angle of mandible, masseteric tuberosity of mandible masseteric artery masseteric nerve from mandibular nerve [CNV3] elevates and retracts mandible (closes mouth) platysma 22
masseter, deep parthead, coronal plane (left/right)anterior two-thirds of inferior margin of zygomatic arch and maxilla angle of mandible, masseteric tuberosity of mandible masseteric artery masseteric nerve from mandibular nerve [CNV3] elevates and retracts mandible (closes mouth) platysma 22
temporalis head, coronal plane (left/right) temporal lines on parietal bone of skull coronoid process of mandible deep temporal arteries deep temporal nerves from mandibular nerve [CNV3] elevates and retracts mandible (closes mouth) platysma 21
pterygoid, lateral head, coronal plane (left/right) greater wing of sphenoid and lateral pterygoid process condyloid process of mandible maxillary artery, pterygoid branches external pterygoid nerve from mandibular nerve [CNV3] depresses mandible (opens mouth) masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid 21
pterygoideus proprius [4] head, coronal plane (left/right)??????01
pterygoid, medial head, coronal plane (left/right)medial side of lateral pterygoid plate behind upper teeth (deep head); pyramidal process of palatine bone and maxillary tuberosity (superficial head)medial angle of mandible maxillary artery, pterygoid branches mandibular nerve [CNV3], medial pterygoid nerve elevates mandible, closes jaw, helps lateral pterygoid in moving jaw from side to side21
genioglossus, inferior fibershead, tongue (left/right)superior part of mental spine of mandible (symphysis menti)dorsum of tongue, body of hyoid lingual artery hypoglossal nerve [CNXII]protrudes tongue 23
genioglossus, middle fibershead, tongue (left/right)superior part of mental spine of mandible (symphysis menti)dorsum of tongue, body of hyoid lingual artery hypoglossal nerve [CNXII]depresses tongue 23
genioglossus, superior fibershead, tongue (left/right)superior part of mental spine of mandible (symphysis menti)dorsum of tongue, body of hyoid lingual artery hypoglossal nerve [CNXII]draws tip of tongue back and down23
hyoglossus (ceratoglossus)head, tongue (left/right) hyoid side of tongue hypoglossal nerve [CNXII]depresses tongue 21
chondroglossus head, tongue (left/right) lesser cornu and body of hyoid bone intrinsic muscular fibers of tongue hypoglossal nerve [CNXII]depresses tongue (some consider this muscle to be part of hyoglossus)21
styloglossus head, tongue (left/right) styloid process of temporal bone tongue lingual artery, sublingual branch hypoglossal nerve [CNXII]elevates and retracts tongue inferior and middle fibers of genioglossus 21
palatoglossus head, tongue and soft palate (left/right) palatine aponeurosis tongue vagus nerve [CNX], pharyngeal plexus and accessory nerve [CNXI]raises back part of tongue, aiding in breathing21
superior longitudinal lingual head, tongue (left/right)close to epiglottis, from median fibrous septum edges of tongue lingual artery, tonsilar branch of facial artery, ascending pharyngeal artery hypoglossal nerve [CNXII]shortens tongue, turns tip upward, turns lateral margins upward21
transversus linguae head, tongue (left/right) median fibrous septum sides of tongue lingual artery, tonsilar branch of facial artery, ascending pharyngeal artery hypoglossal nerve [CNXII]narrows tongue with no elongation21
inferior longitudinal lingual head, tongue (left/right)root of tongue apex of tongue lingual artery, tonsilar branch of facial artery, ascending pharyngeal artery hypoglossal nerve [CNXII]shortens tongue, retracts, pulls tip downward21
verticalis linguae head, tongue (left/right)dorsum of tongue inferior surface borders of tongue lingual artery, tonsilar branch of facial artery, ascending pharyngeal artery hypoglossal nerve [CNXII]21
tensor veli palatini head, soft palate (left/right) medial pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone palatine aponeurosis mandibular nerve [CNV3], medial pterygoid nerve tenses soft palate, aids in swallowing ?21
levator veli palatini head, soft palate (left/right) temporal bone, Eustachian tube palatine aponeurosis facial artery vagus nerve [CNX], pharyngeal plexus elevates soft palate ?21
palatopharyngeus head, soft palate (left/right) palatine aponeurosis and hard palate upper border of thyroid cartilage (blends with constrictor fibers) facial artery vagus nerve [CNX], pharyngeal branch aids in breathing by pulling pharynx and larynx 21
uvulae head, soft palate (left/right) hard palate soft tissue of uvula vagus nerve [CNX], pharyngeal branch moves and changes shape of uvula 21
stylopharyngeus head, pharynx (left/right) styloid process of temporal bone thyroid cartilage (pharynx) ascending pharyngeal artery, pharyngeal branches glossopharyngeal nerve [CNIX]elevates larynx, elevates pharynx, swallowing 21
salpingopharyngeus head, pharynx (left/right)cartilage of Eustachian tube posterior fasciculus of pharyngopalatinus vagus nerve [CNX], accessory nerve [CNXI]raises nasopharynx 21
pharyngeal constrictor, inferior, thyropharyngeal parthead, pharynx (left/right) cricoid cartilage, thyroid cartilage pharyngeal raphe ascending pharyngeal artery, pharyngeal branches vagus nerve [CNX], superior laryngeal nerve, external laryngeal branch and recurrent laryngeal nerve swallowing 22
pharyngeal constrictor, inferior, cricopharyngeal parthead, pharynx (left/right) cricoid cartilage, thyroid cartilage pharyngeal raphe ascending pharyngeal artery, pharyngeal branches vagus nerve [CNX], superior laryngeal nerve, external laryngeal branch and recurrent laryngeal nerve swallowing 22
pharyngeal constrictor, middle, chondropharyngeal parthead, pharynx (left/right) hyoid bone pharyngeal raphe ascending pharyngeal artery, pharyngeal branches vagus nerve [CNX], pharyngeal plexus swallowing 22
pharyngeal constrictor, middle, ceratopharyngeal parthead, pharynx (left/right) hyoid bone pharyngeal raphe ascending pharyngeal artery, pharyngeal branches vagus nerve [CNX], pharyngeal plexus swallowing 22
pharyngeal constrictor, superior, pterygopharyngeal parthead, pharynx (left/right) medial pterygoid plate, pterygomandibular raphé, alveolar process pharyngeal raphe, pharyngeal tubercle ascending pharyngeal artery, tonsilar branch of facial artery vagus nerve [CNX], pharyngeal plexus swallowing 24
pharyngeal constrictor, superior, buccopharyngeal parthead, pharynx (left/right) medial pterygoid plate, pterygomandibular raphé, alveolar process pharyngeal raphe, pharyngeal tubercle ascending pharyngeal artery, tonsilar branch of facial artery vagus nerve [CNX], pharyngeal plexus swallowing 24
pharyngeal constrictor, superior, mylopharyngeal parthead, pharynx (left/right) medial pterygoid plate, pterygomandibular raphé, alveolar process pharyngeal raphe, pharyngeal tubercle ascending pharyngeal artery, tonsilar branch of facial artery vagus nerve [CNX], pharyngeal plexus swallowing 24
pharyngeal constrictor, superior, glossopharyngeal parthead, pharynx (left/right) medial pterygoid plate, pterygomandibular raphé, alveolar process pharyngeal raphe, pharyngeal tubercle ascending pharyngeal artery, tonsilar branch of facial artery vagus nerve [CNX], pharyngeal plexus swallowing 24
cricothyroid, straight parthead, larynx (left/right)anterior and lateral cricoid cartilage inferior cornu and lamina of thyroid cartilage cricothyroid branch of superior thyroid artery vagus nerve [CNX], superior laryngeal nerve, external laryngeal branchtenses and elongates vocal folds (has minor adductory effect)21
cricothyroid, oblique parthead, larynx (left/right)anterior and lateral cricoid cartilage inferior cornu and lamina of thyroid cartilage cricothyroid branch of superior thyroid artery vagus nerve [CNX], superior laryngeal nerve, external laryngeal branchtenses and elongates vocal folds (has minor adductory effect)21
arytenoid, transverse head, larynx (left/right) arytenoid cartilage on one side arytenoid cartilage on opposite side superior laryngeal branch of superior thyroid artery vagus nerve [CNX], recurrent laryngeal nerve approximates arytenoid cartilages (closes rima glottidis)21
arytenoid, oblique head, larynx (left/right) arytenoid cartilage on one side arytenoid cartilage on opposite side superior laryngeal branch of superior thyroid artery vagus nerve [CNX], recurrent laryngeal nerve approximates arytenoid cartilages (closes rima glottidis)21
arytenoid, oblique, aryepiglottic part head, larynx (left/right)apex of arytenoid lateral border of epiglottis laryngeal branch of superior thyroid artery vagus nerve [CNX], inferior laryngeal nerve closes the laryngeal inlet?20
vocalis head, larynx (left/right)inner (anterior) surface of thyroid cartilage anterior surface of arytenoid cartilage vagus nerve [CNX], recurrent laryngeal nerve thickens and decreases length of vocal folds, adducts during speech 21
thyroarytenoid, thyroepiglottic part head, larynx (left/right)inner (anterior) surface of thyroid cartilage anterior surface of arytenoid cartilage vagus nerve [CNX], recurrent laryngeal nerve thickens and decreases length of vocal folds, adducts during speech 21
thyroarytenoid, external parthead, larynx (left/right)inner (anterior) surface of thyroid cartilage anterior surface of arytenoid cartilage vagus nerve [CNX], recurrent laryngeal nerve thickens and decreases length of vocal folds, adducts during speech 21
cricoarytenoid, posterior head, larynx (left/right)posterior part of cricoid cartilage muscular process of arytenoid cartilage vagus nerve [CNX], recurrent laryngeal nerve abducts and laterally rotates cartilage, pulling vocal ligaments away from midline and forward and so opening rima glottidis lateral cricoarytenoid 21
cricoarytenoid, lateral head, larynx (left/right)lateral part of arch of cricoid cartilage muscular process of arytenoid cartilage vagus nerve [CNX], recurrent laryngeal nerve adducts and medially rotates cartilage, pulling vocal ligaments towards midline and backwards and so closing rima glottidis posterior cricoarytenoid 21
ceratocricoideus [5] [6] head, larynx (left/right)??????01
platysma Neck, Clavicular, Right, leftbase of mandible inferior clavicle and fascia of chest branches of submental artery, branches of suprascapular artery cervical branch of facial nerve [CNVII]tenses skin of neck masseter, temporalis 21
sternocleidomastoid Neck, Clavicular, Right, left manubrium sterni (sternal head), medial portion of clavicle (clavicular head) mastoid process of temporal bone, superior nuchal line occipital artery, superior thyroid artery motor: accessory nerve
sensory: cervical plexus
tilts head to its own side, rotates head so face is turned towards opposite side, flexes neck, raises sternum, assists in forced inspiration ??21
digastric, anterior bellyNeck, Suprahyoid, Right/left digastric fossa (mandible)intermediate tendon (lesser horn of hyoid bone)submental branch of facial artery mandibular nerve [CNV3] via mylohyoid nerve opens jaw when masseter and temporalis are relaxed??22
digastric, posterior bellyNeck, Suprahyoid, Right/left mastoid process of temporal bone intermediate tendon (lesser horn of hyoid bone) occipital artery facial nerve [CNVII]opens jaw when masseter and temporalis are relaxed??22
stylohyoid Neck, Suprahyoid, Right/left styloid process of temporal bone greater horn of hyoid bone occipital artery facial nerve [CNVII]elevates hyoid during swallowing ??21
mylohyoid Neck, Suprahyoid, Right/left mylohyoid line of mandible pharyngeal raphe mylohyoid branch of inferior alveolar artery mylohyoid nerve, from inferior alveolar branch of mandibular nerve [CNV3]raises oral cavity floor, elevates hyoid, depresses mandible ??21
geniohyoid Neck, Suprahyoid, Right/left mandibular symphysis anterior surface of body of hyoid bone C1 via hypoglossal nerve elevates hyoid and tongue upward during swallowing ??21
sternohyoid Neck, Infrahyoid, Right/left sternum, manubrium hyoid bone superior thyroid artery ansa cervicalis depresses hyoid ??21
sternothyroid Neck, Infrahyoid, Right/left sternum, manubrium thyroid cartilage superior thyroid artery ansa cervicalis depresses larynx, may slightly depress hyoid ??21
thyrohyoid Neck, Infrahyoid, Right/left thyroid cartilage hyoid bone superior thyroid artery C1 depress hyoid ??21
omohyoid, superior bellyNeck, Infrahyoid, Right/left upper border of scapula hyoid bone inferior thyroid artery ansa cervicalis depresses larynx, depresses and moves to side hyoid ??22
omohyoid, inferior bellyNeck, Infrahyoid, Right/left upper border of scapula hyoid bone inferior thyroid artery ansa cervicalis depresses larynx, depresses and moves to side hyoid ??22
levator glandulae thyroideae Neck, Infrahyoid, Right/left thyrohyoid muscle thyroid isthmus ? ansa cervicalis ??01
longus colli Neck, Anterior transverse processes of vertebrae C3, C4, C5, and C6 anterior arch of atlas ascending pharyngeal artery, vertebral artery C2, C3, C4, C5, C6 flexes neck and head ??21
longus capitis Neck, Anterioranterior tubercles of transverse processes of vertebrae C3, C4, C5, and C6 basilar part of occipital bone ?? C1, C2, C3/C4 flexes neck at atlanto-occipital joint ??21
rectus capitis, anterior Neck, Anterior atlas occipital bone ?? C1 flexes neck at atlanto-occipital joint ??21
rectus capitis, lateralis Neck, Anterior/Lateral, Right/leftupper surface of transverse process of atlas (C1) under surface of jugular process of occipital bone ?? C1 laterally flexes neck, stabilises sidebens at atlanto-occipital joint ??21
scalenus anterior Neck, Lateral, Right/left cervical vertebrae C3-C6 first rib inferior thyroid artery, ascending cervical artery ventral ramus of C5, C6 when neck is fixed, elevates first rib to aid in breathing; when rib is fixed, bends neck forward and sideways and rotates it to opposite side??21
scalenus medius Neck, Lateral, Right/left cervical vertebrae C2-C6 first rib inferior thyroid artery, ascending cervical artery ventral rami of third to eighth cervical spinal nerveselevates first rib, rotates neck to opposite side??21
scalenus posterior Neck, Lateral, Right/left cervical vertebrae C4 – C6, transverse processes second rib ascending cervical artery and superficial cervical artery C6, C7, C8 elevates second rib, tilts neck to same side??21
scalenus minimus Neck, Lateral, Right/left cervical vertebrae C7 first rib superficial cervical artery C7, C8 elevates first rib ??01
levator scapulae Neck/Upper Limb, Verterbral Column, Lateral, Right/left posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C1C4 vertebrae superior part of medial border of scapula dorsal scapular artery cervical nerve (C3, C4) and dorsal scapular nerve (C5) elevates scapula, tilts glenoid cavity inferiorly by rotating scapula serratus anterior 21
obliquus capitis, superior Neck, Posterior/Lateral, Right/left lateral mass of atlas lateral half of inferior nuchal line ?? suboccipital nerve flexes head to same side??21
obliquus capitis, inferior Neck, Posterior/Lateral, Right/left spinous process of axis lateral mass of atlas ?? suboccipital nerve rotates neck ??21
rectus capitis, posterior minor Neck, Posteriortubercle on posterior arch of atlas (C1)medial part of inferior nuchal line of occipital bone and surface between it and foramen magnum ??a branch of dorsal primary division of suboccipital nerve sensory organ for neck position, also extends head at neck ??21
rectus capitis, posterior major Neck, Posterior spinous process of axis (C2) inferior nucheal line of occipital bone occipital artery dorsal ramus of C1 (suboccipital nerve)rotates and extends head to same side??21
rectus abdominis Torso, Abdomen, right/left pubic symphysis, pubic crest xiphoid process, costal cartilages of ribs 5-7 inferior epigastric artery, superior epigastric artery; contributions from posterior intercostal arteries, subcostal arteries, and deep circumflex arteries intercostal nerves, subcostal nerve flexes trunk, compresses abdominal organs, aids in expiration erector spinae 21
external abdominal oblique Torso, Abdomen, right/leftexternal surfaces of ribs 5-12 linea alba, pubic tubercle, anterior half of iliac crest lower posterior intercostal arteries, subcostal artery, deep circumflex iliac artery motor: intercostal nerves (T7-T11), subcostal nerve sensory: iliohypogastric nerve flexes trunk to same side, rotates trunk to opposite side, expiration, compresses abdominal organs 21
internal abdominal oblique Torso, Abdomen, right/leftanterior two-thirds of iliac crest, iliopectineal arch, thoracolumbar fascia inferior borders of ribs 10–12, pubic crest lower posterior intercostal arteries, subcostal artery, superior epigastric artery, inferior epigastric artery, superficial circumflex iliac artery, deep circumflex iliac artery, posterior lumbar arteries intercostal nerves (T7-T11), subcostal nerve, iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve flexes trunk to same side, rotates trunk to opposite side, expiration, compresses abdominal organs 21
cremaster Torso, Abdomen, inguinal canal and scrotum Internal oblique Tunica vaginalis Cremasteric artery Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve raise and lower the scrotum (involuntary)?0-1(M)1
transversus abdominis Torso, Abdomen, right/leftinternal surface of costal cartilage of ribs 7–12, thoracolumbar fascia, anterior two-thirds of iliac crest, iliopectineal arch linea alba, aponeurosis of internal oblique muscle, pubic crest lower posterior intercostal arteries, subcostal artery, superior epigastric artery, inferior epigastric artery, superficial circumflex iliac artery, deep circumflex iliac artery, posterior lumbar arteries intercostal nerves T7-T11, subcostal nerve, iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve rotates trunk to same side, compresses abdominal organs, expiration 21
pyramidalis Torso, Abdomen, right/left pubic symphysis, pubic crest linea alba inferior epigastric artery subcostal nerve tenses linea alba 21
quadratus lumborum Torso, Abdomen, right/left iliac crest, iliolumbar ligament inferior border of rib 12, transverse processes of L1-L4 lumbar, median sacral, iliolumbar, subcostal arteries subcostal nerve, anterior rami of spinal nerves L1-L4flexes trunk to same side, fixes rib 12 during inspiration, extends trunk21
iliocostalis colliTorso, Back, right/left sacrum, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia, spinous processes ribs lateral sacral artery posterior branch of spinal nerve extends/flexes vertebral column rectus abdominis 21
iliocostalis lumborumTorso, Back, right/left sacrum, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia, spinous processes The lower six or seven ribs lateral sacral artery posterior branch of spinal nerve extends/flexes vertebral column rectus abdominis 21
iliocostalis thoracisTorso, Back, right/left sacrum, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia, spinous processes(the lower six ribs)upper six ribs and the transverse process of CVII lateral sacral artery posterior branch of spinal nerve extends/flexes vertebral column rectus abdominis 21
longissimus capitisTorso/Neck, Back, right/left articular processes of C4-C7; transverse processes of T1-T5posterior margin of mastoid process lateral sacral artery posterior branch of spinal nerve extends/flexes vertebral column, flexes head and neck to same side rectus abdominis 21
longissimus colliTorso, Back, right/left transverse process transverse process lateral sacral artery posterior branch of spinal nerve extends/flexes vertebral column rectus abdominis 21
longissimus thoracisTorso, Back, right/left transverse process transverse process lateral sacral artery posterior branch of spinal nerve extends/flexes vertebral column rectus abdominis 21
longissimus thoracis, lumbar partTorso, Back, right/left transverse process transverse process lateral sacral artery posterior branch of spinal nerve extends/flexes vertebral column rectus abdominis 20
spinalis capitisTorso, Back, right/left spinous process spinous process lateral sacral artery posterior branch of spinal nerve extends/flexes vertebral column rectus abdominis 21
spinalis colliTorso, Back, right/left spinous process spinous process lateral sacral artery posterior branch of spinal nerve extends/flexes vertebral column rectus abdominis 21
spinalis thoracisTorso, Back, right/left spinous process spinous process lateral sacral artery posterior branch of spinal nerve extends/flexes vertebral column rectus abdominis 21
latissimus dorsi Torso/Upper Limb, Back, Vertebral column, right/left Spinous processes of vertebrae T6-S5, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, inferior 3 or 4 ribs and inferior angle of scapula floor of intertubercular groove of humerus subscapular artery, dorsal scapular artery thoracodorsal nerve(C6 to C8)pulls forelimb dorsally and caudally(Extends, medially rotates and adducts humerus) deltoid, trapezius 21
semispinalis thoracis Torso, Back, right/left transverse processes of sixth to tenth thoracic vertebrae spinous processes of upper four thoracic vertebrae and lower two cervical vertebrae posterior branch of spinal nerve extends/rotates vertebral column 21
semispinalis colli (cervicis)Torso, Back, right/left transverse processes of upper five or six thoracic vertebrae spinous processes, cervical, from axis to fifth posterior branch of spinal nerve extends/rotates vertebral column 21
semispinalis capitis Torso/Neck, Back, right/left articular processes of C4-C6; transverse processes of C7 and T1-T7 spinous process, occipital bone, area between superior nuchal line and inferior nuchal line greater occipital nerve extends head 21
multifidus lumborumTorso, Back, right/left sacrum, erector spinae aponeurosis, PSIS, and iliac crest spinous process posterior branch of spinal nerve stabilizes vertebrae in local movements of vertebral column 21
multifidus thoracisTorso, Back, right/left sacrum, erector spinae aponeurosis, PSIS, and iliac crest spinous process posterior branch of spinal nerve stabilizes vertebrae in local movements of vertebral column 21
multifidus colliTorso, Back, right/left sacrum, erector spinae aponeurosis, PSIS, and iliac crest spinous process posterior branch of spinal nerve stabilizes vertebrae in local movements of vertebral column 21
rotatores, long 1-11Torso, Back, thoracis, right/left transverse process spinous process spinous process posterior branch 221
rotatores, short 1-11Torso, Back, thoracis, right/left transverse process spinous process spinous process posterior branch 221
rotatores lumborumTorso, Back, right/left transverse process spinous process spinous process posterior branch 01
rotatores colliTorso, Back, right/left transverse process spinous process spinous process posterior branch 01
interspinales lumborum 1-4Torso, Back, right/left spinous process spinous process posterior rami of spinal nerves extends, flexes, and rotates vertebral column81
interspinales thoracis 1-3Torso, Back, right/left spinous process spinous process posterior rami of spinal nerves extends, flexes, and rotates vertebral column61
interspinales colli 1-6Torso, Back, right/left spinous process spinous process posterior rami of spinal nerves extends, flexes, and rotates vertebral column121
intertransversarii, anterior colli 1-7Torso, Back, right/left transverse process transverse process above posterior rami of spinal nerves laterally flexes trunk 141
intertransversarii, lateral posterior colli 1-7Torso, Back, right/left transverse process transverse process above posterior rami of spinal nerves laterally flexes trunk 141
intertransversarii, medial posterior colli 1-7Torso, Back, right/left transverse process transverse process above posterior rami of spinal nerves laterally flexes trunk 141
intertransversarii, lateral lumborum, dorsal parts 1-5Torso, Back, right/left transverse process transverse process above posterior rami of spinal nerves laterally flexes trunk 102
intertransversarii, lateral lumborum, ventral parts 1-5Torso, Back, right/left transverse process transverse process above posterior rami of spinal nerves laterally flexes trunk 102
intertransversarii, medial lumborum 1-5Torso, Back, right/left transverse process transverse process above posterior rami of spinal nerves laterally flexes trunk 101
intertransversarii, thoracis 1-9Torso, Back, right/left transverse process transverse process above posterior rami of spinal nerves laterally flexes trunk 181
splenius capitis Torso/Neck, Back, right/left nuchal ligament, spinous process of C7-T6 mastoid process of temporal bone, occipital bone ?? C3, C4 extends, rotates, and laterally flexes head 21
splenius colli Torso, Back, right/left spinous processes of T3-T6 transverse processes of C1, C2, C3 C5, C6 21
external intercostal 1-11Torso, Chest (left/right)inferior border of rib (above)superior border of rib (below) intercostal arteries intercostal nerves inhalation internal 221
internal intercostal 1-11Torso, Chest (left/right)inferior border of rib (above)superior border of rib (below) intercostal arteries intercostal nerves holds ribs steady external 221
innermost intercostal 1-11Torso, Chestinferior border of rib (above)superior border of rib (below) intercostal arteries intercostal nerves elevates ribs, expiration 221
subcostales 1-nTorso, Chestinner surface of one rib inner surface of second or third rib above, near its angle intercostal arteries intercostal nerves 11 [7] 1
transversus thoracis Torso, Chest costal cartilages of last 3–4 ribs, body of sternum, xiphoid process ribs/costal cartilages 2–6 intercostal arteries intercostal nerves depresses ribs21
levatores costarum, longi 1-4Torso, Chest transverse processes of C7 to T12 vertebraesuperior surfaces of ribs immediately inferior to preceding vertebrae dorsal ramiC8, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11 assists in elevation of thoracic rib cage81
levatores costarum, breves 1-12Torso, Chest transverse processes of C7 to T12 vertebraesuperior surfaces of ribs immediately inferior to preceding vertebrae dorsal ramiC8, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11 assists in elevation of thoracic rib cage241
serratus posterior inferior Torso, Chestvertebrae T11L3 inferior borders of 9th through 12th ribs intercostal arteries intercostal nerves depresses lower ribs(IX to XII), aiding in expiration 21
serratus posterior superior Torso, Chest nuchal ligament (or ligamentum nuchae) and spinous processes of vertebrae C7 through T3upper borders of 2nd through 5th ribs intercostal arteries 2nd through 5th intercostal nerves elevates ribs(II to V), aiding in inspiration 21
hemidiaphragm, lumbar/costal/sternal partTorso, Chest, Left/right septum transversum, pleuroperitoneal folds, inner abdominal wall pericardiacophrenic artery, musculophrenic artery, inferior phrenic arteries phrenic and lower intercostal nerves breathing 21
coccygeus Torso, Pelvis sacrospinous ligament coccyx sacral nerves: S4, S5 or S3-S4closes back part of pelvic outlet 21
iliococcygeus Torso, Pelvis, Levator ani ischial spine, posterior part of tendinous arch of pelvic fascia coccyx and anococcygeal raphe inferior gluteal artery levator ani nerve (S4) supports organs in pelvic cavity 21
pubococcygeus Torso, Pelvis, Levator ani back surface of pubis, anterior part of obturator fascia coccyx and sacrum inferior gluteal artery levator ani nerve (S4) controls urine flow, contracts during orgasm 21
puboanalis (puborectalis)Torso, Pelvis, Levator ani lower part of pubic symphysis - inferior gluteal artery S3, S4. levator ani nerve inhibits defecation 21
puboperinealisTorso, Pelvis, Levator ani ??????21
puboprostaticus (males) / pubovaginalis (females)Torso, Pelvis, Levator ani ??????2(F)(M)1
external anal sphincter, subcutaneous, superficial, and deep partsTorso, Perineum-- inferior rectal artery S4 and twigs from inferior anal nerves of pudendal nerve keeps anal canal and anus closed, aids in expulsion of feces -11
superficial transverse perineal Torso, Perineum, Superficial perineal pouch anterior surface of ischial tuberosity central point of perineum perineal artery pudendal nerve constricts urethra (maintains urinary continence), constricts vagina (women)21
bulbospongiosus Torso, Perineum, Superficial perineal pouch perineal raphe - perineal artery pudendal nerve empties urethra (men), clenches vagina (women)21
ischiocavernosus Torso, Perineum, Superficial perineal pouch ischial tuberosity crus of penis (men), crus of clitoris (women) perineal artery pudendal nerve assists bulbospongiosus 21
Deep transverse perineal Torso, Perineum, Deep perineal pouch inferior ramus of ischium its fellow of opposite side pudendal nerve constricts urethra (maintains urinary continence), constricts vagina (women)0-2(M)1
compressor urethrae Torso, Perineum, Deep perineal pouch ??????0-1(F)1
sphincter urethrovaginalis Torso, Perineum, Deep perineal pouch ??????0-1(F)1
external urethral sphincter Torso, Perineum, Deep perineal pouch junction of inferior rami of pubis and ischium about 1.25 – 2 cm, and from neighboring fasciaits fellow of opposite side perineal branch of pudendal nerve (S2, S3, S4)constricts urethra, maintains urinary continence 21
trapezius, descending partUpper limb, Vertebral column, Right/Leftdown midline, external occipital protuberance, nuchal ligament, medial part of superior nuchal line, spinous processes of vertebrae C7-T12 at shoulders, lateral third of clavicle, acromion of scapula, spine of scapula transverse cervical artery motor: accessory nerve [CNXI]

sensory: cervical nerves C3 and C4

retracts and assists in rotating scapula(lower fibers depress scapula, upper fibers elevate it and middle fibers adduct ) serratus anterior 23
trapezius, transverse partUpper limb, Vertebral column, Right/Leftdown midline, external occipital protuberance, nuchal ligament, medial part of superior nuchal line, spinous processes of vertebrae C7-T12 at shoulders, lateral third of clavicle, acromion of scapula, spine of scapula transverse cervical artery motor: accessory nerve [CNXI]

sensory: cervical nerves C3 and C4

retracts and elevates scapula serratus anterior 23
trapezius, ascending partUpper limb, Vertebral column, Right/Leftdown midline, external occipital protuberance, nuchal ligament, medial part of superior nuchal line, spinous processes of vertebrae C7-T12 at shoulders, lateral third of clavicle, acromion of scapula, spine of scapula transverse cervical artery motor: accessory nerve [CNXI]

sensory: cervical nerves C3 and C4

retracts and elevates scapula serratus anterior 23
transversus nuchaeUpper limb, Vertebral column, Right/Left??????01
rhomboid major Upper limb, Vertebral column, Right?/Left? spinous processes of T2 to T5 vertebrae medial border of scapula, inferior to insertion of rhomboid minor dorsal scapular artery dorsal scapular nerve (C4 and C5) retracts scapula and rotates it to depress glenoid cavity, fixes scapula to thoracic wall serratus anterior 21
rhomboid minor Upper limb, Vertebral column, Right?/Left? nuchal ligaments and spinous processes of C7- to T1 vertebrae medial border of scapula, superior to insertion of rhomboid major dorsal scapular artery dorsal scapular nerve (C4 and C5) retracts (adducts) scapula and rotates it to depress glenoid cavity, fixes scapula to thoracic wall serratus anterior 21
sternalis Upper limb,Thoracic walls, Right?/Left? manubrium of sternum or clavicle xiphoid process, pectoral fascia, lower ribs, costal cartilages or rectus sheath ?various??01
pectoralis major Upper limb,Thoracic walls, Right?/Left?clavicular head: anterior surface of medial half of clavicle sternocostal head: anterior surface of sternum, superior six costal cartilages intertubercular groove of humerus pectoral branch of thoracoacromial artery lateral pectoral nerve, medial pectoral nerve clavicular head: C5 and C6 sternocostal head: C7, C8 and T1 adducts and medially rotates humerus, draws scapula anteriorly and inferiorly clavicular head: flexes humerus sternocostal head: extends humerus 21
pectoralis major, abdominal partUpper limb,Thoracic walls, Right?/Left?clavicular head: anterior surface of medial half of clavicle sternocostal head: anterior surface of sternum, superior six costal cartilages intertubercular groove of humerus pectoral branch of thoracoacromial artery lateral pectoral nerve, medial pectoral nerve clavicular head: C5 and C6 sternocostal head: C7, C8 and T1 adducts and medially rotates humerus, draws scapula anteriorly and inferiorly clavicular head: flexes humerus sternocostal head: extends humerus 00
pectoralis minor Upper limb,Thoracic walls, Right?/Left?3rd to 5th ribs, near their costal cartilages medial border and superior surface of coracoid process of scapula pectoral branch of thoracoacromial artery medial pectoral nerve (C8, T1)stabilizes scapula by drawing it inferiorly and anteriorly against thoracic wall 21
subclavius Upper limb,Thoracic walls, Right?/Left? first rib subclavian groove of clavicle thoracoacromial artery, clavicular branch subclavian nerve depresses clavicle 21
serratus anterior Upper limb,Thoracic walls, Right?/Left?fleshy slips from outer surface of upper 8 or 9 ribs costal surface of medial margin of scapula lateral thoracic artery (upper part), thoracodorsal artery (lower part) long thoracic nerve (from roots of brachial plexus C5, C6, C7) protracts and stabilises scapula, assists in upward rotation rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, trapezius 21
deltoid, clavicular/acromial/scapular spinal partsUpper limb, Shoulder, Right/left clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula deltoid tuberosity of humerus primarily posterior circumflex humeral artery axillary nerve abducts, flexes, and extends shoulder latissimus dorsi 21
teres major Upper limb, Shoulder, Right/leftposterior surface of inferior angle of scapula medial lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus subscapular artery, circumflex scapular artery lower subscapular nerve (segmental levels C5 and C6) internally rotates humerus 21
supraspinatus Upper limb, Shoulder, rotator cuff, Right/left supraspinous fossa of scapula superior facet of greater tubercle of humerus suprascapular artery suprascapular nerve abducts and stabilises humerus infraspinatus, teres minor, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi 21
infraspinatus Upper limb, Shoulder, rotator cuff, Right/left infraspinous fossa of scapula middle facet of greater tubercle of humerus suprascapular artery, circumflex scapular artery suprascapular nerve laterally rotates, adducts, and stabilises humerus subscapularis, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi 21
teres minor Upper limb, Shoulder, rotator cuff, Right/left lateral border of scapula inferior facet of greater tubercle of humerus posterior circumflex humeral artery, circumflex scapular artery axillary nerve laterally rotates and adducts humerus subscapularis, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi 21
subscapularis Upper limb, Shoulder, rotator cuff, Right/left subscapular fossa of scapula lesser tubercle of humerus subscapular artery upper subscapular nerve, lower subscapular nerve (C5, C6) medially rotates humerus, stabilizes shoulder infraspinatus, teres minor 21
coracobrachialis Upper Limb, Arm, Anterior compartment, right/left coracoid process of scapula medial surface of humerus brachial artery musculocutaneous nerve flexes and adducts shoulder 21
biceps brachii Upper Limb, Arm, Anterior compartment, right/leftshort head: coracoid process of scapula
long head: supraglenoid tubercle
radial tuberosity, bicipital aponeurosis brachial artery musculocutaneous nerve (lateral cord: C5, C6, C7) flexes elbow, supinates forearm triceps brachii 21
brachialis Upper Limb, Arm, Anterior compartment, right/leftanterior surface of humerus (mainly distal half) coronoid process of ulna, tuberosity of ulna radial recurrent artery musculocutaneous nerve flexes elbow triceps brachii 21
triceps brachii Upper Limb, Arm, Posterior compartment, right/leftlong head: infraglenoid tubercle of scapula
lateral head: posterior humerus (above radial sulcus)
medial head: posterior humerus - (below radial sulcus)
olecranon of ulna deep artery of arm radial nerve extends forearm, adducts shoulder (long head).

medial head does not function at shoulder.

biceps brachii, brachialis 21
articularis cubiti Upper Limb, Arm, Posterior compartment, right/leftdeep distal surface of medial head of triceps posterior capsule of elbow joint deep artery of arm radial nerve lifts capsule away from joint?21
anconeus Upper Limb, Arm, Posterior compartment, right/left lateral epicondyle of humerus lateral surface of olecranon, superior part of posterior ulna deep artery of arm, interosseous recurrent artery radial nerve (C7, C8, and T1)partly blended with triceps, extends forearm, stabilises elbow, abducts ulna during pronation 21
pronator teres Upper limb, Forearm, Anterior compartment, Superficial, Right/lefthumeral head: medial epicondyle of humerus (common flexor tendon)
ulnar head: coronoid process of ulna
pronator tuberosity of radius ulnar artery, radial artery median nerve pronates forearm, flexes elbow supinator 21
flexor carpi radialis Upper limb, Forearm, Anterior compartment, Superficial, Right/left medial epicondyle of humerus (common flexor tendon)bases of second metacarpal, base of third metacarpal radial artery median nerve flexes and abducts wrist extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi radialis longus 21
palmaris longus Upper limb, Forearm, Anterior compartment, Superficial, Right/left medial epicondyle of humerus (common flexor tendon) palmar aponeurosis ulnar artery median nerve flexes wrist extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi ulnaris 21
flexor carpi ulnaris Upper limb, Forearm, Anterior compartment, Superficial, Right/left medial epicondyle of humerus (common flexor tendon) pisiform, hook of hamate, base of fifth metacarpal ulnar artery muscular branches of ulnar nerve flexes and adducts wrist extensor carpi ulnaris 21
flexor digitorum superficialis Upper limb, Forearm, Anterior compartment, Superficial, Right/left medial epicondyle of humerus (common flexor tendon), parts of radius and ulna bases of middle phalanges 2, 3, 4, and 5 ulnar artery median nerve flexes fingers (primarily at proximal interphalangeal joints) extensor digitorum 21
pronator quadratus Upper limb, Forearm, Anterior compartment, Deep, Right/leftmedial anterior surface of ulna lateral anterior surface of radius anterior interosseous artery anterior interosseous nerve (median nerve)weakly pronates forearm supinator 21
flexor digitorum profundus Upper limb, Forearm, Anterior compartment, Deep, Right/left ulna distal phalanges anterior interosseous artery lateral belly: anterior interosseous nerve (median nerve)

medial belly: muscular branches of ulnar nerve

flexes wrist, flexes interphalangeal joints extensor digitorum 21
flexor pollicis longus Upper limb, Forearm, Anterior compartment, Deep, Right/leftmiddle half of volar surface of radius, interosseus membrane base of distal phalanx of thumb anterior interosseous artery anterior interosseous nerve (median nerve) (C8, T1) flexes thumb extensor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis 21
extensor digitorum Upper limb, Forearm, Posterior compartment, Superficial, Right/left lateral epicondyle of humerus (common extensor tendon)2nd–5th phalanges posterior interosseous artery posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8) extends hand, extends fingers flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus 21
extensor digiti minimi Upper limb, Forearm, Posterior compartment, Superficial, Right/leftanterior surface of lateral epicondyle of humerus (common extensor tendon) extensor expansion, located at base of proximal phalanx on dorsal side posterior interosseous artery posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8) extends little finger at all joints flexor digiti minimi brevis (hand) 21
extensor carpi ulnaris Upper limb, Forearm, Posterior compartment, Superficial, Right/left lateral epicondyle of humerus (common extensor tendon), ulna 5th metacarpal ulnar artery posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8) extends and adducts wrist flexor carpi ulnaris 21
brachioradialis Upper limb, Forearm, mobile wad, Right/left lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus radial styloid process (distal radius) radial recurrent artery radial nerve flexes forearm, pronates forearm when supine, supinates forearm when prone 21
extensor carpi radialis longus Upper limb, Forearm, mobile wad, Right/left lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus 2nd metacarpal radial artery radial nerve extends wrist joint, abducts hand at wrist flexor carpi radialis 21
extensor carpi radialis brevis Upper limb, Forearm, mobile wad, Right/leftanterior surface of lateral epicondyle of humerus (common extensor tendon)base of 3rd metacarpal radial artery posterior interosseus nerve extends wrist joint, abducts hand at wrist flexor carpi radialis 21
supinator Upper limb, Forearm, Posterior compartment, Deep, Right/left lateral epicondyle of humerus, supinator crest of ulna, radial collateral ligament, annular ligament lateral proximal shaft of radius radial recurrent artery posterior interosseus nerve (C7, C8) supinates forearm pronator teres, pronator quadratus 21
extensor indicis Upper limb, Forearm, Posterior compartment, Deep, Right/left ulna index finger (extensor hood) posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8) extends index finger, wrist 21
abductor pollicis longus Upper limb, Forearm, anatomical snuffbox, Right/left ulna first metacarpal posterior interosseous artery posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8) abducts and extends thumb adductor pollicis 21
extensor pollicis brevis Upper limb, Forearm, anatomical snuffbox, Right/left radius, interosseous membrane of forearm proximal phalanx of thumb posterior interosseous artery posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8) extends thumb at metacarpophalangeal joint flexor pollicis longus, flexor pollicis brevis 21
extensor pollicis longus Upper limb, Forearm, anatomical snuffbox, Right/left ulna, interosseous membrane of forearm distal phalanx of thumb posterior interosseous artery posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8) extends thumb (metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal) flexor pollicis longus, flexor pollicis brevis 21
opponens pollicis Upper limb, Hand, Lateral volar, Thenar trapezium, transverse carpal ligament metacarpal bone of thumb on its radial side superficial palmar arch median nerve opposes thumb 21
flexor pollicis brevis Upper limb, Hand, Lateral volar, Thenar trapezoid, flexor retinaculum thumb, proximal phalanx superficial palmar arch median nerve, deep branch of ulnar nerve (medial head) flexes thumb extensor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis 21
abductor pollicis brevis Upper limb, Hand, Lateral volar, Thenar flexor retinaculum of hand, scaphoid and trapezium radial base of proximal phalanx of thumb and thumb extensors superficial palmar arch median nerve abducts thumb adductor pollicis 21
adductor pollicis Upper limb, Hand, Lateral volar, Thenartransverse head: anterior body of third metacarpal
oblique head: bases of second and third metacarpals and adjacent trapezoid and capitate bones
medial side of base of proximal phalanx of thumb and ulnar sesamoid deep palmar arch deep branch of ulnar nerve (T1) adducts thumb at carpometacarpal joint abductor pollicis longus, abductor pollicis brevis 21
palmaris brevis Upper limb, Hand, Medial volar flexor retinaculum (medial), palmar aponeurosis palm palmar metacarpal artery superficial branch of ulnar nerve wrinkle skin of palm 21
abductor digiti minimi (hand) Upper limb, Hand, Medial volar, hypothenar pisiform base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit on ulnar or medial side ulnar artery deep branch of ulnar nerve abducts little finger 21
flexor digiti minimi (hand) Upper limb, Hand, Medial volar, hypothenar hamate bone little finger ulnar artery deep branch of ulnar nerve flexes little finger extensor digiti minimi 21
opponens digiti minimi (hand)Upper limb, Hand, Medial volar, hypothenar hook of hamate, flexor retinaculum medial border of 5th metacarpal ulnar artery deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8 and T1)draws 5th metacarpal anteriorly and rotates it, bringing little finger (5th digit) into opposition with thumb21
lumbricals of the hand 1-4Upper limb, Hand, Intermediate flexor digitorum profundus extensor expansion superficial palmar arch, common palmar digital arteries, deep palmar arch, dorsal digital artery deep branch of ulnar nerve, median nerve flex metacarpophalangeal joints, extend interphalangeal joints 81
dorsal interossei (hand) 1-4Upper limb, Hand, Intermediate metacarpals proximal phalanges dorsal metacarpal artery, palmar metacarpal artery deep branch of ulnar nerve abduct fingers palmar interossei 81
palmar interossei 1-3Upper limb, Hand, Intermediate metacarpals proximal phalanges palmar metacarpal artery deep branch of ulnar nerve adduct fingers dorsal interossei 61
pollical palmar interosseus Upper limb, Hand, Intermediate metacarpals proximal phalanges palmar metacarpal artery deep branch of ulnar nerve adduct fingers dorsal interossei 1.61
psoas major Lower Limb, Iliac region, iliopsoas transverse processes, bodies and intervertebral discs of T12-L5 vertebrae lesser trochanter of femur iliolumbar artery lumbar plexus via anterior branches of L1, L2, L3 [8] flexes and rotates laterally thigh gluteus maximus 21
psoas minor Lower Limb, Iliac region, iliopsoas side of T11+L1 and IV intervertebral disc Pectineal line and iliopectineal eminence iliolumbar artery, lumbar arteries L1 weakly flexes trunk flexor gluteus maximus 0.81
iliacus Lower Limb, Iliac region, iliopsoas iliac fossa lesser trochanter of femur medial femoral circumflex artery, Iliolumbar artery femoral nerve (L2, L3 [8] )flexes hip [9] gluteus maximus 21
tensor fasciae latae Lower limb, Gluteal, Left/right iliac crest iliotibial tract primarily lateral circumflex femoral artery, superior gluteal artery superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5) flexes thigh, medially rotates thigh, stabilises torso 21
gluteus maximus Lower limb, gluteal, Left/rightgluteal surface of ilium, lumbar fascia, sacrum, sacrotuberous ligament gluteal tuberosity of femur, iliotibial tract superior gluteal artery, inferior gluteal artery inferior gluteal nerve (L5, S1, S2 nerve roots) externally rotates and extends hip joint, supports extended knee through iliotibial tract, chief antigravity muscle in sitting Iliacus, psoas major, psoas minor 21
gluteus medius Lower limb, gluteal, Left/rightgluteal surface of ilium, under gluteus maximus greater trochanter of femur superior gluteal artery superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1 nerve roots) abduction of hip; preventing adduction of hip Medial rotation of thigh lateral rotator group 21
gluteus minimus Lower limb, gluteal, Left/rightgluteal surface of ilium, under gluteus medius greater trochanter of femur superior gluteal artery superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1 nerve roots) abduction of hip; preventing adduction of hip Medial rotation of thigh lateral rotator group 21
piriformis Lower limb, gluteal, lateral rotator group, Left/right sacrum greater trochanter inferior gluteal artery, lateral sacral artery, superior gluteal artery piriformis nerve (S1 and S2 nerve roots) [10] laterally rotates (outward) thigh 21
obturator externus Lower limb, gluteal, lateral rotator group, Left/right obturator foramen and obturatory membrane medial surface of greater trochanter of femur obturator artery posterior branch of obturator nerve (L3, L4) adduct thigh, rotate laterally thigh21
superior gemellus Lower limb, gluteal, lateral rotator group, Left/right ischial spine nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1, S2)21
obturator internus Lower limb, gluteal, lateral rotator group, Left/right ischiopubic ramus, obturator membrane medial surface of greater trochanter of femur nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1, S2) abducts & rotates laterally thigh, stabilises hip during walking 21
inferior gemellus Lower limb, gluteal, lateral rotator group, Left/right ischial tuberosity obturator internus tendon nerve to quadratus femoris (L4, L5, S1) laterally rotates thigh 21
quadratus femoris Lower limb, gluteal, lateral rotator group, Left/right ischial tuberosity intertrochanteric crest inferior gluteal artery nerve to quadratus femoris (L4, L5, S1)21
articularis genus Lower limb, Thigh, Anterior compartment femur suprapatellar bursa femoral artery femoral nerve pulls suprapatellar bursa during extension of knee 21
sartorius Lower limb, Thigh, Anterior compartmentsuperior to anterior superior iliac spine medial side of upper tibia in pes anserinus femoral artery femoral nerve flexes, laterally rotates, and abducts thigh, flexes and medially rotates leg 21
rectus femoris Lower limb, Thigh, Anterior compartment anterior inferior iliac spine and exterior surface of bony ridge which forms iliac portion of acetabulum patella and tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon femoral artery femoral nerve knee extension; hip flexion hamstring 21
vastus lateralis Lower limb, Thigh, Anterior compartment greater trochanter, intertrochanteric line, and linea aspera of femur patella and tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon femoral artery femoral nerve extends knee hamstring 21
vastus intermedius Lower limb, Thigh, Anterior compartmentanterior surface of femur patella and tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon femoral artery femoral nerve extends knee hamstring 21
vastus medialis Lower limb, Thigh, Anterior compartmentanteromedial surface of femur patella and tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon femoral artery femoral nerve extends knee hamstring 21
biceps femoris Lower limb, Thigh, Posterior compartment/hamstring ischial tuberosity (long head), linea aspera of femur (short head) [11] head of fibula [11] articulating with back of lateral tibial condyle inferior gluteal artery, perforating arteries, popliteal artery medial (tibial) part of sciatic nerve (long head), lateral (common fibular) part of sciatic nerve (short head) [11] flexes knee joint, laterally rotates leg at knee (when knee is flexed), extends hip joint (long head only) [11] quadriceps femoris 21
semitendinosus Lower limb, Thigh, Posterior compartment/hamstring ischial tuberosity [11] pes anserinus inferior gluteal artery, perforating arteries sciatic nerve [11] (tibial, L5, S1, S2)flexes knee, extends hip, medially rotates leg at knee [11] quadriceps femoris 21
semimembranosus Lower limb, Thigh, Posterior compartment/hamstring ischial tuberosity [11] medial surface of tibia [11] profunda femoris, gluteal artery sciatic nerve [11] flexes knee, extends hip, medially rotates leg at knee [11] quadriceps femoris 21
gracilis Lower limb, Thigh/Hip, Medial compartment (adductor muscles) inferior pubic ramus [12] tibia (pes anserinus) obturator artery anterior branch of obturator nerve [12] adducts hip, flexes hip, medially rotates knee [12] gluteus medius, gluteus minimus 21
pectineus Lower limb, Thigh/Hip, Medial compartment (adductor muscles) superior pubic ramus [12] lesser trochanter, linea aspera obturator artery femoral nerve and obturator nerve (medial compartment) [12] adducts and flexes hip [12] gluteus medius, gluteus minimus 21
adductor brevis Lower limb, Thigh/Hip, Medial compartment (adductor muscles)anterior surface of inferior pubic ramus [12] lesser trochanter and linea aspera of femur obturator artery anterior branch of obturator nerve [12] adducts hip [12] gluteus medius, gluteus minimus 21
adductor longus Lower limb, Thigh/Hip, Medial compartment (adductor muscles)pubic body just below pubic crestmiddle third of linea aspera obturator artery anterior branch of obturator nerve [12] adducts and medially rotates hip [12] gluteus medius, gluteus minimus 21
adductor magnus, adductor partLower limb, Thigh/Hip, Medial compartment (adductor muscles) pubis [12] femur, adductor tubercle of femur obturator artery posterior branch of obturator nerve (adductor) and tibial part of sciatic nerve (vertical head) [12] adducts hip [12] gluteus medius, gluteus minimus 23
adductor minimus Lower limb, Thigh/Hip, Medial compartment (adductor muscles), part of adductor magnus Inferior ramus Linea aspera of the femur Obturator artery and the medial circumflex femoral artery of the femoral artery. Obturator and tibial nerves Adduction and lateral rotation of thigh gluteus medius, gluteus minimus 23
adductor magnus, ischiocondylar partLower limb, Thigh/Hip, Medial compartment (adductor muscles) pubis [12] femur, adductor tubercle of femur obturator artery posterior branch of obturator nerve (adductor) and tibial part of sciatic nerve (vertical head) [12] adducts hip [12] gluteus medius, gluteus minimus 23
tibialis anterior Lower limb, Leg, Anterior Compartment body of tibia medial cuneiform and first metatarsal bones of foot anterior tibial artery deep fibular nerve dorsiflexes and inverts foot fibularis longus, gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, tibialis posterior 21
extensor hallucis longus Lower limb, Leg, Anterior Compartmentmiddle portion of anterior surface of fibula, anterior surface of interosseous membrane dorsal side of base of distal phalanx of hallux anterior tibial artery deep fibular nerve extends big toe, assists in dorsiflexion of foot at ankle, weakly inverts foot flexor hallucis longus, flexor hallucis brevis 21
extensor digitorum longus Lower limb, Leg, Anterior Compartment lateral condyle of tibia, superior ¾ of interosseous membrane middle and distal phalanges of lateral four digits anterior tibial artery deep fibular nerve extension of toes and ankle flexor digitorum longus, flexor digitorum brevis 21
fibularis tertius Lower limb, Leg, Anterior Compartmentdistal anterior surface of fibula dorsal surface of fifth metatarsal anterior tibial artery deep fibular nerve dorsi flexes and everts foot21
gastrocnemius Lower Limb, Leg, Calf medial condyle and lateral condyle of femur calcaneus sural arteries tibial nerve from sciatic nerve, specifically, nerve roots S1, S2 plantarflexes ankle, flexes knee (minor) tibialis anterior 21
soleus Lower Limb, Leg, Calf fibula, medial border of tibia (soleal line) tendo calcaneus sural arteries tibial nerve, specifically, nerve roots L5–S2 plantarflexes ankle tibialis anterior 21
plantaris Lower Limb, Leg, Posterior compartment, Superficial lateral supracondylar ridge of femur above lateral head of gastrocnemius calcaneal tendon (medial side, deep to gastrocnemius tendon) sural arteries tibial nerve plantarflexes ankle, flexes knee tibialis anterior 21
popliteus Lower Limb, Leg, Posterior compartment, Deepmiddle facet of lateral surface of lateral femoral condyle posterior tibia under tibial condyles popliteal artery tibial nerve medially rotates and flexes knee 21
flexor hallucis longus Lower Limb, Leg, Posterior compartment, Deep, tarsal tunnel posterior surface of upper 1/3 of fibula base of distal phalanx of hallux fibular artery (peroneal branch of posterior tibial artery tibial nerve, S1, S2 nerve rootsflexes all joints of big toe, plantarflexes ankle extensor hallucis longus 21
flexor digitorum longus Lower Limb, Leg, Posterior compartment, Deep, tarsal tunnel medial tibia distal phalanges of lateral four digits posterior tibial artery tibial nerve flexes toes extensor digitorum longus, extensor digitorum brevis 21
tibialis posterior Lower Limb, Leg, Posterior compartment, Deep, tarsal tunnel tibia, fibula navicular, medial cuneiform posterior tibial artery tibial nerve inverts foot, plantarflexes foot at ankle tibialis anterior 21
fibularis longus Lower Limb, Leg, Lateral compartment fibula first metatarsal, medial cuneiform fibular artery superficial fibular nerve plantarflexes and everts ankle tibialis anterior 21
fibularis brevis Lower Limb, Leg, Lateral compartment fibula fifth metatarsal fibular artery superficial fibular nerve plantarflexes and everts ankle tibialis posterior 21
extensor digitorum brevis Lower limb, Foot, Dorsal, left/right calcaneus toes deep fibular nerve extends digits 2, 3, and 4 flexor digitorum longus, flexor digitorum brevis 21
extensor hallucis brevis Lower limb, Foot, Dorsal, left/right calcaneus base of proximal phalanx of big toe deep fibular nerve extends big toe flexor hallucis brevis 21
dorsal interossei (foot) 1-4Lower limb, Foot, Dorsal / Fourth layer, left/right metatarsals proximal phalanges lateral plantar nerve(fourth interosseous space: superficial branch others: deep branch), first and second interossei: lateral branch of deep fibular nerve abducts toes plantar interossei 81
abductor hallucis Lower limb, plantar, first layer, left/rightmedial process of calcaneus, flexor retinaculum, plantar aponeurosis medial side of base of proximal phalanx of first digit medial plantar nerve abducts hallux adductor hallucis 21
flexor digitorum brevis Lower limb, plantar, first layer, left/rightmedial process of calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis, intermuscular septa middle phalanges of digits 2–5 medial plantar nerve flexes lateral four toes extensor digitorum longus, extensor digitorum brevis 21
abductor digiti minimi (foot) Lower limb, plantar, first layer, left/right plantar aponeurosis phalanges of fifth toe lateral plantar artery lateral plantar nerve (S1, S2) flexes and abducts fifth toe flexor digiti minimi brevis (foot) 21
Abductor of fifth metatarsal abductor ossis metatarsi quinti (foot)Lower limb, plantar, first layer, left/rightcalcaneus fifth toe lateral plantar artery lateral plantar nerve (S1, S2) abducts fifth toe flexor digiti minimi brevis (foot) 01
quadratus plantae Lower limb, plantar, second layer, left/right calcaneus tendons of flexor digitorum longus lateral plantar nerve (S1, S2)flexes distal interphalangeal joints (assists flexor digitorum longus)21
lumbricals of the foot 1-4Lower limb, plantar, second layer, left/righttendons of flexor digitorum longus medial surface of extensor expansion of proximal phalanges of lateral four toes lateral plantar artery, plantar arch, four plantar metatarsal arteries lateral plantar nerve (lateral three lumbricals) and medial plantar nerve (first lumbrical)maintain extension of digits at interphalangeal joints81
flexor hallucis brevis Lower limb, plantar, Third layer, left/rightplantar surface of cuneiforms, plantar calcaneocuboid ligament, long plantar ligament medial head: medial sesamoid bone of metatarsophalangeal joint, proximal phalanx of great toe

lateral head: lateral sesamoid bone of metatarsophalangeal joint, proximal phalanx of great toe

medial plantar nerve flexes big toe extensor hallucis longus 21
adductor hallucis Lower limb, plantar, Third layer, left/rightoblique head: proximal ends of middle 3 metatarsals

transverse head: metatarsophalangeal joints, ligaments of lateral 3 toes

lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of big toe, sesamoid lateral plantar nerve adducts big toe abductor hallucis 21
flexor digiti minimi brevis (foot) Lower limb, plantar, Third layer, left/right fifth metatarsal bone phalanx of fifth toe lateral plantar nerve (superficial branch) extends and adducts fifth toe abductor digiti minimi 21
opponens digiti minimi muscle of foot (opponens digiti quinti)Lower limb, plantar, first layer, left/right?middle phalanges of digit 5???01
plantar interossei 1-3Lower limb, plantar, Fourth layer, left/righttendons of plantar Interossei proximal phalanges III-V - muscles cross the metatarsophalangeal joint of toes III-V so the insertions correspond with the origin and there is no crossing between toes plantar arch, dorsal metatarsal artery lateral plantar nerve adducts toes 3 - 5, strengthens transverse arch dorsal interossei 61

Table explanation and summary

The muscles are described using anatomical terminology. The columns are as follows:

NameExplanation
MuscleUS English [a] name of the muscle per Terminologia Anatomica (TA), [13] minus the term "muscle", with the words reordered occasionally for better sorting. Parts and bellies are listed out as separate rows, as they are sometimes considered separate muscles. - Anything denoting the muscles relationship to another muscle such as e.g. superior, inferior etc. should always be used as a suffix and not a prefix, to create better sortability of the list.
LocationThe location of the muscle in a standard human body. The location first specifies a group such as head, neck, torso, upper limbs, or lower limbs, then may have more specific information. However this additional information must be describing location not function.
OriginThe bone or other structure the muscle is attached to that remains immobile during the action. The term "bone" is omitted from bone names.
InsertionThe attachment point of the muscle, on a bone or otherwise, that moves during the action.
ArteryThe artery which supplies the muscle with blood. The term "artery" is included to avoid confusing columns.
NerveThe nerve(s) which tell the muscle to act (innervates the muscle). The term "nerve" is included for clarity.
ActionThe movement performed by the muscle from the standard anatomical position. In other positions, other actions may be performed.
AntagonistThe muscle which can 'cancel' or to some degree reverse the action of the muscle. Muscle synergies are noted in parentheses when relevant.
O (Occurrences)Number of times that the named muscle row occurs in a standard human body. Here it may also be denoted when a given muscles only occurs in a male or a female body. By (F) for female and (M) for male, if nothing is denoted. The muscle can be assumed to occur in both genders. This gender denomination should always be behind the number, not in front of it.
TAThe number of rows in the table for the relevant Terminologia Anatomica muscle. For example, TA splits the nasalis muscle into transverse and alar parts, so their TA column entries are 2.

For Origin, Insertion and Action please name a specific Rib, Thoracic vertebrae or Cervical vertebrae, by using C1-7, T1-12 or R1-12.

Summary in numbers

There does not appear to be a definitive source counting all skeletal muscles. Different sources group muscles differently, regarding physical features as different parts of a single muscle or as several muscles. There are also vestigial muscles that are present in some people but absent in others, such as the palmaris longus muscle. [14] [15] There are between 600 and 840 muscles within the typical human body, depending on how they are counted. [16] [17] [18] In the present table, using statistical counts of the instances of each muscle, and ignoring gender-specific muscles, there are 753 skeletal muscles. Sometimes male and females have the same muscle but with different purposes [19]

Numbers based on the list above

Total number
Total number of entries in Terminologia Anatomica represented in table337
Total rows of table (combining TA2 entries)289
Types of vestigial muscles listed, which do not always appear in a standard male or female human12
Non gender specific skeletal muscles - listed names (combining parts)249
Gender specific skeletal muscles - listed names6
Non gender specific skeletal muscles - average occurrences (combining parts)753
Gender specific skeletal muscles - average occurrences (50% male)4.5
Total number of skeletal muscles represented in table (average)759.5

Agonistic and antagonistic relationships

Muscles are often paired as agonistic and antagonistic muscles. [20] This can be a bit misleading as, in general, it is groups of muscles working together to either make or cancel a movement. [21] The present table lists some well-known relationships but is not at all complete.

Innervation overview

Upper LimbMuscleinnervationcorrected.gif
Mind map showing a summary of upper limb muscle innervation
LowerLimbMuscleinnervationCorrected.gif
Mind map showing a summary of lower limb muscle innervation

See also

Notes

  1. The UK English names differ mainly by the addition of dashes, which are less common in practice.

References

  1. Pessino, Kenneth; Patel, Jay; Patel, Bhupendra C. (2023), "Anatomy, Head and Neck; Frontalis Muscle", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID   32491684 , retrieved 2023-07-02
  2. "Muscle of terminal notch - e-Anatomy - IMAIOS". www.imaios.com. Retrieved 2023-07-27.
  3. Weaver, C (February 1978). "Frequency of occurrence of the transversus menti muscle". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 61 (2): 231–3. doi:10.1097/00006534-197802000-00013. PMID   622414. S2CID   27905510.
  4. Barker, B. C. (October 1981). "The pterygoideus proprius muscle". Australian Dental Journal. 26 (5): 309–310. doi:10.1111/j.1834-7819.1981.tb05228.x. ISSN   0045-0421. PMID   6949532.
  5. Maranillo, Eva; Vázquez, Teresa; Mirapeix, Rosa; León, Xavier; McHanwell, Stephen; Quer, Miquel; Sañudo, José Ramón (May 2009). "Ceratocricoid muscle: an embryological and anatomical study". Clinical Anatomy. 22 (4): 463–470. doi:10.1002/ca.20795. ISSN   1098-2353. PMID   19306315. S2CID   35995462.
  6. "Ceratocricoid muscle - e-Anatomy - IMAIOS". www.imaios.com. Retrieved 2023-07-27.
  7. Kim, Jun-Ho; Won, Hyung-Sun; Chung, In-Hyuk; Kim, In-Beom (November 2015). "The enigmatic subcostal muscle: Anatomical study with application to spine and chest pain syndromes and avoidance of confusion on imaging: Morphology and Morphometry of the Subcostal Muscle". Clinical Anatomy. 28 (8): 1017–1021. doi:10.1002/ca.22631. PMID   26384842. S2CID   42512626.
  8. 1 2 Essential Clinical Anatomy. K.L. Moore & A.M. Agur. Lippincott, 2 ed. 2002. Page 193
  9. Gosling, J. A., Harris, P. F., Humpherson, J. R., Whitmore I., & Willan P. L. T. 2008. Human Anatomy Color Atlas and Text Book. Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier. page 200
  10. Essential Clinical Anatomy. K.L. Moore & A.M. Agur. Lippincott, 2 ed. 2002. Page 217
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Gosling 2008, p. 273
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Gosling et al. 2008, p. 266
  13. FIPAT (2019). "Terminologia Anatomica" (PDF) (2nd ed.). Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology.
  14. de las Peñas, César Fernández; Ge, Hong-You; Arendt-Nielsen, Lars; Dommerholt, Jan; Simons, David G. (2011). "Chapter 32 - Referred pain from muscle/myofascial trigger points". Neck and Arm Pain Syndromes. Churchill Livingstone. pp. 404–418. doi:10.1016/B978-0-7020-3528-9.00032-7. ISBN   978-0-7020-3528-9.
  15. Sarnat, Harvey B.; Carpenter, Stirling (2015). "Chapter 4 - Muscle Biopsy for Diagnosis of Neuromuscular and Metabolic Diseases". Neuromuscular Disorders of Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence (2nd ed.). Academic Press. pp. 46–65. ISBN   978-0-12-417044-5.
  16. Science Reference Section (19 November 2019). "What is the strongest muscle in the human body?". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2021-05-01.
  17. Brooks, Susan V. (2003-12-01). "Current topics for teaching skeletal muscle physiology". Advances in Physiology Education. 27 (1–4): 171–182. doi: 10.1152/advan.2003.27.4.171 . ISSN   1043-4046. PMID   14627615. S2CID   14267377.
  18. Stewart, Gregory John (2009). "Chapter 8: Skeletal muscles". The skeletal and muscular systems. New York: Chelsea House. ISBN   9781604133653. OCLC   277118444.
  19. Glenmark, Birgitta; Nilsson, Maria; Gao, Hui; Gustafsson, Jan-Åke; Dahlman-Wright, Karin; Westerblad, Håkan (December 2004). "Difference in skeletal muscle function in males vs. females: role of estrogen receptor-β" . American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism. 287 (6): E1125 –E1131. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00098.2004. ISSN   0193-1849. PMID   15280152. S2CID   7926940.
  20. "Agonist and antagonist muscle pairs - Muscular system - OCR - GCSE Physical Education Revision - OCR". BBC Bitesize. Retrieved 2023-07-04.
  21. Biga, Lindsay M.; Bronson, Staci; Dawson, Sierra; Harwell, Amy; Hopkins, Robin; Kaufmann, Joel; LeMaster, Mike; Matern, Philip; Morrison-Graham, Katie; Oja, Kristen; Quick, Devon; Runyeon, Jon (2019-09-26). "11.1 Describe the roles of agonists, antagonists and synergists".

General references