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Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir is a Sudanese former military officer and politician who served as Sudan's head of state under various titles from 1989 until 2019,when he was deposed in a coup d'état. He was subsequently incarcerated,tried and convicted on multiple corruption charges. He came to power in 1989 when,as a brigadier general in the Sudanese Army,he led a group of officers in a military coup that ousted the democratically elected government of prime minister Sadiq al-Mahdi after it began negotiations with rebels in the south;he subsequently replaced President Ahmed al-Mirghani as head of state. He was elected three times as president in elections that have been under scrutiny for electoral fraud. In 1992,al-Bashir founded the National Congress Party,which remained the dominant political party in the country until 2019. In March 2009,al-Bashir became the first sitting head of state to be indicted by the International Criminal Court (ICC),for allegedly directing a campaign of mass killing,rape,and pillage against civilians in Darfur. On 11 February 2020,the Government of Sudan announced that it had agreed to hand over al-Bashir to the ICC for trial.
Darfur is a region of western Sudan. Dār is an Arabic word meaning "home [of]" –the region was named Dardaju while ruled by the Daju,who migrated from Meroëc. 350 AD,and it was renamed Dartunjur when the Tunjur ruled the area. Darfur was an independent sultanate for several hundred years until 1874,when it fell to the Sudanese warlord Rabih az-Zubayr. The region was later invaded and incorporated into Sudan by Anglo-Egyptian forces in 1916. As an administrative region,Darfur is divided into five federal states:Central Darfur,East Darfur,North Darfur,South Darfur and West Darfur. Because of the War in Darfur between Sudanese government forces and the indigenous population,the region has been in a state of humanitarian emergency and genocide since 2003. The factors include religious and ethnic rivalry,and the rivalry between farmers and herders.
North Darfur State is one of the wilayat or states of Sudan. It is one of the five states composing the Darfur region. It has an area of 296,420 km2 and an estimated population of approximately 2,304,950 in 2018. Al-Fashir is the capital of the state. Other significant towns include Ailliet,Kebkabiya,Kutum,Mellit (Malit),Tawilah and Umm Keddada.
Kordofan is a former province of central Sudan. In 1994 it was divided into three new federal states:North Kordofan,South Kordofan and West Kordofan. In August 2005,West Kordofan State was abolished and its territory divided between North and South Kordofan States,as part of the implementation of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement between the Government of Sudan and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement. West Kordofan was reestablished in July 2013.
The Justice and Equality Movement is an opposition group in Sudan founded by Khalil Ibrahim. Gibril Ibrahim has led the group since January 2012 after the death of Khalil,his brother,in December 2011. The JEM supported the removal of President of Sudan,Omar al-Bashir and nation-wide government reform.
The Zaghawa people,also called Beri or Zakhawa,are an ethnic group primarily residing in southwestern Libya,northeastern Chad,and western Sudan,including Darfur.
The Sudan Liberation Movement/Army is a Sudanese rebel group active in Darfur,Sudan. It was founded as the Darfur Liberation Front by members of three indigenous ethnic groups in Darfur:the Fur,the Zaghawa,and the Masalit,among whom were the leaders Abdul Wahid al Nur of the Fur and Minni Minnawi of the Zaghawa.
Khalil Ibrahim was a Sudanese insurgent leader who was the founder of the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) which he led until his death. In the 1990s Ibrahim served in several state governments of Sudan.
The Rizeigat,or Rizigat,or Rezeigat are a Muslim and an Arab tribe of the nomadic Bedouin Baggara people in Sudan's Darfur region. The Rizeigat belong to the greater Baggara Arabs fraternity of Darfur and Kordofan and speak Sudanese Arabic. They are primarily nomadic herders and their journeys are dependent upon the seasons of the year. They are a branch of the Juhayna group. They are divided into the Abbala (camel-herding) Rizeigat,who live in northern Darfur and Chad,and the Baggara who inhabit south-east Darfur. In turn they are divided into several large clans,notably the Mahamid,Mahariya and Nawaiba. The ecological differences between the north and south of Sudan allowed for two different types of nomadism to evolve:camel herders in the north and cattle herders in the south.
The War in Darfur,also nicknamed the Land Cruiser War,was a major armed conflict in the Darfur region of Sudan that began in February 2003 when the Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) rebel groups began fighting against the government of Sudan,which they accused of oppressing Darfur's non-Arab population. The government responded to attacks by carrying out a campaign of ethnic cleansing against Darfur's non-Arabs. This resulted in the death of hundreds of thousands of civilians and the indictment of Sudan's president,Omar al-Bashir,for genocide,war crimes,and crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court.
Tama are a non-Arab,African ethnic group of people who live in eastern Chad and western Sudan. They speak Tama,a Nilo-Saharan language. The population is 200,000–300,000 people and they practice Islam. Many Tama are subsistence farmers who live in permanent settlements and some raise livestock. In the civil war in Chad the Tama were involved in ethnic conflicts with the Zaghawa tribe.
Suliman Arcua Minnawi,also known as "Minni Minnawi",is a Sudanese politician who was the leader of the largest faction of the Sudanese Liberation Army. A former educator,Minnawi was the Secretary of Sudan Liberation Army leader,Abdul Wahid Nur,before the organisation split in 2004. Minnawi signed a treaty,known as the Darfur Peace Agreement,with the Khartoum government in May 2006. Nevertheless,in July 2006,fighting broke out around the North Darfur town of Korma,resulting in the deaths of at least 80 people. In the same year,Minnawi was appointed the top Sudanese official in the Darfur region,as chairman of the Transitional Darfur Regional Authority,and was technically the fourth ranking member of the Presidency,as Senior Assistant to the President of the Republic.
The 2004 Chadian coup d'état attempt was an attempted coup d'état against the Chadian President Idriss Déby that was foiled on the night of May 16,2004.
Ahmed Ibrahim Ali Diraige was the former governor of the Sudanese province of Darfur and late head of the National Redemption Front alliance of rebel groups in the Darfur conflict. He was residing in the United Kingdom.
Ahmed Mohammed Haroun is one of five Sudanese men wanted by the International Criminal Court (ICC) for war crimes and crimes against humanity in Darfur. Despite international pressure on the government of Sudan to surrender him to the ICC,Haroun served as Sudan's Minister of State for Humanitarian Affairs until May 2009,when he was appointed to the governorship of South Kordofan. In September 2007,he was appointed to lead an investigation into human rights violations in Darfur. In July 2013 he resigned as Governor of South Kordofan,and was reappointed by Omar al-Bashir as Governor of North Kordofan. On 1 March 2019,President Omar al-Bashir handed over the running of the country's leading political party,the National Congress,to him. He was arrested in April 2019 by local authorities in Sudan following a coup which overthrew al-Bashir.
Musa Hilal is a Sudanese Arab tribal chief and militia leader and adviser to the Sudanese Minister of Internal Affairs. His Um Jalul clan exercised tribal leadership of the Arab Mahamid tribe in Darfur. The Mahamid are part of a larger confederation of camel-herding (Abbala) tribes of the Northern Rizeigat. Musa is the leader of the Janjaweed militia,which was responsible for a massive military campaign against civilians in Darfur in 2003,as part of a counterinsurgency effort against Darfur rebel groups. On 21 January 2008,the Federal Government of Sudan announced the nomination of Musa Hilal as the chief advisor of the Ministry of Federal Affairs in Sudan. This position allows Mr. Musa to coordinate with regional leaders surrounding Darfur,as well as with Arab tribal groups,on the relations of the military regime.
Zaghawa is a Nilo-Saharan language spoken by the Zaghawa people of east-central Chad and northwestern Sudan (Darfur). The people who speak this language call it Beria,from Beri,the endonym of the Zaghawa people,and a,Zaghawa for "mouth". It has been estimated that there are about 447,400 native speakers of the Zaghawa language,who primarily live in Chad and the Darfur region of Sudan. It is also spoken by a smaller number of speakers in Libya.
The populations of eastern Chad and western Sudan established social and religious ties long before either nation's independence,and these remained strong despite disputes between governments. In recent times,relations have been strained due to the conflict in Darfur and a civil war in Chad,which both governments accuse the other of supporting.
Throughout the ongoing Darfur genocide in the Darfur war there has been a systematic campaign of rape,which has been used as a weapon of war,in the ethnic cleansing of black Africans from the region. The majority of rapes have been carried out by the Sudanese government forces and the Janjaweed paramilitary groups. The actions of the Janjaweed have been described as genocidal rape,with not just women,but children also being raped,as well as babies being bludgeoned to death and the sexual mutilation of victims being commonplace.
The Darfur genocide is the systematic killing of ethnic Darfuri people which has occurred during the War in Darfur and the ongoing War in Sudan (2023–present) in Darfur. It has become known as the first genocide of the 21st century. The genocide,which is being carried out against the Fur,Masalit and Zaghawa ethnic groups,has led the International Criminal Court (ICC) to indict several people for crimes against humanity,rape,forced transfer and torture. An estimated 200,000 people were killed between 2003 and 2005.
References
- ↑ "Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan". www.sudantribune.com. Archived from the original on 2018-12-07. Retrieved 2018-12-06.
- ↑ [ dead link ]
- ↑ https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/darfur-armed-opposition-groups-and-coalitions
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