P4HB

P4HB
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 1X5C, 1BJX, 2K18, 4JU5, 4EL1, 3BJ5, 1MEK, 2BJX, 3UEM, 4EKZ
Identifiers
Aliases	P4HB , DSI, ERBA2L, GIT, P4Hbeta, PDI, PDIA1, PHDB, PO4DB, PO4HB, PROHB, CLCRP1, prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit beta
External IDs	OMIM: 176790; MGI: 97464; HomoloGene: 55495; GeneCards: P4HB; OMA:P4HB - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 17 (human) [1] Band 17q25.3 Start 81,843,159 bp [1] End 81,860,856 bp [1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 11 (mouse) [2] Band 11 E2|11 84.27 cM Start 120,451,124 bp [2] End 120,464,079 bp [2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in stromal cell of endometrium parotid gland body of pancreas jejunal mucosa mucosa of ileum islet of Langerhans right lobe of liver duodenum anterior pituitary beta cell Top expressed in lacrimal gland gastrula crypt of lieberkuhn of small intestine molar parotid gland Paneth cell calvaria renal corpuscle submandibular gland pyloric antrum More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function isomerase activity integrin binding protein binding procollagen-proline 4-dioxygenase activity protein heterodimerization activity enzyme binding RNA binding protein disulfide isomerase activity Cellular component procollagen-proline 4-dioxygenase complex endoplasmic reticulum lumen membrane focal adhesion melanosome plasma membrane endoplasmic reticulum chaperone complex extracellular region endoplasmic reticulum extracellular exosome external side of plasma membrane endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment extracellular matrix Biological process positive regulation of viral entry into host cell peptidyl-proline hydroxylation to 4-hydroxy-L-proline regulation of oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway cell redox homeostasis response to endoplasmic reticulum stress cellular response to hypoxia protein folding chylomicron assembly very-low-density lipoprotein particle assembly cellular response to oxidative stress post-translational protein modification interleukin-12-mediated signaling pathway interleukin-23-mediated signaling pathway cellular response to interleukin-7 Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 5034 18453 Ensembl ENSG00000185624 ENSMUSG00000025130 UniProt P07237 P09103 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_000918 NM_011032 RefSeq (protein) NP_000909 NP_035162 Location (UCSC) Chr 17: 81.84 – 81.86 Mb Chr 11: 120.45 – 120.46 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Protein disulfide-isomerase, also known as the beta-subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase (P4HB), is an enzyme that in humans encoded by the P4HB gene. The human P4HB gene is localized in chromosome 17q25. ^{[5] [6] [7] [8]} Unlike other prolyl 4-hydroxylase family proteins, this protein is multifunctional and acts as an oxidoreductase for disulfide formation, breakage, and isomerization. ^[9] The activity of P4HB is tightly regulated. Both dimer dissociation and substrate binding are likely to enhance its enzymatic activity during the catalysis process. ^{[10] [11]}

Structure

P4HB has four thioredoxin domains (a, b, b’, and a’), with two CGHC active sites in the a and a’ domains. In both the reduced and oxidized state, these domains are arranged as a horseshoe shape. In reduced P4HB, domains a, b, and b' are in the same plane, while domain a' twists out at a ~45° angle. When oxidized, the four domains stay in the same plane, and the distance between the active sites is larger than that in the reduced state. The oxidized form also exposes more hydrophobic areas and possesses a larger cleft to facilitate substrate binding. ^{[12] [13]} P4HB has been shown to dimerize in vivo via noncatalytic bb' domains. Formation of dimer blocks substrate-binding site and inhibits P4HB's activity. ^[14]

Function

This gene encodes the beta subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase, a highly abundant multifunctional enzyme that belongs to the protein disulfide isomerase family. When present as a tetramer consisting of two alpha and two beta subunits, this enzyme is involved in hydroxylation of prolyl residues in preprocollagen. This enzyme is also a disulfide isomerase containing two thioredoxin domains that catalyze the formation, breakage and rearrangement of disulfide bonds. Other known functions include its ability to act as a chaperone that inhibits aggregation of misfolded proteins in a concentration-dependent manner, its ability to bind thyroid hormone, its role in both the influx and efflux of S-nitrosothiol-bound nitric oxide, and its function as a subunit of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein complex. ^[6]

Clinical significance

P4HB can be nitrosylated, and elevation of nitrosylated P4HB has been shown in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease brain tissue, as well as in transgenic mutant superoxide dismutase 1 mouse and human sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis spinal cord tissues. ^{[15] [16]} In addition to neurodegenerative diseases, P4HB level is upregulated in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) (brain tumor). Inhibition of P4HB attenuates resistance to temozolomide, a standard GBM chemotherapeutic agent, via the PERK arm of endoplasmic reticulum stress response pathway. ^[17] Furthermore, heterozygous missense mutation in P4HB can cause Cole-Carpenter syndrome, a severe bone fragility disorder. ^[18]

Interactions

P4HB has been shown to interact with UBQLN1, ^[19] ERO1LB ^{[20] [21]} and ERO1L. ^{[20] [21]}

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000185624 – Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000025130 – Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. Shoulders CC, Brett DJ, Bayliss JD, Narcisi TM, Jarmuz A, Grantham TT, Leoni PR, Bhattacharya S, Pease RJ, Cullen PM (December 1993). "Abetalipoproteinemia is caused by defects of the gene encoding the 97 kDa subunit of a microsomal triglyceride transfer protein". Human Molecular Genetics. 2 (12): 2109–16. doi:10.1093/hmg/2.12.2109. PMID   8111381.
6. "Entrez Gene: P4HB procollagen-proline, 2-oxoglutarate 4-dioxygenase (proline 4-hydroxylase), beta polypeptide".
7. Galligan JJ, Petersen DR (July 2012). "The human protein disulfide isomerase gene family". Human Genomics. 6 (1): 6. doi: 10.1186/1479-7364-6-6 . PMC   3500226 . PMID   23245351.
8. Pajunen L, Jones TA, Goddard A, Sheer D, Solomon E, Pihlajaniemi T, Kivirikko KI (1991-01-01). "Regional assignment of the human gene coding for a multifunctional polypeptide (P4HB) acting as the beta-subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase and the enzyme protein disulfide isomerase to 17q25". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 56 (3–4): 165–8. doi:10.1159/000133078. PMID   1647289.
9. Lumb RA, Bulleid NJ (December 2002). "Is protein disulfide isomerase a redox-dependent molecular chaperone?". The EMBO Journal. 21 (24): 6763–70. doi:10.1093/emboj/cdf685. PMC   139105 . PMID   12485997.
10. Bastos-Aristizabal S, Kozlov G, Gehring K (May 2014). "Structural insight into the dimerization of human protein disulfide isomerase". Protein Science. 23 (5): 618–26. doi:10.1002/pro.2444. PMC   4005713 . PMID   24549644.
11. Winter J, Klappa P, Freedman RB, Lilie H, Rudolph R (January 2002). "Catalytic activity and chaperone function of human protein-disulfide isomerase are required for the efficient refolding of proinsulin". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (1): 310–7. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M107832200 . PMID   11694508.
12. Tian G, Xiang S, Noiva R, Lennarz WJ, Schindelin H (January 2006). "The crystal structure of yeast protein disulfide isomerase suggests cooperativity between its active sites". Cell. 124 (1): 61–73. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2005.10.044 . PMID   16413482. S2CID   17684326.
13. Wang C, Li W, Ren J, Fang J, Ke H, Gong W, Feng W, Wang CC (July 2013). "Structural insights into the redox-regulated dynamic conformations of human protein disulfide isomerase". Antioxidants & Redox Signaling. 19 (1): 36–45. doi:10.1089/ars.2012.4630. PMID   22657537.
14. Bastos-Aristizabal S, Kozlov G, Gehring K (May 2014). "Structural insight into the dimerization of human protein disulfide isomerase". Protein Science. 23 (5): 618–26. doi:10.1002/pro.2444. PMC   4005713 . PMID   24549644.
15. Walker AK, Farg MA, Bye CR, McLean CA, Horne MK, Atkin JD (January 2010). "Protein disulphide isomerase protects against protein aggregation and is S-nitrosylated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis". Brain. 133 (Pt 1): 105–16. doi: 10.1093/brain/awp267 . PMID   19903735.
16. Uehara T, Nakamura T, Yao D, Shi ZQ, Gu Z, Ma Y, Masliah E, Nomura Y, Lipton SA (May 2006). "S-nitrosylated protein-disulphide isomerase links protein misfolding to neurodegeneration". Nature. 441 (7092): 513–7. Bibcode:2006Natur.441..513U. doi:10.1038/nature04782. PMID   16724068. S2CID   4423494.
17. Sun S, Lee D, Ho AS, Pu JK, Zhang XQ, Lee NP, Day PJ, Lui WM, Fung CF, Leung GK (May 2013). "Inhibition of prolyl 4-hydroxylase, beta polypeptide (P4HB) attenuates temozolomide resistance in malignant glioma via the endoplasmic reticulum stress response (ERSR) pathways". Neuro-Oncology. 15 (5): 562–77. doi:10.1093/neuonc/not005. PMC   3635523 . PMID   23444257.
18. Rauch F, Fahiminiya S, Majewski J, Carrot-Zhang J, Boudko S, Glorieux F, Mort JS, Bächinger HP, Moffatt P (March 2015). "Cole-Carpenter syndrome is caused by a heterozygous missense mutation in P4HB". American Journal of Human Genetics. 96 (3): 425–31. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.12.027. PMC   4375435 . PMID   25683117.
19. Ko HS, Uehara T, Nomura Y (September 2002). "Role of ubiquilin associated with protein-disulfide isomerase in the endoplasmic reticulum in stress-induced apoptotic cell death". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (38): 35386–92. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M203412200 . PMID   12095988.
20. Anelli T, Alessio M, Mezghrani A, Simmen T, Talamo F, Bachi A, Sitia R (February 2002). "ERp44, a novel endoplasmic reticulum folding assistant of the thioredoxin family". The EMBO Journal. 21 (4): 835–44. doi:10.1093/emboj/21.4.835. PMC   125352 . PMID   11847130.
21. Mezghrani A, Fassio A, Benham A, Simmen T, Braakman I, Sitia R (November 2001). "Manipulation of oxidative protein folding and PDI redox state in mammalian cells". The EMBO Journal. 20 (22): 6288–96. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.22.6288. PMC   125306 . PMID   11707400.

Further reading

• Galligan JJ, Petersen DR (July 2012). "The human protein disulfide isomerase gene family". Human Genomics. 6 (1): 6. doi: 10.1186/1479-7364-6-6 . PMC   3500226 . PMID   23245351.
• Wilkinson B, Gilbert HF (June 2004). "Protein disulfide isomerase". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics. 1699 (1–2): 35–44. doi:10.1016/j.bbapap.2004.02.017. PMID   15158710.
• Pihlajaniemi T, Myllylä R, Kivirikko KI (1992). "Prolyl 4-hydroxylase and its role in collagen synthesis". Journal of Hepatology. 13 (Suppl 3): S2-7. doi:10.1016/0168-8278(91)90002-S. PMID   1667665.
• Wilkinson B, Gilbert HF (June 2004). "Protein disulfide isomerase". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics. 1699 (1–2): 35–44. doi:10.1016/j.bbapap.2004.02.017. PMID   15158710.
• Hochstrasser DF, Frutiger S, Paquet N, Bairoch A, Ravier F, Pasquali C, Sanchez JC, Tissot JD, Bjellqvist B, Vargas R (December 1992). "Human liver protein map: a reference database established by microsequencing and gel comparison". Electrophoresis. 13 (12): 992–1001. doi:10.1002/elps.11501301201. PMID   1286669. S2CID   23518983.
• Chessler SD, Byers PH (April 1992). "Defective folding and stable association with protein disulfide isomerase/prolyl hydroxylase of type I procollagen with a deletion in the pro alpha 2(I) chain that preserves the Gly-X-Y repeat pattern". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 267 (11): 7751–7. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)42578-1 . PMID   1339453.
• Vuori K, Myllylä R, Pihlajaniemi T, Kivirikko KI (April 1992). "Expression and site-directed mutagenesis of human protein disulfide isomerase in Escherichia coli. This multifunctional polypeptide has two independently acting catalytic sites for the isomerase activity". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 267 (11): 7211–4. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)42505-7 . PMID   1559965.
• Tasanen K, Oikarinen J, Kivirikko KI, Pihlajaniemi T (June 1992). "Promoter of the gene for the multifunctional protein disulfide isomerase polypeptide. Functional significance of the six CCAAT boxes and other promoter elements". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 267 (16): 11513–9. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)49940-7 . PMID   1597478.
• Bauw G, Rasmussen HH, van den Bulcke M, van Damme J, Puype M, Gesser B, Celis JE, Vandekerckhove J (July 1990). "Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, protein electroblotting and microsequencing: a direct link between proteins and genes". Electrophoresis. 11 (7): 528–36. doi:10.1002/elps.1150110703. PMID   1699755. S2CID   24768114.
• Ward LD, Hong J, Whitehead RH, Simpson RJ (October 1990). "Development of a database of amino acid sequences for human colon carcinoma proteins separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis". Electrophoresis. 11 (10): 883–91. doi:10.1002/elps.1150111019. PMID   2079031. S2CID   21541503.
• Tasanen K, Parkkonen T, Chow LT, Kivirikko KI, Pihlajaniemi T (November 1988). "Characterization of the human gene for a polypeptide that acts both as the beta subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase and as protein disulfide isomerase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 263 (31): 16218–24. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)37581-1 . PMID   2846539.
• Koivu J, Myllylä R, Helaakoski T, Pihlajaniemi T, Tasanen K, Kivirikko KI (May 1987). "A single polypeptide acts both as the beta subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase and as a protein disulfide-isomerase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 262 (14): 6447–9. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)48259-2 . PMID   3032969.
• Pihlajaniemi T, Helaakoski T, Tasanen K, Myllylä R, Huhtala ML, Koivu J, Kivirikko KI (March 1987). "Molecular cloning of the beta-subunit of human prolyl 4-hydroxylase. This subunit and protein disulphide isomerase are products of the same gene". The EMBO Journal. 6 (3): 643–9. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb04803.x. PMC   553446 . PMID   3034602.
• Morris JI, Varandani PT (February 1988). "Characterization of a cDNA for human glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase (protein-disulfide isomerase/oxidoreductase)". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression. 949 (2): 169–80. doi:10.1016/0167-4781(88)90080-2. PMID   3342239.
• Gosden JR, Middleton PG, Rout D, De Angelis C (1987). "Chromosomal localization of the human oncogene ERBA2". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 43 (3–4): 150–3. doi:10.1159/000132313. PMID   3467900.
• Cheng SY, Gong QH, Parkison C, Robinson EA, Appella E, Merlino GT, Pastan I (August 1987). "The nucleotide sequence of a human cellular thyroid hormone binding protein present in endoplasmic reticulum". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 262 (23): 11221–7. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)60947-0 . PMID   3611107.
• Helaakoski T, Annunen P, Vuori K, MacNeil IA, Pihlajaniemi T, Kivirikko KI (May 1995). "Cloning, baculovirus expression, and characterization of a second mouse prolyl 4-hydroxylase alpha-subunit isoform: formation of an alpha 2 beta 2 tetramer with the protein disulfide-isomerase/beta subunit". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 92 (10): 4427–31. Bibcode:1995PNAS...92.4427H. doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.10.4427 . PMC   41957 . PMID   7753822.
• Kemmink J, Darby NJ, Dijkstra K, Scheek RM, Creighton TE (December 1995). "Nuclear magnetic resonance characterization of the N-terminal thioredoxin-like domain of protein disulfide isomerase". Protein Science. 4 (12): 2587–93. doi:10.1002/pro.5560041216. PMC   2143042 . PMID   8580850.
• Kemmink J, Darby NJ, Dijkstra K, Nilges M, Creighton TE (June 1996). "Structure determination of the N-terminal thioredoxin-like domain of protein disulfide isomerase using multidimensional heteronuclear 13C/15N NMR spectroscopy". Biochemistry. 35 (24): 7684–91. doi:10.1021/bi960335m. PMID   8672469.
• Ji H, Reid GE, Moritz RL, Eddes JS, Burgess AW, Simpson RJ (1997). "A two-dimensional gel database of human colon carcinoma proteins". Electrophoresis. 18 (3–4): 605–13. doi:10.1002/elps.1150180344. PMID   9150948. S2CID   25454450.