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The brachioradialis is a muscle of the forearm that flexes the forearm at the elbow. It is also capable of both pronation and supination, depending on the position of the forearm. It is attached to the distal styloid process of the radius by way of the brachioradialis tendon, and to the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus.
The radial nerve is a nerve in the human body that supplies the posterior portion of the upper limb. It innervates the medial and lateral heads of the triceps brachii muscle of the arm, as well as all 12 muscles in the posterior osteofascial compartment of the forearm and the associated joints and overlying skin.
In human anatomy, the wrist is variously defined as (1) the carpus or carpal bones, the complex of eight bones forming the proximal skeletal segment of the hand; (2) the wrist joint or radiocarpal joint, the joint between the radius and the carpus and; (3) the anatomical region surrounding the carpus including the distal parts of the bones of the forearm and the proximal parts of the metacarpus or five metacarpal bones and the series of joints between these bones, thus referred to as wrist joints. This region also includes the carpal tunnel, the anatomical snuff box, bracelet lines, the flexor retinaculum, and the extensor retinaculum.
The flexor digitorum profundus or flexor digitorum communis profundus is a muscle in the forearm of humans that flexes the fingers. It is considered an extrinsic hand muscle because it acts on the hand while its muscle belly is located in the forearm.
The extensor carpi radialis longus is one of the five main muscles that control movements at the wrist. This muscle is quite long, starting on the lateral side of the humerus, and attaching to the base of the second metacarpal bone.
In human anatomy, extensor carpi radialis brevis is a muscle in the forearm that acts to extend and abduct the wrist. It is shorter and thicker than its namesake extensor carpi radialis longus which can be found above the proximal end of the extensor carpi radialis brevis.
The ulnar nerve is a nerve that runs near the ulna, one of the two long bones in the forearm. The ulnar collateral ligament of elbow joint is in relation with the ulnar nerve. The nerve is the largest in the human body unprotected by muscle or bone, so injury is common. This nerve is directly connected to the little finger, and the adjacent half of the ring finger, innervating the palmar aspect of these fingers, including both front and back of the tips, perhaps as far back as the fingernail beds.
The quadriceps femoris muscle is a large muscle group that includes the four prevailing muscles on the front of the thigh. It is the sole extensor muscle of the knee, forming a large fleshy mass which covers the front and sides of the femur. The name derives from Latin four-headed muscle of the femur.
Tennis elbow, also known as lateral epicondylitis or enthesopathy of the extensor carpi radialis origin, is an enthesopathy of the origin of the extensor carpi radialis brevis on the lateral epicondyle. The outer part of the elbow becomes painful and tender. The pain may also extend into the back of the forearm. Onset of symptoms is generally gradual, although they can seem sudden and be misinterpreted as an injury. Golfer's elbow is a similar condition that affects the inside of the elbow.
Epicondylitis is the inflammation of an epicondyle or of adjacent tissues. Epicondyles are on the medial and lateral aspects of the elbow, consisting of the two bony prominences at the distal end of the humerus. These bony projections serve as the attachment point for the forearm musculature. Inflammation to the tendons and muscles at these attachment points can lead to medial and/or lateral epicondylitis. This can occur through a range of factors that overuse the muscles that attach to the epicondyles, such as sports or job-related duties that increase the workload of the forearm musculature and place stress on the elbow. Lateral epicondylitis is also known as “Tennis Elbow” due to its sports related association to tennis athletes, while medial epicondylitis is often referred to as “golfer's elbow.”
The internal obturator muscle or obturator internus muscle originates on the medial surface of the obturator membrane, the ischium near the membrane, and the rim of the pubis.
In human anatomy, the dorsalis pedis artery is a blood vessel of the lower limb. It arises from the anterior tibial artery, and ends at the first intermetatarsal space. It carries oxygenated blood to the dorsal side of the foot. It is useful for taking a pulse. It is also at risk during anaesthesia of the deep peroneal nerve.
The lateral epicondyle of the humerus is a large, tuberculated eminence, curved a little forward, and giving attachment to the radial collateral ligament of the elbow joint, and to a tendon common to the origin of the supinator and some of the extensor muscles. Specifically, these extensor muscles include the anconeus muscle, the supinator, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi, and extensor carpi ulnaris. In birds, where the arm is somewhat rotated compared to other tetrapods, it is termed dorsal epicondyle of the humerus. In comparative anatomy, the term ectepicondyle is sometimes used.
The posterior interosseous nerve is a nerve in the forearm. It is the continuation of the deep branch of the radial nerve, after this has crossed the supinator muscle. It is considerably diminished in size compared to the deep branch of the radial nerve. The nerve fibers originate from cervical segments C7 and C8 in the spinal column.
The innermost intercostal muscle is a layer of intercostal muscles. It may also be called the intima of the internal intercostal muscles. It is the deepest muscular layer of the thorax, with muscle fibres running vertically. It is present only in the middle of each intercostal space, and often not present higher up the rib cage. It lies deep to the plane that contains the intercostal nerves and intercostal vessels, and the internal intercostal muscles. The diaphragm is continuous with the innermost intercostal muscle.
The lateral supracondylar ridge is a prominent, rough margin on the lower part of the lateral border of the humerus. It presents an anterior lip for the origin of forearm extensors, including the brachioradialis muscle above, and the extensor carpi radialis longus muscle below. It also presents a posterior lip for the triceps brachii, and an intermediate ridge for the attachment of the lateral intermuscular septum.
The styloid process of the ulna is a bony prominence found at distal end of the ulna in the forearm.
The common flexor tendon is a tendon that attaches to the medial epicondyle of the humerus.
The posterior compartment of the forearm contains twelve muscles which primarily extend the wrist and digits. It is separated from the anterior compartment by the interosseous membrane between the radius and ulna.
The mobile wad is a group of the following three muscles found in the lateral compartment of the forearm:
References
- ↑ Standring, Susan (2008). Gray's Anatomy : The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice (fortieth ed.). London: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 978-0-443-06684-9.
- 1 2 Borowski, Lauren; Lintner, Laura (2018-01-01), Olympia, Robert P.; O’Neill, Rory M.; Silvis, Matthew L. (eds.), "Chapter 30 - Evaluation and Management of Acute Sprains and Strains", Urgent Care Medicine Secrets, Elsevier, pp. 182–186, doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-46215-0.00030-6, ISBN 978-0-323-46215-0 , retrieved 2020-11-03
- ↑ Carreiro, Jane E (2009-01-01), Carreiro, Jane E (ed.), "Chapter 15 - Orthopedics", An Osteopathic Approach to Children (Second Edition), Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, pp. 243–274, doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-06738-9.00015-0, ISBN 978-0-443-06738-9 , retrieved 2020-11-03
- 1 2 Dubin, Andrew; Lalani, Irfan; Argoff, Charles E. (2014-01-01), Benzon, Honorio T.; Rathmell, James P.; Wu, Christopher L.; Turk, Dennis C. (eds.), "13 - History and Physical Examination of the Pain Patient", Practical Management of Pain (Fifth Edition), Philadelphia: Mosby, pp. 151–161.e1, doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-08340-9.00013-x, ISBN 978-0-323-08340-9 , retrieved 2020-11-03
- ↑ Bestic, Joseph M. (2018-01-01), Morrey, Bernard F.; Sanchez-Sotelo, Joaquin; Morrey, Mark E. (eds.), "8 - Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Elbow", Morrey's the Elbow and its Disorders (Fifth Edition), Philadelphia: Content Repository Only!, pp. 93–100, ISBN 978-0-323-34169-1 , retrieved 2020-11-03
- ↑ Sonnabend, David H. (2010-01-01), Sambrook, Philip; Schrieber, Leslie; Taylor, Thomas; Ellis, Andrew M. (eds.), "Soft Tissue Rheumatic Disease Involving the Shoulder and Elbow", The Musculoskeletal System (Second Edition), Churchill Livingstone, pp. 19–31, doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-3377-3.00002-0, ISBN 978-0-7020-3377-3 , retrieved 2020-11-03
- ↑ Howard, Thomas M; Shaw, Joel L; Phillips, James (2008-01-01), Seidenberg, Peter H.; Beutler, Anthony I. (eds.), "Chapter 8 - Physical Examination of the Elbow", The Sports Medicine Resource Manual, Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, pp. 71–78, doi:10.1016/b978-141603197-0.10008-4, ISBN 978-1-4160-3197-0 , retrieved 2020-11-03
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