List of movements of the human body

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The different types of levers in the human body. These levers consisting of First Class Lever, Second Class Lever, and a Third Class Lever. Levers in the Human Body.pdf
The different types of levers in the human body. These levers consisting of First Class Lever, Second Class Lever, and a Third Class Lever.

The list below describes such skeletal movements as normally are possible in particular joints of the human body. Other animals have different degrees of movement at their respective joints; this is because of differences in positions of muscles and because structures peculiar to the bodies of humans and other species block motions unsuited to their anatomies.

Contents

Arm and shoulder

Shoulder

Movements of the shoulder joint. [1]
MovementMusclesOriginInsertion
Flexion
(150°–170°)
Anterior fibers of deltoid Clavicle Middle of lateral surface of shaft of humerus
Clavicular part of pectoralis major ClavicleLateral lip of bicipital groove of humerus
Long head of biceps brachii Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula Tuberosity of radius, Deep fascia of forearm
Short head of biceps brachii Coracoid process of scapula
Coracobrachialis Coracoid processMedial aspect of shaft of humerus
Extension
(40°)
Posterior fibers of deltoid Spine of scapula Middle of lateral surface of shaft of humerus
Latissimus dorsi Iliac crest, lumbar fascia, spines of lower six thoracic vertebrae, lower 3–4 ribs, inferior angle of scapula Floor of bicipital groove of humerus
Teres major Lateral border of scapula Medial lip of bicipital groove of humerus
Abduction
(160°–180°)
Middle fibers of deltoid Acromion process of scapulaMiddle of lateral surface of shaft of humerus
Supraspinatus Supraspinous fossa of scapula Greater tubercle of humerus
Adduction
(30°–40°)
Sternal part of pectoralis major Sternum, upper six costal cartilages Lateral lip of bicipital groove of humerus
Latissimus dorsiIliac crest, lumbar fascia, spines of lower six thoracic vertebrae, lower 3-4 ribs, inferior angle of scapulaFloor of bicipital groove of humerus
Teres major Lower third of lateral border of scapula Medial lip of bicipital groove of humerus
Teres minor Upper two thirds of lateral border of scapulaGreater tubercle of humerus
Lateral rotation
(in abduction: 95°;
in adduction: 70°)
Infraspinatus Infraspinous fossa of scapulaGreater tubercle of humerus
Teres minorUpper two thirds of lateral border of scapulaGreater tubercle of humerus
Posterior fibers of deltoidSpine of scapulaMiddle of lateral surface of shaft of humerus
Medial rotation
(in abduction: 40°–50°;
in adduction: 70°)
Subscapularis Subscapular fossa Lesser tubercle of humerus
Latissimus dorsiIliac crest, lumbar fascia, spines of lower 3-4 ribs, inferior angle of scapulaFloor of bicipital groove of humerus
Teres majorLower third of lateral border of scapulaMedial lip of bicipital groove of humerus
Anterior fibers of deltoidClavicleMiddle of lateral surface of shaft of humerus

The major muscles involved in retraction include the rhomboid major muscle, rhomboid minor muscle and trapezius muscle, [2] [3] whereas the major muscles involved in protraction include the serratus anterior and pectoralis minor muscles. [4] [5]

Sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints

Scapula and clavicula Abduction (Protraction)Adduction (Retraction)
DepressionElevation
Rotation Upward (Superior Rotation)Rotation Downward (Inferior Rotation)

Elbow

JointFromToDescription
Humeroulnar joint trochlear notch of the ulna trochlea of humerus Is a simple hinge-joint, and allows of movements of flexion and extension only.
Humeroradial joint head of the radius capitulum of the humerus Is a ball-and-socket joint.
Superior radioulnar joint head of the radius radial notch of the ulna In any position of flexion or extension, the radius, carrying the hand with it, can be rotated in it. This movement includespronation and supination.

Wrist and fingers

Wrist & Midcarpals FlexionExtension / Hyperextension
Adduction (Ulna Deviation)Abduction (Radial Deviation)

Movements of the fingers

Metacarpophalangeal FlexionExtension / Hyperextension
AdductionAbduction
Interphalangeal FlexionExtension

Movements of the thumb

Carpometacarpal (thumb)FlexionExtension
AdductionAbduction
Opposition
Metacarpophalangeal (thumb)FlexionExtension
AdductionAbduction
Interphalangeal (thumb)FlexionExtension / Hyperextension

Neck

Neck (Atlantoccipital & Antlantoaxial)FlexionExtension / Hyperextension
Lateral Flexion (Abduction)Reduction (Adduction)
Rotation

Spine

Cervical spine FlexionExtension / Hyperextension
Lateral Flexion (Abduction)Reduction (Adduction)
Rotation
Thoracic spine FlexionExtension / Hyperextension
Lateral Flexion (Abduction)Reduction (Adduction)
Rotation
Lumbar spine FlexionExtension / Hyperextension
Lateral Flexion (Abduction)Reduction (Adduction)
Rotation

Lower limb

Hip (acetabulofemoral joint)FlexionExtension
AdductionAbduction
Transverse AdductionTransverse Abduction
Medial Rotation (Internal Rotation)Lateral Rotation (External Rotation)

Knees

Knee FlexionExtension
Medial Rotation (Internal Rotation)Lateral Rotation (External Rotation)
AnklePlantar FlexionDorsi Flexion

Feet

Intertarsal - (foot)InversionEversion
Plantarflexion
Metatarsophalangeal (toes)FlexionExtension / Hyperextension
AbductionAdduction
Interphalangeal (toes)FlexionExtension


The muscles tibialis anterior and tibialis posterior invert the foot. Some sources also state that the triceps surae and extensor hallucis longus invert. [6] :123 Inversion occurs at the subtalar joint and transverse tarsal joint. [7]

Eversion of the foot occurs at the subtalar joint. The muscles involved in this include fibularis longus and fibularis brevis, which are innervated by the superficial fibular nerve. Some sources also state that the fibularis tertius everts. [6] :108

Dorsiflexion of the foot: The muscles involved include those of the Anterior compartment of leg, specifically tibialis anterior muscle, extensor hallucis longus muscle, extensor digitorum longus muscle, and peroneus tertius. The range of motion for dorsiflexion indicated in the literature varies from 12.2 [8] to 18 [9] degrees. [10] Foot drop is a condition, that occurs when dorsiflexion is difficult for an individual who is walking.

Plantarflexion of the foot: Primary muscles for plantar flexion are situated in the Posterior compartment of leg, namely the superficial Gastrocnemius, Soleus and Plantaris (only weak participation), and the deep muscles Flexor hallucis longus, Flexor digitorum longus and Tibialis posterior. Muscles in the Lateral compartment of leg also weakly participate, namely the Fibularis longus and Fibularis brevis muscles. Those in the lateral compartment only have weak participation in plantar flexion though. The range of motion for plantar flexion is usually indicated in the literature as 30° to 40°, but sometimes also 50°. The nerves are primarily from the sacral spinal cord roots S1 and S2. Compression of S1 roots may result in weakness in plantarflexion; these nerves run from the lower back to the bottom of the foot. [ citation needed ]

Pronation at the forearm is a rotational movement at the radioulnar joint, or of the foot at the subtalar and talocalcaneonavicular joints. [11] [12] For the forearm, when standing in the anatomical position, pronation will move the palm of the hand from an anterior-facing position to a posterior-facing position without an associated movement at the shoulder joint). This corresponds to a counterclockwise twist for the right forearm and a clockwise twist for the left (when viewed superiorly). In the forearm, this action is performed by pronator quadratus and pronator teres muscle. Brachioradialis puts the forearm into a midpronated/supinated position from either full pronation or supination. For the foot, pronation will cause the sole of the foot to face more laterally than when standing in the anatomical position.

Pronation of the foot is a compound movement that combines abduction, eversion, and dorsiflexion. Regarding posture, a pronated foot is one in which the heel bone angles inward and the arch tends to collapse. Pronation is the motion of the inner and outer ball of the foot with the heel bone. [13] One is said to be "knock-kneed" if one has overly pronated feet. It flattens the arch as the foot strikes the ground in order to absorb shock when the heel hits the ground, and to assist in balance during mid-stance. If habits develop, this action can lead to foot pain as well as knee pain, shin splints, achilles tendinitis, posterior tibial tendinitis, piriformis syndrome, and plantar fasciitis.[ citation needed ].

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Foot</span> Anatomical structure found in vertebrates

The foot is an anatomical structure found in many vertebrates. It is the terminal portion of a limb which bears weight and allows locomotion. In many animals with feet, the foot is a separate organ at the terminal part of the leg made up of one or more segments or bones, generally including claws and/or nails.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human leg</span> Lower extremity or limb of the human body (foot, lower leg, thigh and hip)

The leg is the entire lower limb of the human body, including the foot, thigh or sometimes even the hip or buttock region. The major bones of the leg are the femur, tibia, and adjacent fibula.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sciatic nerve</span> Large nerve in humans and other animals

The sciatic nerve, also called the ischiadic nerve, is a large nerve in humans and other vertebrate animals. It is the largest branch of the sacral plexus and runs alongside the hip joint and down the lower limb. It is the longest and widest single nerve in the human body, going from the top of the leg to the foot on the posterior aspect. The sciatic nerve has no cutaneous branches for the thigh. This nerve provides the connection to the nervous system for the skin of the lateral leg and the whole foot, the muscles of the back of the thigh, and those of the leg and foot. It is derived from spinal nerves L4 to S3. It contains fibres from both the anterior and posterior divisions of the lumbosacral plexus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fibularis longus</span> Superficial muscle in the lateral compartment of the leg

In human anatomy, the fibularis longus is a superficial muscle in the lateral compartment of the leg. It acts to tilt the sole of the foot away from the midline of the body (eversion) and to extend the foot downward away from the body at the ankle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cuboid bone</span> Bone of the ankle

In the human body, the cuboid bone is one of the seven tarsal bones of the foot.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ankle</span> Region where the foot and the leg meet

The ankle, the talocrural region or the jumping bone (informal) is the area where the foot and the leg meet. The ankle includes three joints: the ankle joint proper or talocrural joint, the subtalar joint, and the inferior tibiofibular joint. The movements produced at this joint are dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of the foot. In common usage, the term ankle refers exclusively to the ankle region. In medical terminology, "ankle" can refer broadly to the region or specifically to the talocrural joint.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Extensor hallucis longus muscle</span> Thin muscle, situated between the tibialis anterior and the extensor digitorum longus

The extensor hallucis longus muscle is a thin skeletal muscle, situated between the tibialis anterior and the extensor digitorum longus. It extends the big toe and dorsiflects the foot. It also assists with foot eversion and inversion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Calcaneus</span> Bone of the tarsus of the foot

In humans and many other primates, the calcaneus or heel bone is a bone of the tarsus of the foot which constitutes the heel. In some other animals, it is the point of the hock.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fibularis brevis</span> Shorter and smaller of the fibularis (peroneus) muscles

In human anatomy, the fibularis brevis is a muscle that lies underneath the fibularis longus within the lateral compartment of the leg. It acts to tilt the sole of the foot away from the midline of the body (eversion) and to extend the foot downward away from the body at the ankle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fibularis tertius</span> Muscle of the human body located in the lower limb

In human anatomy, the fibularis tertius is a muscle in the anterior compartment of the leg. It acts to tilt the sole of the foot away from the midline of the body (eversion) and to pull the foot upward toward the body (dorsiflexion).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Deep fibular nerve</span> Type of nerve

The deep fibular nerve begins at the bifurcation of the common fibular nerve between the fibula and upper part of the fibularis longus, passes infero-medially, deep to the extensor digitorum longus, to the anterior surface of the interosseous membrane, and comes into relation with the anterior tibial artery above the middle of the leg; it then descends with the artery to the front of the ankle-joint, where it divides into a lateral and a medial terminal branch.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anatomical terms of motion</span> Terms describing animal motion

Motion, the process of movement, is described using specific anatomical terms. Motion includes movement of organs, joints, limbs, and specific sections of the body. The terminology used describes this motion according to its direction relative to the anatomical position of the body parts involved. Anatomists and others use a unified set of terms to describe most of the movements, although other, more specialized terms are necessary for describing unique movements such as those of the hands, feet, and eyes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sole (foot)</span> Bottom part of foot

In humans, the sole of the foot is anatomically referred to as the plantar aspect.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fibularis muscles</span> Group of muscles in the leg

The fibularis muscles are a group of muscles in the lower leg.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anterior compartment of leg</span> Part of the fascial compartments of leg

The anterior compartment of the leg is a fascial compartment of the lower leg. It contains muscles that produce dorsiflexion and participate in inversion and eversion of the foot, as well as vascular and nervous elements, including the anterior tibial artery and veins and the deep fibular nerve.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mobile wad</span>

The mobile wad is a group of the following three muscles found in the lateral compartment of the forearm:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Outline of human anatomy</span> Overview of and topical guide to human anatomy

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to human anatomy:

In human anatomy, a brevis muscle derives its name from the Latin brevis meaning "short", and can refer to:

References

  1. Snell, Richard S. Clinical Anatomy by Systems. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 427–428.
  2. shoulder/surface/scsurface4 at the Dartmouth Medical School's Department of Anatomy
  3. Scapula & Clavicle Articulations
  4. shoulder/surface/scsurface3 at the Dartmouth Medical School's Department of Anatomy
  5. Animation at exrx.net
  6. 1 2 Kyung Won, PhD. Chung (2005). Gross Anatomy (Board Review). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN   0-7817-5309-0.
  7. "Gross Anatomy: Functional Anatomy Of The Ankle And Foot". Archived from the original on 2009-08-23. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
  8. Boone, Donna C.; Azen, Stanley P. (July 1979). "Normal range of motion of joints in male subjects". The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 61-A: 756–759. Archived from the original on 26 May 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
  9. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (1965). Joint Motion: Method of Measuring and Recording. Chicago: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.
  10. Roaas, Asbjørn; Andersson, Gunnar B. J. (1982). "Normal Range of Motion of the Hip, Knee and Ankle Joints in Male Subjects, 30–40 Years of Age". Acta Orthopaedica. 53 (2): 205–208. doi:10.3109/17453678208992202. PMID   7136564.
  11. Kendall, F. P.; McCreary, E. K.; Provance, P. G. (1993). Muscles Testing and Function (4th ed.). Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. ISBN   0-683-04576-8.
  12. Brukner, P.; Khan, K. (1993). Clinical Sports Medicine (1st ed.). McGraw-Hill Book Company. ISBN   0-07-452852-1.
  13. "Foot in the bottom of the foot – RealHealthyNet". Realhealthynet.com. July 11, 2012. Archived from the original on 2013-07-19. Retrieved August 30, 2013.