Equatoria is the southernmost region of South Sudan,along the upper reaches of the White Nile and the border between South Sudan and Uganda. Juba,the national capital and the largest city in South Sudan,is located in Equatoria. Originally a province of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan,it also contained most of northern parts of present-day Uganda,including Lake Albert and West Nile. It was an idealistic effort to create a model state in the interior of Africa that never consisted of more than a handful of adventurers and soldiers in isolated outposts.
Gaafar Muhammad an-Nimeiry was a Sudanese military officer and politician who served as the fourth head of state of Sudan from 1969 to 1985,first as Chairman of the National Revolutionary Command Council and then as President.
The Addis Ababa Agreement,also known as the Addis Ababa Accord,was a set of compromises within a 1972 treaty that ended the First Sudanese Civil War (1955–1972) fighting in Sudan. The Addis Ababa accords were incorporated in the Constitution of Sudan.
The Second Sudanese Civil War was a conflict from 1983 to 2005 between the central Sudanese government and the Sudan People's Liberation Army. It was largely a continuation of the First Sudanese Civil War of 1955 to 1972. Although it originated in southern Sudan,the civil war spread to the Nuba mountains and the Blue Nile. It lasted for almost 22 years and is one of the longest civil wars on record. The war resulted in the independence of South Sudan 6 years after the war ended.
Sadiq al-Mahdi,also known as Sadiq as-Siddiq,was a Sudanese political and religious figure who was Prime Minister of Sudan from 1966 to 1967 and again from 1986 to 1989. He was head of the National Umma Party and Imam of the Ansar,a Sufi order that pledges allegiance to Muhammad Ahmad (1844–1885),who claimed to be the Mahdi,the messianic saviour of Islam.
The First Sudanese Civil War was fought from 1955 to 1972 between the northern part of Sudan and the southern Sudan region which demanded representation and more regional autonomy. The war was divided into four major stages:initial guerrilla warfare,the creation of the Anyanya insurgency,political strife within the government,and establishment of the South Sudan Liberation Movement. Around a million people died over the course of the nearly 17-year long war.
The Anyanya were a southern Sudanese separatist rebel army formed during the First Sudanese Civil War (1955–1972). A separate movement that rose during the Second Sudanese Civil War were,in turn,called Anyanya II. Anyanya means "snake venom" in the Ma'di language.
The Sudan People's Liberation Movement is a political party in South Sudan. It was initially founded as the political wing of the Sudan People's Liberation Army in 1983. On January 9,2005 the SPLA,the SPLM and the Government of Sudan signed the Comprehensive Peace Agreement,ending the civil war. SPLM then obtained representation in the Government of Sudan,and was the main constituent of the Government of the then semi-autonomous Southern Sudan. When South Sudan became a sovereign state on 9 July 2011,SPLM became the ruling party of the new republic. SPLM branches in Sudan separated themselves from SPLM,forming the Sudan People's Liberation Movement–North. Further factionalism appeared as a result of the 2013–2014 South Sudanese Civil War,with President Salva Kiir leading the SPLM-Juba and former Vice President Riek Machar leading the Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition.
The Republic of the Sudan was established as an independent sovereign state upon the termination of the condominium of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan,over which sovereignty had been vested jointly in Egypt and the United Kingdom. On December 19,1955,the Sudanese parliament,under Ismail al-Azhari's leadership,unanimously adopted a declaration of independence that became effective on January 1,1956. During the early years of the Republic,despite political divisions,a parliamentary system was established with a five member Supreme Commission as head of state. In 1958,after a military coup,General Ibrahim Abboud was installed as president. The Republic was disestablished when a coup led by Colonel Gaafar Nimeiry founded the Democratic Republic of Sudan in 1969.
On 25 May 1969,several young officers calling themselves the Free Officers Movement seized power in Sudan in a coup d'état and started the Nimeiry era,also called the May Regime,in the history of Sudan. At the conspiracy's core were nine officers led by Colonel Gaafar Nimeiry,who had been implicated in plots against the Abboud regime. Nimeiry's coup preempted plots by other groups,most of which involved army factions supported by the Sudanese Communist Party (SCP),Arab nationalists,or conservative religious groups. He justified the coup on the grounds that civilian politicians had paralyzed the decision-making process,had failed to deal with the country's economic and regional problems,and had left Sudan without a permanent constitution.
This article covers the period of the history of Sudan between 1985 and 2019 when the Sudanese Defense Minister Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab seized power from Sudanese President Gaafar Nimeiry in the 1985 Sudanese coup d'état. Not long after,Lieutenant General Omar al-Bashir,backed by an Islamist political party,the National Islamic Front,overthrew the short lived government in a coup in 1989 where he ruled as President until his fall in April 2019. During Bashir's rule,also referred to as Bashirist Sudan,or as they called themselves the al-Ingaz regime,he was re-elected three times while overseeing the independence of South Sudan in 2011. His regime was criticized for human rights abuses,atrocities and genocide in Darfur and allegations of harboring and supporting terrorist groups in the region while being subjected to United Nations sanctions beginning in 1995,resulting in Sudan's isolation as an international pariah.
The Libyan–Sudanese relations refers to the long historical relations between Libya and Sudan,both are Arab countries.
The Sudanese Communist Party is a communist party in Sudan. Founded in 1946,it was a major force in Sudanese politics in the early post-independence years,and was one of the two most influential communist parties in the Arab world,the other being the Iraqi Communist Party.
Anyanya II is the name taken in 1978 by a group of the 64 tribes of South Sudan dissidents who took up arms in All of Sudan. The name implies continuity with the Anyanya,or Anya-Nya,movement of the First Sudanese Civil War (1955-1972).
Abdullahi Mohammad Ahmad Hassan was a Sudanese politician who was a member of parliament,government minister and diplomat.
Joseph Oduho Haworu was a leading politician from southern Sudan who was active in the struggle for independence and a founding member of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM).
Gordon Muortat Mayen Maborjok (1922–2008) was a Sudanese revolutionary and politician and advocate for Southern Sudan's independence. He was the President of the Nile Provisional Government (NPG) which led the Anyanya during the First Sudanese Civil War. Muortat also served as Vice-President of the Southern Front (SF) and Foreign Minister in the Southern Sudan Provisional Government (SSPG).
The 1985 Sudanese coup d'état was a military coup that occurred in Sudan on 6 April 1985. The coup was staged by a group of military officers and led by the Defense Minister and Armed Forces Commander-in-Chief,Field Marshal Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab,against the government of President Gaafar Nimeiry.
In early 1972,Gaafar Nimeiry visited Saudi Arabia and engaged in dialogue with Sharif Hussein al-Hindi,the opposition leader,at the request of King Faisal of Saudi Arabia. The dialogue revolved around addressing past grievances and the political landscape. Nimeiry attributed past massacres to communists while Sharif criticised Nimeiry's regime. Offers and suggestions were exchanged,including Nimeiry proposing the Vice Presidency to Sharif,but no agreement was reached. Disappointed with the outcome,Sharif planned an attack on Khartoum with Libyan support.
Since gaining independence in 1956,Sudan has witnessed a protracted series of coups d'état,totalling 19 coup attempts,of which 7 were successful,which places Sudan as the African nation with the most coup attempts and it ranks second globally,just behind Bolivia,which has recorded 23 coup attempts since 1950. This include the 1958 self coup,the 1985 and 2019 soft coups,and 1957 and 1959 putsch.
