P4HB

Last updated
P4HB
Protein P4HB PDB 1bjx.png
Available structures
PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
Aliases P4HB , DSI, ERBA2L, GIT, P4Hbeta, PDI, PDIA1, PHDB, PO4DB, PO4HB, PROHB, CLCRP1, prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit beta
External IDs OMIM: 176790; MGI: 97464; HomoloGene: 55495; GeneCards: P4HB; OMA:P4HB - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

5034

18453

Ensembl

ENSG00000185624

ENSMUSG00000025130

UniProt

P07237

P09103

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_000918

NM_011032

RefSeq (protein)

NP_000909

NP_035162

Location (UCSC) Chr 17: 81.84 – 81.86 Mb Chr 11: 120.45 – 120.46 Mb
PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Protein disulfide-isomerase, also known as the beta-subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase (P4HB), is an enzyme that in humans encoded by the P4HB gene. The human P4HB gene is localized in chromosome 17q25. [5] [6] [7] [8] Unlike other prolyl 4-hydroxylase family proteins, this protein is multifunctional and acts as an oxidoreductase for disulfide formation, breakage, and isomerization. [9] The activity of P4HB is tightly regulated. Both dimer dissociation and substrate binding are likely to enhance its enzymatic activity during the catalysis process. [10] [11]

Structure

P4HB has four thioredoxin domains (a, b, b’, and a’), with two CGHC active sites in the a and a’ domains. In both the reduced and oxidized state, these domains are arranged as a horseshoe shape. In reduced P4HB, domains a, b, and b' are in the same plane, while domain a' twists out at a ~45° angle. When oxidized, the four domains stay in the same plane, and the distance between the active sites is larger than that in the reduced state. The oxidized form also exposes more hydrophobic areas and possesses a larger cleft to facilitate substrate binding. [12] [13] P4HB has been shown to dimerize in vivo via noncatalytic bb' domains. Formation of dimer blocks substrate-binding site and inhibits P4HB's activity. [14]

Function

This gene encodes the beta subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase, a highly abundant multifunctional enzyme that belongs to the protein disulfide isomerase family. When present as a tetramer consisting of two alpha and two beta subunits, this enzyme is involved in hydroxylation of prolyl residues in preprocollagen. This enzyme is also a disulfide isomerase containing two thioredoxin domains that catalyze the formation, breakage and rearrangement of disulfide bonds. Other known functions include its ability to act as a chaperone that inhibits aggregation of misfolded proteins in a concentration-dependent manner, its ability to bind thyroid hormone, its role in both the influx and efflux of S-nitrosothiol-bound nitric oxide, and its function as a subunit of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein complex. [6]

Clinical significance

P4HB can be nitrosylated, and elevation of nitrosylated P4HB has been shown in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease brain tissue, as well as in transgenic mutant superoxide dismutase 1 mouse and human sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis spinal cord tissues. [15] [16] In addition to neurodegenerative diseases, P4HB level is upregulated in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) (brain tumor). Inhibition of P4HB attenuates resistance to temozolomide, a standard GBM chemotherapeutic agent, via the PERK arm of endoplasmic reticulum stress response pathway. [17] Furthermore, heterozygous missense mutation in P4HB can cause Cole-Carpenter syndrome, a severe bone fragility disorder. [18]

Interactions

P4HB has been shown to interact with UBQLN1, [19] ERO1LB [20] [21] and ERO1L. [20] [21]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Protein disulfide-isomerase</span> Class of enzymes

Protein disulfide isomerase, or PDI, is an enzyme in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in eukaryotes and the periplasm of bacteria that catalyzes the formation and breakage of disulfide bonds between cysteine residues within proteins as they fold. This allows proteins to quickly find the correct arrangement of disulfide bonds in their fully folded state, and therefore the enzyme acts to catalyze protein folding.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">PDIA3</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Protein disulfide-isomerase A3 (PDIA3), also known as glucose-regulated protein, 58-kD (GRP58), is an isomerase enzyme encoded by the autosomal gene PDIA3 in humans. This protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and interacts with lectin chaperones calreticulin and calnexin (CNX) to modulate folding of newly synthesized glycoproteins. It is thought that complexes of lectins and this protein mediate protein folding by promoting formation of disulfide bonds in their glycoprotein substrates.

Prostaglandin D<sub>2</sub> synthase Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Procollagen-proline dioxygenase</span> Enzyme

Procollagen-proline dioxygenase, commonly known as prolyl hydroxylase, is a member of the class of enzymes known as alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent hydroxylases. These enzymes catalyze the incorporation of oxygen into organic substrates through a mechanism that requires alpha-Ketoglutaric acid, Fe2+, and ascorbate. This particular enzyme catalyzes the formation of (2S, 4R)-4-hydroxyproline, a compound that represents the most prevalent post-translational modification in the human proteome.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PPIB</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase B is an enzyme that is encoded by the PPIB gene. As a member of the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) family, this protein catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds, which allows it to regulate protein folding of type I collagen. Generally, PPIases are found in all eubacteria and eukaryotes, as well as in a few archaebacteria, and thus are highly conserved.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein</span> Large subunit of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">GP1BB</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">CGB7</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">P4HA1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the P4HA1 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Collagen, type XV, alpha 1</span> Protein found in humans

Collagen alpha-1(XV) chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the COL15A1 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Collagen, type XIII, alpha 1</span> Protein found in humans

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">SEP15</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

15 kDa selenoprotein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SEP15 gene. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CGB1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Choriogonadotropin subunit beta variant 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CGB1 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">P4HA2</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the P4HA2 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TPI1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Triosephosphate isomerase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TPI1 gene.

Thioredoxins are small disulfide-containing redox proteins that have been found in all the kingdoms of living organisms. Thioredoxin serves as a general protein disulfide oxidoreductase. It interacts with a broad range of proteins by a redox mechanism based on reversible oxidation of 2 cysteine thiol groups to a disulfide, accompanied by the transfer of 2 electrons and 2 protons. The net result is the covalent interconversion of a disulfide and a dithiol.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">P4HTM</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Prolyl 4-hydroxylase, transmembrane is a protein that in humans is encoded by the P4HTM gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PDIA2</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Protein disulfide isomerase family A member 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PDIA2 gene.

References

  1. 1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000185624 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. 1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000025130 – Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ↑ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ↑ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ↑ Shoulders CC, Brett DJ, Bayliss JD, Narcisi TM, Jarmuz A, Grantham TT, Leoni PR, Bhattacharya S, Pease RJ, Cullen PM (December 1993). "Abetalipoproteinemia is caused by defects of the gene encoding the 97 kDa subunit of a microsomal triglyceride transfer protein". Human Molecular Genetics. 2 (12): 2109–16. doi:10.1093/hmg/2.12.2109. PMID   8111381.
  6. 1 2 "Entrez Gene: P4HB procollagen-proline, 2-oxoglutarate 4-dioxygenase (proline 4-hydroxylase), beta polypeptide".
  7. ↑ Galligan JJ, Petersen DR (July 2012). "The human protein disulfide isomerase gene family". Human Genomics. 6 (1): 6. doi: 10.1186/1479-7364-6-6 . PMC   3500226 . PMID   23245351.
  8. ↑ Pajunen L, Jones TA, Goddard A, Sheer D, Solomon E, Pihlajaniemi T, Kivirikko KI (1991-01-01). "Regional assignment of the human gene coding for a multifunctional polypeptide (P4HB) acting as the beta-subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase and the enzyme protein disulfide isomerase to 17q25". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 56 (3–4): 165–8. doi:10.1159/000133078. PMID   1647289.
  9. ↑ Lumb RA, Bulleid NJ (December 2002). "Is protein disulfide isomerase a redox-dependent molecular chaperone?". The EMBO Journal. 21 (24): 6763–70. doi:10.1093/emboj/cdf685. PMC   139105 . PMID   12485997.
  10. ↑ Bastos-Aristizabal S, Kozlov G, Gehring K (May 2014). "Structural insight into the dimerization of human protein disulfide isomerase". Protein Science. 23 (5): 618–26. doi:10.1002/pro.2444. PMC   4005713 . PMID   24549644.
  11. ↑ Winter J, Klappa P, Freedman RB, Lilie H, Rudolph R (January 2002). "Catalytic activity and chaperone function of human protein-disulfide isomerase are required for the efficient refolding of proinsulin". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (1): 310–7. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M107832200 . PMID   11694508.
  12. ↑ Tian G, Xiang S, Noiva R, Lennarz WJ, Schindelin H (January 2006). "The crystal structure of yeast protein disulfide isomerase suggests cooperativity between its active sites". Cell. 124 (1): 61–73. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2005.10.044 . PMID   16413482. S2CID   17684326.
  13. ↑ Wang C, Li W, Ren J, Fang J, Ke H, Gong W, Feng W, Wang CC (July 2013). "Structural insights into the redox-regulated dynamic conformations of human protein disulfide isomerase". Antioxidants & Redox Signaling. 19 (1): 36–45. doi:10.1089/ars.2012.4630. PMID   22657537.
  14. ↑ Bastos-Aristizabal S, Kozlov G, Gehring K (May 2014). "Structural insight into the dimerization of human protein disulfide isomerase". Protein Science. 23 (5): 618–26. doi:10.1002/pro.2444. PMC   4005713 . PMID   24549644.
  15. ↑ Walker AK, Farg MA, Bye CR, McLean CA, Horne MK, Atkin JD (January 2010). "Protein disulphide isomerase protects against protein aggregation and is S-nitrosylated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis". Brain. 133 (Pt 1): 105–16. doi: 10.1093/brain/awp267 . PMID   19903735.
  16. ↑ Uehara T, Nakamura T, Yao D, Shi ZQ, Gu Z, Ma Y, Masliah E, Nomura Y, Lipton SA (May 2006). "S-nitrosylated protein-disulphide isomerase links protein misfolding to neurodegeneration". Nature. 441 (7092): 513–7. Bibcode:2006Natur.441..513U. doi:10.1038/nature04782. PMID   16724068. S2CID   4423494.
  17. ↑ Sun S, Lee D, Ho AS, Pu JK, Zhang XQ, Lee NP, Day PJ, Lui WM, Fung CF, Leung GK (May 2013). "Inhibition of prolyl 4-hydroxylase, beta polypeptide (P4HB) attenuates temozolomide resistance in malignant glioma via the endoplasmic reticulum stress response (ERSR) pathways". Neuro-Oncology. 15 (5): 562–77. doi:10.1093/neuonc/not005. PMC   3635523 . PMID   23444257.
  18. ↑ Rauch F, Fahiminiya S, Majewski J, Carrot-Zhang J, Boudko S, Glorieux F, Mort JS, Bächinger HP, Moffatt P (March 2015). "Cole-Carpenter syndrome is caused by a heterozygous missense mutation in P4HB". American Journal of Human Genetics. 96 (3): 425–31. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.12.027. PMC   4375435 . PMID   25683117.
  19. ↑ Ko HS, Uehara T, Nomura Y (September 2002). "Role of ubiquilin associated with protein-disulfide isomerase in the endoplasmic reticulum in stress-induced apoptotic cell death". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (38): 35386–92. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M203412200 . PMID   12095988.
  20. 1 2 Anelli T, Alessio M, Mezghrani A, Simmen T, Talamo F, Bachi A, Sitia R (February 2002). "ERp44, a novel endoplasmic reticulum folding assistant of the thioredoxin family". The EMBO Journal. 21 (4): 835–44. doi:10.1093/emboj/21.4.835. PMC   125352 . PMID   11847130.
  21. 1 2 Mezghrani A, Fassio A, Benham A, Simmen T, Braakman I, Sitia R (November 2001). "Manipulation of oxidative protein folding and PDI redox state in mammalian cells". The EMBO Journal. 20 (22): 6288–96. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.22.6288. PMC   125306 . PMID   11707400.

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