Original Goodness (book)

Last updated
Original Goodness
Easwaran-Original-Goodness-1996-b.jpg
Author Eknath Easwaran
LanguageEnglish (original); others [1] [2] [3] [4]
PublisherNilgiri
Publication date
1989; 1996; 2017
Pages240 (1989); 286 (1996) 260 (2017)
ISBN 978-0-915132-91-1
OCLC 35174734

Original Goodness is a practical commentary on the Sermon on the Mount, emphasizing how to translate it into daily living with the aid of spiritual practices. Written by Eknath Easwaran, the book was originally published in the United States in 1989.

Contents

Subsequent editions of the book have been published in the US and India, and foreign (non-English) editions have also been published in several languages. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] The book's original subtitle was Strategies for uncovering your hidden spiritual resources. In its second edition in 1996, as part of a 3-book series entitled Classics of Christian Inspiration [6] the book was subtitled Eknath Easwaran on the beatitudes of the Sermon on the Mount.

Across its various editions, Original Goodness has been reviewed in newspapers, [7] [8] [9] [10] magazines, [11] [12] [13] [14] and professional journals. [15]

Topics covered

All editions of Original Goodness contain 9 chapters. After the first introductory chapter, each of the remaining 8 chapters offers a practical commentary on one of the Beatitudes, [16] as shown in the table (below, at right).

The first chapter opens with a quotation from the 13th century Christian mystic Meister Eckhart:

I have spoken at times of a light in the soul, a light that is uncreated and uncreatable... to the extent that we can deny ourselves and turn away from created things, we shall find our unity and blessing in that little spark in the soul, which neither space nor time touches. [17]

Easwaran states that these words, "addressed to ordinary people... testify to a discovery about the nature of the human spirit as revolutionary as Einstein's theories about the nature of the universe. If truly understood, that discovery would transform the world we live in at least as radically as Einstein's theories changed the world of science." [18] : 7 

Chapter TitleOpening Verse:
Sermon on the Mount [16]
1.Original Goodness(conceptual introduction)
2.PurityBlessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God.
3.HumilityBlessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.
4.SimplicityBlessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the earth.
5.PatienceBlessed are they that mourn, for they shall be comforted.
6.LoveBlessed are they that are persecuted for righteousness sake, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.
7.MercyBlessed are the merciful, for they shall obtain mercy.
8.PeacemakingBlessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be called the children of God.
9.DesireBlessed are they which do hunger and thirst after righteousness, for they shall be filled.
Praying hands with Andromeda Galaxy: symbols for two "radical" transformations in perspective Galaxy-hands1.tif
Praying hands with Andromeda Galaxy: symbols for two "radical" transformations in perspective

Easwaran claims that "if we could grasp the mystery of Eckhart's 'uncreated light in the soul' - surely no more abstruse than nuclear physics - the transformation in our thinking would set our world right side up." [18] : 7–8  He explains that behind "Eckhart's passionate sermons, straining to convey the Absolute in the words of the street and marketplace," were "essentially, four principles that Leibnitz would later call the Perennial Philosophy, because they have been taught from age to age in culture after culture." [18] : 8  These principles are that 1) there is a "divine core of personality which cannot be separated from God," [18] : 8  2) "this divine essence can be realized," [18] : 9  3) "this discovery is life's real and highest goal," [18] : 9  and 4) "when we realize this goal, we discover simultaneously that the divine within ourselves is one and the same in all - all individuals, all creatures, all of life." [18] : 9 

The chapter explains that "in this book, a mystic is one who not only espouses these principles... but lives them," resulting in "unfailing compassion, fearlessness, equanimity... these are demanding criteria." [18] : 9–10  Only the "great mystics" [18] : 10  - from whom he quotes throughout the book - can be said to fully meet these criteria. After further elaborating on shifts in perspective that accompany this realization, the chapter goes on to argue that "there comes a time in the growth of civilizations, as with individuals, when the life-and-death questions of material existence have been answered, yet the soul still thirsts and physical challenges cease to satisfy." [18] : 24 

Then we stand at a crossroads: for without meaningful aspiration, the human being turns destructive. Spiritual fulfillment is an evolutionary imperative. Like a snake that must shed its skin to grow, our industrial civilization must shed its material outlook or strangle in outgrown ideals whose constructive potential has been spent. [18] : 24 

Easwaran then argues that whatever one's religious beliefs - "or even if formalized religion is anathema" [18] : 26  - it is possible to uncover one's core of goodness through meditation, by which he means "a specific interior discipline which is found in every major religion, though called by different names." [18] : 27  Easwaran gives a brief summary [20] of a method of meditating on inspired textual passages, such as the Prayer of Saint Francis, the Beatitudes themselves, or other texts he has collected and recommends. [21] (he states that full instructions are available in his book Passage Meditation ). He explains that by meditation, he means the systematic training of one's attention "to turn inward and dwell continuously on a single focus within consciousness, until, after many years, we become so absorbed in the object of our contemplation that... we forget ourselves completely." [18] : 29–30  Then,

In that moment, when we may be said to be empty of ourselves, we are utterly full of what we are dwelling on. This is the central principle of meditation: we become what we meditate on. [18] : 30 

The task of making space for the realization of God is challenging, however, and Easwaran quotes Eckhart as stating that "There is no greater valor nor no sterner fight" because "he who would be what he ought to be must stop being what he is." [18] : 33 

The remainder of the book then "take[s] up the Beatitudes one by one as strategies for winning the war within." [18] : 34  In doing so, it quotes the perspectives and testimony of numerous mystics, primarily Western, but also Eastern. The book also at several places compares mystical perspectives with modern literary, scientific, and cultural perspectives, mentioning or quoting figures ranging from William James, Werner Heisenberg and Carl Sagan to Edmund Hillary, Ogden Nash, and George Bernard Shaw. The most recurring focus is the perspectives of mystics, including William Law, Baruch Spinoza, Bernard of Clairveaux, Catherine of Genoa, Hans Denck, Brother Lawrence, Teresa of Avila, Margery Kemp, the Cloud of Unknowing , Patanjali, and Mahatma Gandhi.

Reception

The National Catholic Reporter , suggested that Original Goodness could be helpful for those who are "looking for a positive, upbeat book to help you pray." [7]

In the Toronto Journal of Theology , Mark Steed stated that the book "presents a methodology for meditation, and does it in a gentle creative manner.... The process and presentation are uniquely in step with life and living." [15] : 137  Furthermore,

Each chapter takes the reader further into a personal relationship with self through a fresh and readily available understanding of the Beatitudes, thus preparing the way for personal communion with God. An instruction... is developed for each beatitude and each chapter stands alone and can be revisited as often as needed. [15] : 137 

Steed also stated that Easwaran "gives no admonition as to the correct way of meditating, but suggests general strategies for ease in accomplishing this holy work." [15] : 137  He cautioned that the book at times "seems to over-emphasize the routine as if it alone will guarantee a relationship with God. Still, Original Goodness is a modern-day gift for all seeking a method of meditation to fit in comfortably with daily routine... it is practical, simple and a delight to read." [15] : 138 

Prairie Messenger, a Roman Catholic publication, stated that each of the book's chapters "contains a wealth of wise observations on life today with special emphasis on the mystics and how daily practice of meditation transforms life." [8] It also stated that "the author's reaping of human wisdom and divine inspiration is shared with obvious concern for humanity's welfare," and that "people who have read the books and listened to the voice" of the author are aware of "that same quality of authority" that impressed the "crowds gathered round Jesus... because he spoke with authority." [8]

In the Bulletin of Monastic Interreligious Dialogue, James Conner wrote that

Original Goodness is the phrase Easwaran uses to signify the spark of divinity hidden in everyone of us. It means that the spiritual resources everyone needs—love, compassion, meaning, hope, freedom from fear—are already ours. We simply have to uncover what we already have and are. [11]

He stated that the book "traces our current environmental problems to a single source: our mistaken understanding of who we are and what the universe is like," [11] and that it draws heavily on the Christian mystics and on the Gospel.

In The Hindu , C. S. Ramakrishnan wrote that "Life is a grand challenge and the rightful place of every one of us is at the summit of living. How to scale the peak and abide there by tapping... spiritual resources" [9] is the theme of the book.

Out of every beatitude Easwaran is able to extract a maxim that can waft us to a life of fulfilment and bliss. How to deal with pain and disappointment, bereavement and depression, stress and emotional crises are all explained persuasively as feasible by following "the way that leads you most frequently to awareness of God," as Meister Eckhart would say. [9]

Organica stated that "Easwaran counsels readers to forget themselves (contrary to pop psychologists' how-to books) and learn to focus the mind... according to Easwaran,... its benefits are tangible, cumulative, and vital." [12]

Fellowship in Prayer stated "While Easwaran relies heavily on the Christian mystics of the West, his learning in Eastern wisdom shines on every page as he makes a persuasive case that compassion, hope, meaning, and freedom from fear reside in every heart." [13] It added that "this is the best book yet from the prolific founder of the Blue Mountain Center of Meditation." [13]

The B.C. Catholic wrote that Easwaran is "an astute and trustworthy judge of definitive writers and works," [10] and that in Original Goodness, Easwaran

performs (in parable, anecdote and aphorism) a meditation on Christ's teachings in the Sermon on the Mount, not only the specific biddings of the Beatitudes, but also a beatific message pervading the world, voiced by prophets like Martin Luther King and Mahatma Gandhi. [10]

In The Living Church , Travis DuPriest noted that the book includes "fresh insights for Westerners to see Christian thinkers through the eyes of someone from India." [14]


Several periodicals have also excerpted various parts of Original Goodness. [22] [23]

In 2018 Richard Rohr, in his blog, [24] cited Eknath Easwaran's Original Goodness in his week of 'Daily Meditations January 2018' based on The Beatitudes

Editions

The original edition was published by in 1989 by Nilgiri Press, who republished it in 1996 as one volume in a series entitled Classics of Christian Inspiration. Editions of Original Goodness have been published in Greek, [1] Portuguese, [2] and Spanish, [3] [4]

English-language editions have been published in India and the US. The US editions are:

The Indian edition:


See also

Related Research Articles

Sermon on the Mount Collection of sayings and teachings of Jesus

The Sermon on the Mount is a collection of sayings and teachings attributed to Jesus Christ, which emphasizes his moral teaching found in the Gospel of Matthew.

Beatitudes Part of Jesus sermon on the mount

The Beatitudes are sayings attributed to Jesus, and in particular eight blessings recounted by Jesus in the Sermon on the Mount in the Gospel of Matthew, and four in the Sermon on the Plain in the Gospel of Luke, followed by four woes which mirror the blessings. Each is a proverb-like proclamation, without narrative.

<i>The Imitation of Christ</i> Book by Thomas à Kempis

The Imitation of Christ, by Thomas à Kempis, is a Christian devotional book first composed in Medieval Latin as De Imitatione Christi. The devotional text is divided into four books of detailed spiritual instructions: (i) "Helpful Counsels of the Spiritual Life", (ii) "Directives for the Interior Life", (iii) "On Interior Consolation", and (iv) "On the Blessed Sacrament". The devotional approach of The Imitation of Christ emphasises the interior life and withdrawal from the mundanities of the world, as opposed to the active imitation of Christ practised by other friars. The devotions of the books emphasise devotion to the Eucharist as the key element of spiritual life.

Eknath Easwaran

Eknath Easwaran was an Indian-born spiritual teacher, author and translator and interpreter of Indian religious texts such as the Bhagavad Gita and the Upanishads.

<i>Passage Meditation</i>

Passage Meditation is a book by Eknath Easwaran, originally published in 1978 with the title Meditation. The book describes a meditation program, also now commonly referred to as Passage Meditation. Easwaran developed this method of meditation in the 1960s, and first taught it systematically at the University of California, Berkeley.

St. Thomas College, Thrissur

St Thomas' College (Autonomous), Thrissur is a Government Aided college located in Thrissur City, the Cultural Capital of Kerala, India. Founded by Mar Adolph Medlycott in 1889, this college played a very important role in the development of the State. It is the oldest college in the erstwhile princely state of Cochin and present day Thrissur district. It is the second private college to be recognised as a first grade college under University of Madras, in then existed princely states of Travancore, Cochin and Malabar which later became mostly the present geographical area of Kerala. It is the first Catholic college in Kerala and is conducted by the Syro-Malabar Catholic Archdiocese of Thrissur. Mar Andrews Thazhath is the Patron and Mar Tony Neelankavil is the Manager of the College now.
The college is affiliated to University of Calicut. The College attained Autonomous status in 2014 and was recognised as College with Potential for Excellence by University Grants Commission in 2016. The College was awarded A Grade in its third cycle of reaccreditation by National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) after the peer team review in 2016.

Seven Social Sins is a list that Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi published in his weekly newspaper Young India on October 22, 1925. Later he gave this same list to his grandson, Arun Gandhi, written on a piece of paper on their final day together shortly before his assassination. The Seven Sins are:

  1. Wealth without work.
  2. Pleasure without conscience.
  3. Knowledge without character.
  4. Commerce without morality.
  5. Science without humanity.
  6. Religion without sacrifice.
  7. Politics without principle.
<i>Nonviolent Soldier of Islam</i>

Nonviolent Soldier of Islam is a biography of Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (1890-1988), an ally of Gandhi's in the Indian independence movement. Originally written by Eknath Easwaran in English, foreign editions have also been published in Arabic and several other languages. The book was originally published in the United States in 1984 as A Man to Match His Mountains: Badshah Khan, nonviolent soldier of Islam. A second edition was published in 1999 with the title Nonviolent soldier of Islam: Badshah Khan, a man to match his mountains. Both editions include an afterword by Timothy Flinders. The 1999 US edition contains a new foreword by Easwaran, and an enlarged section of photographs of Khan. The book has been reviewed in magazines, newspapers, and professional journals. The book inspired the making of the 2008 film The Frontier Gandhi: Badshah Khan, a Torch for Peace.

<i>Gandhi the Man</i> Biography of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi

Gandhi the Man is a biography of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi written by Eknath Easwaran. The book was originally published in the United States in 1973. Several subsequent expanded editions have been published. Non-English editions have also been published in several languages.

<i>Essence of the Upanishads</i>

Essence of the Upanishads is a translation and commentary on the Katha Upanishad, an ancient Indian scripture. Written by Eknath Easwaran, the book was originally published in the United States in 1981, entitled Dialogue With Death. Non-English editions have also been published in several languages. The book has been reviewed in newspapers, magazines, and elsewhere.

<i>Mantram Handbook</i>

The Mantram Handbook describes methods of using a mantram — sometimes called a Holy Name — in daily living. Benefits are also described. Written by Eknath Easwaran, the book was originally published in the United States in 1977. Several subsequent editions have been published, sometimes under different titles, in the United States, the United Kingdom, and India. Foreign (non-English) editions have also been published in several languages. The book has been reviewed in newspapers, magazines, and websites, and discussed in professional journals. It has also been a focus of scientific research. The subtitle of the fifth (2008) US edition is: a practical guide to choosing your mantram & calming your mind.

Carol Lee Flinders is a writer, independent scholar, educator, speaker, and former syndicated columnist. She received a doctorate in comparative literature from the University of California, Berkeley, with a focus on medieval women's mysticism.

<i>Dhammapada</i> (Easwaran translation) 1986 English-language book

The Dhammapada / Introduced & Translated by Eknath Easwaran is an English-language book originally published in 1986. It contains Easwaran's translation of the Dhammapada, a Buddhist scripture traditionally ascribed to the Buddha himself. The book also contains a substantial overall introduction of about 70 pages, together with introductory notes to each of the Dhammapada's 26 chapters. English-language editions have also been published in the UK and India, and a re-translation of the full book has been published in German. and Korean.

<i>God Makes the Rivers to Flow</i>

God Makes the Rivers to Flow is an anthology of spiritual texts for use in meditation, assembled by Eknath Easwaran. Condensed versions have been published under the titles Timeless Wisdom (book) and Sacred Literature of the World. First published as a book in the US in 1982, progressively enlarged or revised versions of God Makes the Rivers to Flow were also issued in the US in 1991, 2003, and 2009. English editions have been published in India, and a French edition has been published. The book has been reviewed in newspapers, magazines, professional journals, and websites, and utilized in research studies and education.

<i>Gita Dhyanam</i>

The Gītā Dhyānam, also called the Gītā Dhyāna or the Dhyāna Ślokas associated with the Gītā, is a 9-verse Sanskrit poem that has often been attached to the Bhagavad Gita, one of the most important scriptures of Hinduism. In English, its title can be translated literally as "meditation on the Gita," and it is also sometimes called the Invocation to the Gita.

Mgr. John Palocaren (1886–1948) was the founding principal of St. Thomas College, Thrissur. Palocaren was born on 8 September 1886 in the Nadathara Palocaren family, an ancient Syrian Christian family of Kerala State, India. He was ordained as a minister in 1915, served at the St Thomas High School in Thrissur for three years, and was appointed the principal of St Thomas College when it was founded in April 1919. Soon after, he obtained MA in English Literature with distinction from the University of Edinburgh. In 1924 he returned as principal of St Thomas College, a status he retained until 1948. In 1937, he was awarded the status of Monsignor. Palocaren died on 19 August 1948. The 125th anniversary of his birth was celebrated at the college on 8 September 2011.

<i>Love Never Faileth</i>

Love Never Faileth is a practical commentary on Saint Francis, Saint Paul, Saint Augustine, and Mother Teresa. Written by Eknath Easwaran, the book was originally published in the United States in 1984.

<i>Seeing with the Eyes of Love</i>

Seeing with the Eyes of Love by Eknath Easwaran is a practical commentary on The Imitation of Christ, a Christian devotional classic of the early 15th century, believed to be the work of Thomas à Kempis. Easwaran's commentary emphasizes how to translate the Imitation into daily living with the aid of spiritual practices. Seeing with the Eyes of Love was originally published in the United States in 1991. A German translation was published in 1993, and a second U.S. edition was published in 1996. The book has been reviewed in newspapers, magazines, and websites.

<i>The Making of a Teacher</i>

The Making of a Teacher is a spiritual biography of Eknath Easwaran (1910-1999). Written by Tim and Carol Flinders, the book was originally published in the United States in 1989. Adopting an oral history approach, the book recounts numerous conversations with Easwaran that describe his childhood, career as a professor of English literature, spiritual awakening, and service as a spiritual teacher in the United States. The book also profiles his current way of life, and relationship with his grandmother, his spiritual teacher. An Indian edition was published in 2002. The book has been reviewed in newspapers, and also excerpted.

<i>Conquest of Mind</i>

Conquest of Mind is a book that describes practices and strategies for leading the spiritual life. Written by Eknath Easwaran, the strategies are intended to be usable within any major religious tradition, or outside of all traditions. The book was originally published in the United States in 1988. Multiple revised English-language editions have been published, and translations have also appeared in several other European and Asian languages. The book has been reviewed in newspapers and magazines.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Eknath Easwaran (2006). Η αρχέγονη καλοσύνη (Original Goodness) (Dēmētrēs Koutsoukēs, trans.). Athens, Greece: Kastaniotis. ISBN   978-960-03-4203-1 (270 pages)
  2. 1 2 3 Eknath Easwaran (1996). Bondade originária (Original Goodness). São Paulo, Brazil: Editora de Cultura Espiritual. ISBN   85-85009-25-X (270 pages).
  3. 1 2 3 Eknath Easwaran (1989). La Bondad (Goodness) (Cristina Sardoy, trans.). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Atlantida. ISBN   978-950-08-0944-3, ISBN   950-08-0944-3, OCLC   31024952 (270 pages).
  4. 1 2 3 Eknath Easwaran (1999). La Bondad (Goodness) (Cristina Sardoy, trans.). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Atlantida. ISBN   978-950-08-2155-1, ISBN   950-08-2155-9, OCLC   43800860 (270 pages).
  5. ↑ Non-US editions of Nilgiri Press Books Archived 2013-01-12 at archive.today (accessed 17 December 2011)}.
  6. ↑ The 3-volume Classics of Christian Inspiration includes Love never faileth, Original goodness, and Seeing with the eyes of love( ISBN   0915132907, ISBN   0-915132-92-3, ISBN   0-915132-88-5, respectively).
  7. 1 2 William C. Graham (February 9, 1990). "Original goodness: Strategies for uncovering your hidden spiritual resources". National Catholic Reporter . 26 (16). p. 18. ISSN   0027-8939. OCLC   34303149.
  8. 1 2 3 JWG (James William Gray) (1997). "Master of meditation shares ancient wisdom [review of classics of Christian inspiration, by Eknath Easwaran]". Prairie Messenger. 75 (July 16): 9. ISSN   0032-664X. OCLC   19044282. Archived from the original on 2011-07-27.
  9. 1 2 3 C. S. Ramakrishnan (June 10, 1997). "Cleansing the doors of perception [review of discovering your hidden spiritual resources, by Eknath Easwaran]". The Hindu . p. 28. ISSN   0971-751X. OCLC   13119119.
  10. 1 2 3 St. Pierre, Paul Matthew (1997). "Easwaran's Classicism". The B.C. Catholic. 67 (April 27). p. 5. ISSN   0007-0483. OCLC   2321752.
  11. 1 2 3 James Conner (May 1990). "Book review: Original Goodness". Bulletin of Monastic Interreligious Dialogue. Monastic Interreligious Dialogue. 38. ISSN   1097-671X. OCLC   32171834.
  12. 1 2 S.H. (Winter 1989). "Original Goodness [review of book by Eknath Easwaran]". Organica. 8 (30): 17. ISSN   0897-2648. OCLC   17454758.
  13. 1 2 3 Mary Ford Grabowsky (1990). "Untitled [review of original goodness, by Eknath Easwaran]". Fellowship in Prayer. Princeton, NJ: Fellowship in Prayer, Inc. 41 (1): 46. ISSN   0014-9837. OCLC   3372402.
  14. 1 2 Travis DuPriest (February 9, 1997). "Spiritual guides and resources [ review of classics of Christian inspiration, by Eknath Easwaran]". The Living Church . Milwaukee, WI: Living Church Foundation. 214 (6): 18. ISSN   0024-5240. OCLC   3681962.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 Mark R. Steed (1991). "Untitled [review of original goodness, by Eknath Easwaran]". Toronto Journal of Theology. Toronto School of Theology. 7 (1): 137–138. ISSN   0826-9831. OCLC   12735972.
  16. 1 2 Easwaran explains that he has used the version of the Beatitudes from the Gospel of Saint Matthew. "I have chosen Matthew over Luke not for any theological reason, but because these are the words written on my memory half a century ago by a man I revered: the principal of a small Catholic College in Kerala, South India, who taught me through his personal example what Christ's teachings mean in daily living" (Original Goodness, p. 26, 1996 edition).
  17. ↑ in Original Goodness, p. 7 (1996 edition), where elipses also appear between "uncreatable" and "to."
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Eknath, Eknath (1996). Original goodness: On the Beatitudes of the Sermon on the Mount (2nd ed.). Tomales, CA: Nilgiri Press. ISBN   0-915132-92-3. OCLC   35174734.
  19. ↑ Easwaran states that Eckhart's words, "testify to a discovery about the nature of the human spirit as revolutionary as Einstein's theories about the nature of the universe. If truly understood, that discovery would transform the world we live in at least as radically as Einstein's theories changed the world of science..... If we could grasp the mystery of Eckhart's 'uncreated light in the soul'... the transformation in our thinking would set our world right side up" (Original Goodness, 1996 edition, pp. 7-8).
  20. ↑ see pp. 31-33 of the 1996 edition.
  21. ↑ "You will find it helpful to keep adding to your repertoire so that the passages you meditate on do not grow stale. My book God Makes the Rivers to Flow contains other passages that I recommend, drawn from many traditions. But whatever your background, I suggest you begin by giving Saint Francis a try" (Original Goodness, p. 32, 1996 edition).
  22. ↑ Eknath Easwaran (1989). "A disposition for benevolence [excerpt from Original Goodness]". The Quest. 1 (Winter): 17–31. ISSN   1040-533X. OCLC   18441178. OCLC   705778309
  23. ↑ Eknath Easwaran (June 1997). "Humility: Secret to happiness". Unity Magazine. Unity Village, MO: Unity School of Christianity. 177 (6): 6–13. OCLC   34794943.
  24. ↑ Richard Rohr (January 2018). "Daily Meditations". Center for Action and Contemplation.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.