Karbala or Kerbala is a city in central Iraq, located about 100 km (62 mi) southwest of Baghdad, and a few miles east of Lake Milh, also known as Razzaza Lake. Karbala is the capital of Karbala Governorate, and has an estimated population of 711,530 people (2018).
Muḥarram is the first month of the Islamic calendar, and one of the four sacred months of the year when warfare is forbidden. The tenth of Muharram is known as Ashura, an important day of commemoration in Islam. For Sunni Muslims, the day marks the parting of the Red Sea by Moses and the salvation of the Israelites, celebrated through supererogatory fasting and other acceptable expressions of joy. By contrast, Ashura is a day of mourning for Shia Muslims, who annually commemorate the death of Husayn ibn Ali, grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the third Shia imam. Husayn was killed, alongside most of his relatives and his small retinue, in the Battle of Karbala in 680 CE against the army of the Umayyad caliph Yazid ibn Mu'awiya. The Shia rituals span the first ten days of Muharram, culminating on Ashura with mourning processions in Shia cities. Also in Muharram, the Aqsa mosque in Jerusalem was initially set as the direction of prayer for early Muslims.
Ashura is a day of commemoration in Islam. It occurs annually on the tenth of Muharram, the first month of the Islamic calendar. For Sunni Muslims, Ashura marks the parting of the Red Sea by Moses and the salvation of the Israelites. Also on this day, Noah disembarked from the Ark, God forgave Adam, and Joseph was released from prison, among various other auspicious events on Ashura in Sunni tradition. Ashura is celebrated in Sunni Islam through supererogatory fasting and other acceptable expressions of joy. In some Sunni communities, the annual Ashura festivities include carnivals, bonfires, and special dishes, even though some Sunni scholars have criticized such practices.
In Shia Islam, Arba'in marks forty days after Ashura, which is the death anniversary of Husayn ibn Ali, grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the third Shia imam. Husayn was killed, alongside most of his relatives and his small retinue, in the Battle of Karbala on 10 Muharram 61 AH against the army of the Umayyad caliph Yazid ibn Mu'awiya. The battle followed Husayn's refusal to pledge his allegiance to Yazid, who is often portrayed by Muslim historians as impious and immoral. In Shia Islam, Karbala symbolizes the eternal struggle between good and evil, the pinnacle of self-sacrifice, and the ultimate sabotage of Muhammad's prophetic mission.
The Sultan ul Madaris Urdu: سُلطان المدارس; is a Shia Islamic Madrasa for higher religious education in Lucknow, India. Major course of studies include Jurisprudence, Theology and Islamic Literature.
Kalbe Jawad is a Shia Muslim cleric from Lucknow, India.
Imambara Ghufran Ma'ab in Lucknow, India is an imambara constructed by Shia cleric Ayatollah Syed Dildar Ali Naseerabadi Al Jayasi in the early 1790s.
All India Shia Personal Law Board (AISPLB) is an organisation formed in January 2005 to represent the rights of Shia in India. It was felt that the current board, the All India Muslim Personal Law Board (AIMPLB) had been neglecting the views of Shia Muslims in India. Maulana Kalbe Sadiq, vice chairman of the Shia board is also senior vice president of All India Muslim Personal Law Board (AIMPLB).
A noha, when interpreted in light of Shia views, is an elegy about the tragedy of Husayn ibn Ali and his partisans in the Battle of Karbala.
Syed Aqeel-ul-Gharavi also known as Ayatullah Aqeel-ul-Gharavi is a leading Indian Twelver Shia scholar, philosopher, thinker, writer, poet, educationist, community activist, critic and a mujtahid. Presently, Aqeel-ul-Gharavi is acknowledged as one of the famous and senior Shia scholars from the Indian Subcontinent. He was the principal of Hawza-e-Ilmia Jamia-tus-Saqalain, Delhi and is the current chairman of Safinatul Hidaya Trust, India. He is the vice-President of All India Muslim Majlis-e-Mushawarat and member of All India Muslim Personal Law Board. Syed Aqeel is also a member of the Majma Jahani Ahlulbayt, Iran. Gharavi supervises PhD students at the Aligarh University, India. In addition to all of these, he also serves as patron of Imamia Islamic University, Delhi and secretary of Forum of Philosophers, India.
Haj Basim Ismail Muhammad-Ali al-Karbalaei, commonly known as Basim Karbalaei is an Iraqi Shi'ite eulogy reciter.
The mourning of Muharram is a set of religious rituals observed predominantly by Shia Muslims, largely during the month of Muharram, the first month of the Islamic calendar. These annual rituals commemorate the death of Husayn ibn Ali, grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the third Shia imam. Husayn and his small retinue were slaughtered in the Battle of Karbala on 10 Muharram 61 AH against the army of the Umayyad caliph Yazid ibn Mu'awiya. The battle followed Husayn's refusal to pledge his allegiance to Yazid, who is often portrayed by Muslim historians as impious and immoral. In Shia Islam, Karbala symbolizes the eternal struggle between good and evil, the pinnacle of self-sacrifice, and the ultimate sabotage of Muhammad's prophetic mission. Historically, the event served to crystallize the Shia community into a distinct sect and remains an integral part of their religious identity to date.
Mirza Salaamat Ali Dabeer, (29 August 1803 – 6 March 1875) was an Urdu poet who excelled and perfected the art of Marsiya writing. He is considered the leading exponent of Marsiya Nigari or marsiya writing along with Mir Anees.
Hallaur or Hallor village is located in Domariyaganj Tehsil of Siddharthnagar district in Uttar Pradesh, India. Domariyaganj is the nearest town to Hallaur village.
Hakim Mirza Muhammad Kamil Dehlavi, also known as Shahid Rabay was an Indian Shia author and a practitioner of Unani medicine in Delhi.
Azadari in Lucknow or Mourning in Lucknow, is name of the practices related to mourning and commemoration of the anniversary of the death of Imam Husayn ibn Ali at the Battle of Karbala in 680, particularly in period of Muharram and in general round the year.
Tasu'a is the ninth day of Muharram, the first month of the Islamic calendar. Tasu'a is followed by Ashura, tenth of Muharram, which marks the death of Husayn ibn Ali, grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the third Shia imam. Husayn refused on moral grounds to pledge his allegiance to the Umayyad caliph Yazid ibn Mu'awiya and was subsequently killed, alongside most of his male relatives and his small retinue, by the Umayyad army in the Battle of Karbala on Ashura 61 AH. Among the Shia minority, mourning for Husayn is viewed as an act of protest against oppression, a struggle for God, and a means of securing the intercession of Husayn in the afterlife. Ashura is observed through mourning gatherings, processions, and dramatic reenactments. In such ceremonies, Shia mourners strike their chests to share in the pain of Husayn. Extreme self-flagellation, often involving self-inflicted bloodshed, remains controversial among the Shia, condemned by many Shia clerics, and outlawed in some Shia communities.
Khwaja Hasan Nizami was a Sufi of Chishti Islamic order, a known Urdu essayist and humorist and satirist who wrote many essays for the Mukhzun Akhbar (Magazine). He wrote more than 60 books he also wrote about the incidents of war of 1857 while Mulla Wahidi, writes that he had over five hundred books on an amazing variety of subjects to his credit. Being a Sufi he had many disciples and it appeared in his literature.
Allama Syed Shehanshah Hussain Naqvi is a Pakistani Shia scholar.
The Madhe Sahaba Agitation was a civil disobedience movement launched by Deobandi Muslims of Lucknow in the first half of the twentieth century to counter the commemoration of the tragedy of Karbala during Muharram. It resulted in a widespread Shia-Sunni conflict between the years 1906 – 1909 and turned violent in 1936 – 1939. The conflict spread to other parts of British India.
