Paeonol

Last updated
Paeonol
Paeonol.svg
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
1-(2-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)ethan-1-one
Other names
2'-Hydroxy-4'-methoxyacetophenone
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.008.194 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
PubChem CID
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C9H10O3/c1-6(10)8-4-3-7(12-2)5-9(8)11/h3-5,11H,1-2H3
    Key: UILPJVPSNHJFIK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
  • InChI=1/C9H10O3/c1-6(10)8-4-3-7(12-2)5-9(8)11/h3-5,11H,1-2H3
    Key: UILPJVPSNHJFIK-UHFFFAOYAG
  • CC(=O)C1=C(C=C(C=C1)OC)O
Properties
C9H10O3
Molar mass 166.176 g·mol−1
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Paeonol is a phenolic compound found in peonies [2] such as Paeonia suffruticosa (moutan cortex), [3] [4] in Arisaema erubescens , [5] and in Dioscorea japonica . [6] It is a chemical compound found in some traditional Chinese medicines. [7]

Contents

Biological effects

A number of biological effects of paeonol in vitro or in animal models have been observed. Paeonol increases levels of cortical cytochrome oxidase and vascular actin and improves behavior in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease. [8] Paeonol also reduced cerebral infarction involving the superoxide anion and microglia activation in ischemia-reperfusion injured rats. [9]

Paeonol shows antimutagenic activities. [3] [6] It also has anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in carrageenan-evoked thermal hyperalgesia. [10] Paeonol inhibits anaphylactic reaction by regulating histamine and TNF-α. [11]

Paeonol has weak MAO-A and MAO-B inhibiting effects with IC50 values of 54.6 μM and 42.5 μM respectively. [12]

Metal complex

Metal complexes of paeonol shows tetrahedral and octahedral coordination geometry in the absence and presence of solvent pyridine respectively. [13]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Monoamine oxidase</span> Family of enzymes

Monoamine oxidases (MAO) are a family of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of monoamines, employing oxygen to clip off their amine group. They are found bound to the outer membrane of mitochondria in most cell types of the body. The first such enzyme was discovered in 1928 by Mary Bernheim in the liver and was named tyramine oxidase. The MAOs belong to the protein family of flavin-containing amine oxidoreductases.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Imperatorin</span> Chemical compound

Imperatorin is a furocoumarin and a phytochemical that has been isolated from Urena lobata L. (Malvaceae), Angelica archangelica, Angelica dahurica, Glehnia littoralis, Saposhnikovia divaricata, Cnidium monnieri, Incarvillea younghusbandii, and Zanthoxylum americanum mill. It is biosynthesized from umbelliferone, a coumarin derivative.

Histamine H<sub>4</sub> receptor Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

The histamine H4 receptor, like the other three histamine receptors, is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily that in humans is encoded by the HRH4 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">WIN 55,212-2</span> Chemical compound

WIN 55,212-2 is a chemical described as an aminoalkylindole derivative, which produces effects similar to those of cannabinoids such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) but has an entirely different chemical structure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mesembrine</span> Chemical compound

Mesembrine is an alkaloid primarily derived from the plant Sceletium tortuosum, commonly known as kanna. This compound is noted for its psychoactive properties, particularly as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, which contributes to its potential use in treating mood disorders and anxiety. Mesembrine has garnered interest in both traditional medicine and modern pharmacology, where it is explored for its effects on enhancing mood and cognitive function. The plant itself has a long history of use by indigenous peoples in southern Africa, who utilized it for its mood-enhancing and stress-relieving effects, often consuming it in various forms such as teas or chews.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TRPV1</span> Human protein for regulating body temperature

The transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1), also known as the capsaicin receptor and the vanilloid receptor 1, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the TRPV1 gene. It was the first isolated member of the transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor proteins that in turn are a sub-family of the transient receptor potential protein group. This protein is a member of the TRPV group of transient receptor potential family of ion channels. Fatty acid metabolites with affinity for this receptor are produced by cyanobacteria, which diverged from eukaryotes at least 2000 million years ago (MYA). The function of TRPV1 is detection and regulation of body temperature. In addition, TRPV1 provides a sensation of scalding heat and pain (nociception). In primary afferent sensory neurons, it cooperates with TRPA1 to mediate the detection of noxious environmental stimuli.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Honokiol</span> Chemical compound

Honokiol is a lignan isolated from the bark, seed cones, and leaves of trees belonging to the genus Magnolia. It has been identified as one of the chemical compounds in some traditional eastern herbal medicines along with magnolol, 4-O-methylhonokiol, and obovatol.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SOD2</span> Enzyme

Superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), also known as manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the SOD2 gene on chromosome 6. A related pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 1. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. This gene is a member of the iron/manganese superoxide dismutase family. It encodes a mitochondrial protein that forms a homotetramer and binds one manganese ion per subunit. This protein binds to the superoxide byproducts of oxidative phosphorylation and converts them to hydrogen peroxide and diatomic oxygen. Mutations in this gene have been associated with idiopathic cardiomyopathy (IDC), premature aging, sporadic motor neuron disease, and cancer.

Peptide T is an HIV entry inhibitor discovered in 1986 by Candace Pert and Michael Ruff, a US neuroscientist and immunologist. Peptide T, and its modified analog Dala1-peptide T-amide (DAPTA), a drug in clinical trials, is a short peptide derived from the HIV envelope protein gp120 which blocks binding and infection of viral strains which use the CCR5 receptor to infect cells.

Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is an endogenous fatty acid amide, and lipid modulator.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amiflamine</span> Chemical compound

Amiflamine (FLA-336) is a reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), thereby being a RIMA, and, to a lesser extent, semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO), as well as a serotonin releasing agent (SRA). It is a derivative of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes. The (+)-enantiomer is the active stereoisomer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Palmatine</span> Chemical compound

Palmatine is a protoberberine alkaloid found in several plants including Phellodendron amurense, Coptis Chinensis and Corydalis yanhusuo, Tinospora cordifolia, Tinospora sagittata, Phellodendron amurense, Stephania yunnanensis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">(+)-Naloxone</span> Drug

(+)-Naloxone (dextro-naloxone) is a drug which is the opposite enantiomer of the opioid antagonist drug (−)-naloxone. Unlike (−)-naloxone, (+)-naloxone has no significant affinity for opioid receptors, but instead has been discovered to act as a selective antagonist of Toll-like receptor 4. This receptor is involved in immune system responses, and activation of TLR4 induces glial activation and release of inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α and Interleukin-1.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vitisin A (stilbenoid)</span> Chemical compound

Vitisin A is a resveratrol tetramer found in plants of the genus Vitis. It is a complex of two resveratrol dimers, (+)-epsilon-viniferin and ampelopsin B.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rottlerin</span> Chemical compound

Rottlerin (mallotoxin) is a polyphenol natural product isolated from the Asian tree Mallotus philippensis. Rottlerin displays a complex spectrum of pharmacology.

<i>N</i>-Arachidonylglycine Chemical compound

N-Arachidonylglycine (NAGly) is a carboxylic metabolite of the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA). Since it was first synthesized in 1996, NAGly has been a primary focus of the relatively contemporary field of lipidomics due to its wide range of signaling targets in the brain, the immune system and throughout various other bodily systems. In combination with 2‐arachidonoyl glycerol (2‐AG), NAGly has enabled the identification of a family of lipids often referred to as endocannabinoids. Recently, NAGly has been found to bind to G-protein coupled receptor 18 (GPR18), the putative abnormal cannabidiol receptor. NaGly is an endogenous inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and thereby increases the ethanolamide endocannabinoids AEA, oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) levels. NaGly is found throughout the body and research on its explicit functions is ongoing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bisacurone</span> Chemical compound

Bisacurone is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C15H24O3 which has been isolated from turmeric (Curcuma longa). In vitro, it has several effects including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-metastatic properties.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Forsythoside B</span> Chemical compound

Forsythoside B is a natural product from the phenylpropanoid/polyphenolic glycoside group, which is found in a number of plant species in the mint order such as Marrubium alysson, Phlomis armeniaca, Scutellaria salviifolia, Phlomoides tuberosa, Phlomoides rotata, Pedicularis longiflora and Teucrium chamaedrys, several of which are used in Chinese traditional medicine in preparations such as Shuanghuanglian (双黄连). It acts as an inhibitor of inflammatory mediators such as TNF-alpha, IL-6, IκB and NF-κB, as well as the temperature sensitive channel TRPV3, but also activates the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway which can cause hypersensitivity reactions when it is injected intravenously.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Periplocin</span> Chemical compound

Periplocin is a plant-derived glycoside whereby the sugar moiety is linked to a steroid. It can be extracted from cortex periplocae (CPP), the dry root of Periploca sepium.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NJK14047</span> Chemical compound

NJK14047 is a drug which acts as a selective inhibitor of the enzyme p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. It has antiviral and antiinflammatory effects and was originally developed as a potential treatment for inflammatory lung conditions such as influenza. Subsequent research has also shown promise for various other conditions in which inflammation plays a role, including Alzheimer's disease, asthma, arthritis and psoriasis.

References

  1. "CAS # 552-41-0, Paeonol, 2'-Hydroxy-4'-methoxyacetophenone, 1-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)ethan-1-one".
  2. Zhang, L., Li, D. C., & Liu, L. F. (2019). Paeonol: pharmacological effects and mechanisms of action. International immunopharmacology, 72, 413-421. PMID   31030097 doi : 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.04.033
  3. 1 2 Fukuhara Y, Yoshida D (1987). "Paeonol: a bio-antimutagen isolated from a crude drug, moutan cortex". Agricultural and Biological Chemistry. 51 (5): 1441–1442. doi: 10.1271/bbb1961.51.1441 . INIST   7609719.
  4. Wu, Xinan; Chen, Hongli; Chen, Xingguo; Hu, Zhide (2003). "Determination of paeonol in rat plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography and its application to pharmacokinetic studies following oral administration of Moutan cortex decoction". Biomedical Chromatography. 17 (8): 504–8. doi:10.1002/bmc.259. PMID   14648606.
  5. Ducki S, Hadfield JA, Lawrence NJ, Zhang X, McGown AT (1995). "Isolation of paeonol from Arisaema erubescens". Planta Medica. 61 (6): 586–587. doi:10.1055/s-2006-959390. PMID   8824957. INIST   2920867.
  6. 1 2 Miyazawa, Mitsuo; Shimamura, Hideo; Nakamura, Sei-Ichi; Kameoka, Hiromu (1996). "Antimutagenic Activity of (+)-β-Eudesmol and Paeonol from Dioscorea japonica". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 44 (7): 1647–1650. doi:10.1021/jf950792u.
  7. Deng, Chunhui; Yao, Ning; Wang, Ben; Zhang, Xiangmin (2006). "Development of microwave-assisted extraction followed by headspace single-drop microextraction for fast determination of paeonol in traditional Chinese medicines". Journal of Chromatography A. 1103 (1): 15–21. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2005.11.023. PMID   16309693.
  8. Zhou, Jun; Zhou, Li; Hou, Deren; Tang, Jiaochun; Sun, Juanjuan; Bondy, Stephen C. (2011). "Paeonol increases levels of cortical cytochrome oxidase and vascular actin and improves behavior in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease" (PDF). Brain Research. 1388: 141–7. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2011.02.064. PMID   21377451. S2CID   12668336.
  9. Hsieh, Ching-Liang; Cheng, Chin-Yi; Tsai, Tung-Hu; Lin, I-Hsin; Liu, Chung-Hsiang; Chiang, Su-Yin; Lin, Jaung-Geng; Lao, Chih-Jui; Tang, Nou-Ying (2006). "Paeonol reduced cerebral infarction involving the superoxide anion and microglia activation in ischemia-reperfusion injured rats". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 106 (2): 208–15. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.12.027. PMID   16458462.
  10. Chou, Tz-Chong (2003). "Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of paeonol in carrageenan-evoked thermal hyperalgesia". British Journal of Pharmacology. 139 (6): 1146–52. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705360. PMC   1573952 . PMID   12871833.
  11. Kim, Sung Hoon; Kim, Seung-Ae; Park, Mi-Kyung; Kim, Seung-Hyung; Park, Young-Doo; Na, Ho-Jeong; Kim, Hyung-Min; Shin, Min-Kyu; Ahn, Kyoo-Seok (2004). "Paeonol inhibits anaphylactic reaction by regulating histamine and TNF-α". International Immunopharmacology. 4 (2): 279–87. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2003.12.013. PMID   14996419.
  12. Kong, L.D.; Cheng, Christopher H.K.; Tan, R.X. (2004). "Inhibition of MAO A and B by some plant-derived alkaloids, phenols and anthraquinones". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 91 (2–3): 351–355. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2004.01.013. PMID   15120460.
  13. Patel, Mahesh kumar (2019). "Solvent effect on neutral Co (II) complexes of paeonol derivative equalitative and quantitative studies from energy frame work and Hirshfeld surface analysis". Journal of Molecular Structure. 1196: 119–131. Bibcode:2019JMoSt1196..119P. doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.06.050. S2CID   197231895.