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Ghrelin is a hormone produced by enteroendocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract, especially the stomach, and is often called a "hunger hormone" because it increases the drive to eat. Blood levels of ghrelin are highest before meals when hungry, returning to lower levels after mealtimes. Ghrelin may help prepare for food intake by increasing gastric motility and stimulating the secretion of gastric acid.
Anti-obesity medication or weight loss medications are pharmacological agents that reduce or control weight. These medications alter one of the fundamental processes of the human body, weight regulation, by altering either appetite, or absorption of calories. The main treatment modalities for overweight and individuals with obesity remain dieting and physical exercise.
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Obesity is defined as an abnormal accumulation of body fat, usually 20% or more over an individual's ideal body weight. This is often described as a body mass index (BMI) over 30. However, BMI does not account for whether the excess weight is fat or muscle, and is not a measure of body composition. For most people, however, BMI is an indication used worldwide to estimate nutritional status. Obesity is usually the result of consuming more calories than the body needs and not expending that energy by doing exercise. There are genetic causes and hormonal disorders that cause people to gain significant amounts of weight but this is rare. People in the obese category are much more likely to suffer from fertility problems than people of normal healthy weight.
References
- ↑ "Oxyntomodulin regulates resetting of the liver circadian clock by food". www.uni-luebeck.de. University of Lübeck. 30 April 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
- ↑ Hsu, Charlotte (27 January 2016). "Scientists pursue a diabetes drug that also fights obesity". phys.org. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
- ↑ Shankar, Sudha S.; Shankar, R. Ravi; Mixson, Lori A.; Miller, Deborah L.; Pramanik, Barnali; O'Dowd, Amy K.; Williams, Donna M.; Frederick, Clay B.; Beals, Chan R.; Stoch, S. Aubrey; Steinberg, Helmut O. (June 2018). "Native Oxyntomodulin Has Significant Glucoregulatory Effects Independent of Weight Loss in Obese Humans With and Without Type 2 Diabetes". Diabetes. 67 (6): 1105–1112. doi: 10.2337/db17-1331 . ISSN 1939-327X. PMID 29545266.
- ↑ Wynne, Katie; Park, Adrian J.; Small, Caroline J.; Patterson, Michael; Ellis, Sandra M.; Murphy, Kevin G.; Wren, Alison M.; Frost, Gary S.; Meeran, Karim; Ghatei, Mohammad A.; Bloom, Stephen R. (2005-08-01). "Subcutaneous Oxyntomodulin Reduces Body Weight in Overweight and Obese Subjects: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Trial". Diabetes. 54 (8): 2390–2395. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.54.8.2390 . ISSN 0012-1797. PMID 16046306.
