Infrahyoid muscles

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Infrahyoid muscles
Infrahyoid muscles.png
Muscles of the neck seen from the front. The infrahyoid muscles are coloured in violet.
Details
Nerve Ansa cervicalis
Actions Depress the hyoid bone
Identifiers
Latin Musculi infrahyoidei
TA98 A04.2.04.001
TA2 2167
FMA 71298
Anatomical terms of muscle

The infrahyoid muscles, or strap muscles, are a group of four pairs of muscles in the anterior (frontal) part of the neck. [1] The four infrahyoid muscles are the sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid and omohyoid muscles. [1]

Contents

Excluding the sternothyroid, the infrahyoid muscles either originate from or insert on to the hyoid bone. [2]

The term infrahyoid refers to the region below the hyoid bone, while the term strap muscles refers to the long and flat muscle shapes which resembles a strap. The stylopharyngeus muscle is considered by many to be one of the strap muscles,[ citation needed ] but is not an infrahyoid muscle.

Individual muscles

The origin, insertion and innervation of the individual muscles: [3]

MuscleOriginInsertionInnervation
Sternohyoid Posterior surface of manubrium sterni, adjoining parts of clavicle and the posterior sternoclavicular ligament Medial part of lower border of hyoid bone Ansa cervicalis
Sternothyroid Posterior surface of manubrium sterni and adjoining part of first costal cartilage Oblique line of thyroid cartilage Ansa cervicalis
Thyrohyoid Oblique line of the thyroid cartilage Lower border of the body and the greater cornu of the hyoid bone Cervical spinal nerve 1 via the hypoglossal nerve
Omohyoid (superior belly) Intermediate tendon Hyoid bone Superior root of ansa cervicalis (C1)
Omohyoid (inferior belly) Superior border of scapula Intermediate tendon Ansa cervicalis (C1-C3)

Nerve supply

All of the infrahyoid muscles are innervated by the ansa cervicalis from the cervical plexus (C1-C3) [4] [5] except the thyrohyoid muscle, which is innervated by fibers only from the first cervical spinal nerve travelling with the hypoglossal nerve. [1]

Function

The infrahyoid muscles function to elevate and depress the hyoid bone and larynx during swallowing and speech. [6] This moves the larynx as one unit. [7]

See also

Related Research Articles

Neck Part of the body on many vertebrates that connects the head with the torso

The neck is the part of the body on many vertebrates that connects the head with the torso and provides the mobility and movements of the head. The structures of the human neck are anatomically grouped into four compartments; vertebral, visceral and two vascular compartments. Within these compartments, the neck houses the cervical vertebrae and cervical part of the spinal cord, upper parts of the respiratory and digestive tracts, endocrine glands, nerves, arteries and veins. Muscles of the neck are described separately from the compartments. They bound the neck triangles.

Dorsal scapular nerve Branch of the brachial plexus that supplies rhomboid muscles and levator scapulae

The dorsal scapular nerve is a branch of the brachial plexus. It supplies rhomboid major muscle, rhomboid minor muscle, and levator scapulae muscle. It causes the scapula to be moved medially towards the vertebral column. Dorsal scapular nerve syndrome can cause a winged scapula, with pain and limited motion.

Long thoracic nerve Large nerve

The long thoracic nerve innervates the serratus anterior muscle.

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

The sternocleidomastoid muscle is one of the largest and most superficial cervical muscles. The primary actions of the muscle are rotation of the head to the opposite side and flexion of the neck. The sternocleidomastoid is innervated by the accessory nerve.

Omohyoid muscle

The omohyoid muscle is a muscle that depresses the hyoid. It is located in the front of the neck, and consists of two bellies separated by an intermediate tendon. The omohyoid muscle is proximally attached to the scapula and distally attached to the hyoid bone, stabilising it. Its superior belly serves as the most lateral member of the infrahyoid muscles, located lateral to both the sternothyroid muscles and the thyrohyoid muscles.

Cervical plexus

The cervical plexus is a plexus of the anterior rami of the first four cervical spinal nerves which arise from C1 to C4 cervical segment in the neck. They are located laterally to the transverse processes between prevertebral muscles from the medial side and vertebral from lateral side. There is anastomosis with accessory nerve, hypoglossal nerve and sympathetic trunk.

Geniohyoid muscle muscle

The geniohyoid muscle is a narrow muscle situated superior to the medial border of the mylohyoid muscle. It is named for its passage from the chin to the hyoid bone.

Ansa cervicalis

The ansa cervicalis is a loop of nerves that are part of the cervical plexus. It lies superficial to the internal jugular vein in the carotid triangle. Its name means "handle of the neck" in Latin.

Sternohyoid muscle

The sternohyoid muscle is a thin, narrow muscle attaching the hyoid bone to the sternum. It is one of the paired strap muscles of the infrahyoid muscles, serving to depress the hyoid bone. It is innervated by the ansa cervicalis.

Sternothyroid muscle

The sternothyroid muscle, or sternothyroideus, is an infrahyoid muscle in the neck. It acts to depress the hyoid bone. It is below the sternohyoid muscle. It is shorter and wider than the sternohyoid.

Thyrohyoid muscle

The thyrohyoid muscle is a small skeletal muscle on the neck which depresses the hyoid and elevates the larynx.

Thoracodorsal nerve

The thoracodorsal nerve is a nerve present in humans and other animals, also known as the middle subscapular nerve or the long subscapular nerve. It supplies the latissimus dorsi muscle.

Anterior longitudinal ligament

The anterior longitudinal ligament is a ligament that runs down the anterior surface of the spine. It traverses all of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs on their ventral side.

Superior thyroid artery

The superior thyroid artery arises from the external carotid artery just below the level of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone and ends in the thyroid gland.

Lower subscapular nerve

The lower subscapular nerve, also known as the inferior subscapular nerve, is the third branch of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus. It innervates the inferior portion of the subscapularis muscle and the teres major muscle.

Upper subscapular nerve

The upper (superior) subscapular nerve is the first branch of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus. The upper subscapular nerve contains axons from the ventral rami of the C5 and C6 cervical spinal nerves. It innervates the superior portion of the subscapularis muscle. The inferior portion of the subscapularis is innervated by the lower subscapular nerve.

Deep cervical fascia

The deep cervical fascia lies under cover of the platysma, and invests the muscles of the neck; it also forms sheaths for the carotid vessels, and for the structures situated in front of the vertebral column. Its attachment to the hyoid bone prevents the formation of a dewlap.

Obturator internus nerve

The nerve to obturator internus, also known as the obturator internus nerve, is a nerve that innervates the obturator internus and gemellus superior muscles.

Nerve to quadratus femoris

The nerve to quadratus femoris is a nerve that provides innervation to the quadratus femoris muscle and gemellus inferior muscle.

Pretracheal fascia

The pretracheal fascia is a portion of the structure of the human neck. It extends medially in front of the carotid vessels and assists in forming the carotid sheath.

References

  1. 1 2 3 McHanwell, Steve; Watson, Charles (1 January 2009). "Localization of Motoneurons in the Spinal Cord". The Spinal Cord: 94–114. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-374247-6.50011-0. ISBN   9780123742476.
  2. ↑ KenHub. "Infrahyoid muscles" . Retrieved 24 May 2019.
  3. ↑ Ellis, Harold; Susan Standring; Gray, Henry David (2005). Gray's anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone. pp.  538–539. ISBN   0-443-07168-3.
  4. ↑ Cesmebasi, Alper (1 January 2015), Tubbs, R. Shane; Rizk, Elias; Shoja, Mohammadali M.; Loukas, Marios (eds.), "Chapter 31 - Anatomy of the Cervical Plexus and Its Branches", Nerves and Nerve Injuries, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 441–449, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-410390-0.00032-9, ISBN   978-0-12-410390-0
  5. ↑ Kayalioglu, Gulgun (1 January 2009), Watson, Charles; Paxinos, George; Kayalioglu, Gulgun (eds.), "Chapter 4 - The Spinal Nerves", The Spinal Cord, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 37–56, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374247-6.50008-0, ISBN   978-0-12-374247-6
  6. ↑ Merea, Valeria Silva; Pitman, Michael J. (1 January 2019), Chhetri, Dinesh K.; Dewan, Karuna (eds.), "Chapter 5 - Anatomy and Physiology of the Upper Esophageal Sphincter", Dysphagia Evaluation and Management in Otolaryngology, Elsevier, pp. 29–34, doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-56930-9.00005-x, ISBN   978-0-323-56930-9
  7. ↑ Feinstein, Aaron J.; Dewan, Karuna (1 January 2019), Chhetri, Dinesh K.; Dewan, Karuna (eds.), "Chapter 4 - Larynx", Dysphagia Evaluation and Management in Otolaryngology, Elsevier, pp. 23–28, doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-56930-9.00004-8, ISBN   978-0-323-56930-9
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