Parasitic bronchitis

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Dictyocaulus viviparus found in the bronchi of a calf during necropsy (arrow) Dictyocaulus-viviparus-cattle.jpg
Dictyocaulus viviparus found in the bronchi of a calf during necropsy (arrow)

Parasitic bronchitis, also known as hoose, husk, or verminous bronchitis, [1] is a disease of sheep, cattle, goats, [2] and swine caused by the presence of various species of parasite, commonly known as lungworms, [3] in the bronchial tubes or in the lungs. It is marked by cough, dyspnea, anorexia and constipation. Lungworms which cause parasitic bronchitis include nematodes of the genera Dictyocaulus , Metastrongylus , and Protostrongylus . [4] Hoose is essentially an infantile disease, almost always afflicting animals under one year of age. [5]

Contents

It can be diagnosed through fecal examination [6] or taking a sputum sample [7] and treated by killing the nematode larvae and adults. [8] In severe cases, additional antibiotics may be needed. [7] The most effective prevention is via vaccination, especially important for cattle. [9]

Cause

The cause for parasitic bronchitis is the nematode called Dictyocaulus viviparus . [8] In the infected animal's fecal matter the larvae later become infective. [8] When animals eat in the infected pasture they ingest the parasite. [10] As the larvae travel towards the respiratory system, they mature, and by the time they reach the lungs, they are full adults. [10] Once they reach the lungs the females lay eggs and once they hatch the new larvae travel up the windpipe to be swallowed and then expelled, repeating the cycle. [8] Some high-risk conditions where D. viviparus is most commonly located are wet pastures with swampy areas, [8] mainly between June and November. [7]

Symptoms

The main symptoms include breathing difficulties and coughing. [11] The respiratory rate will increase and the animal will cough frequently. [9] There can be audible abnormal breathing sounds. [9] Some animals will show major weight loss. [9] In cattle, there will be reduced milk production. [7] When attempting to cough or expel air, the animal will continually take a position where its head, neck, and tongue are stretched out. [7] They can also show a mild to high fever. [11]   In severe cases, it could result in the death of the animal. [8]

Diagnosis

When diagnosing parasitic bronchitis, it is mainly based on the symptoms and grazing habits. [7] There are multiple methods to diagnosing parasitic bronchitis. [6] One of which is through fecal examination. [6] Usually, either the Baermann technique or flotation is used. [9] This is to detect any larvae that are in the intestines. [6] Another method is by taking a sputum sample. [7] This is a mixture of saliva and mucus coughed up from the lungs. [12] The sample is then examined for traces of eggs or larvae. [7] This method is more sensitive than a fecal sample. [7] Taking blood or milk samples could also prove the presence of the parasite. [9] By using ELISA tests, any antibodies toward the parasite will be detected. [9]

Treatment

In order to treat the parasite, all forms of anthelmintics are effective in killing both the developing larvae and adult D.viviparus. [8] As soon as an animal is showing symptoms, they should be treated. [7] If they aren't treated before it becomes severe then the animal may not respond to the medicine or if there are very high numbers of parasites then killing them could result in the airways being blocked by the dead larvae. [8] In severe cases, some will require an additional antibiotic. [7]

Prevention

The most effective method to prevent an outbreak is through vaccination. [9] The vaccination includes a small dose of irradiated infectious larvae. [9] This is given orally in two doses four weeks apart. [9] It is important to treat all animals such as cattle. [9] Despite it being effective, small amounts of lungworm can still appear. [7] Some other methods of prevention are avoiding wet pastures, rotating the use of grazing pastures, having a closed herd policy, and preventing any outside exposure. [8]

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Ascaris lumbricoides is a large parasitic roundworm of the genus Ascaris. It is the most common parasitic worm in humans. An estimated 807 million–1.2 billion people are infected with A. lumbricoides worldwide. People living in tropical and subtropical countries are at greater risk of infection. Infection by Ascaris lumbricoides is known as ascariasis.

<i>Strongyloides stercoralis</i> Species of worm

Strongyloides stercoralis is a human pathogenic parasitic roundworm causing the disease strongyloidiasis. Its common name in the US is threadworm. In the UK and Australia, however, the term threadworm can also refer to nematodes of the genus Enterobius, otherwise known as pinworms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cough</span> Sudden expulsion of air from the lungs as a reflex to clear irritants

A cough is a sudden expulsion of air through the large breathing passages which can help clear them of fluids, irritants, foreign particles and microbes. As a protective reflex, coughing can be repetitive with the cough reflex following three phases: an inhalation, a forced exhalation against a closed glottis, and a violent release of air from the lungs following opening of the glottis, usually accompanied by a distinctive sound.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sputum</span> Mucus that is coughed up from the lower airways

Sputum is mucus that is coughed up from the lower airways. In medicine, sputum samples are usually used for a naked eye examination, microbiological investigation of respiratory infections and cytological investigations of respiratory systems. It is crucial that the specimen does not include any mucoid material from the nose or oral cavity.

Veterinary parasitology is a branch of veterinary medicine that deals with the study of morphology, life-cycle, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and control of eukaryotic invertebrates of the kingdom Animalia and the taxon Protozoa that depend upon other invertebrates and higher vertebrates for their propagation, nutrition, and metabolism without necessarily causing the death of their hosts. Modern parasitology focuses on responses of animal hosts to parasitic invasion. Parasites of domestic animals,, as well as wildlife animals are considered. Data obtained from parasitological research in animals helps in veterinary practice and improves animal breeding. The major goal of veterinary parasitology is to protect animals and improve their health, but because a number of animal parasites are transmitted to humans, veterinary parasitology is also important for public health.

<i>Dirofilaria immitis</i> Species of worm that causes parasitic disease in animals

Dirofilaria immitis, also known as heartworm or dog heartworm, is a parasitic roundworm that is a type of filarial worm, a small thread-like worm, and which causes dirofilariasis. It is spread from host to host through the bites of mosquitoes. Four genera of mosquitoes transmit dirofilariasis, Aedes, Culex, Anopheles, and Mansonia. The definitive host is the dog, but it can also infect cats, wolves, coyotes, jackals, foxes, ferrets, bears, seals, sea lions and, under rare circumstances, humans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paragonimiasis</span> Medical condition

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<i>Dictyocaulus</i> Genus of nematode parasites of the bronchial tree of horses, sheep, goats, deer, and cattle

Dictyocaulus is a genus of nematode parasites of the bronchial tree of horses, sheep, goats, deer, and cattle. Dictyocaulus arnfieldi is the lungworm of horses, and Dictyocaulus viviparus is the lungworm affecting ruminants.

Mammomonogamus is a genus of parasitic nematodes of the family Syngamidae that parasitise the respiratory tracts of cattle, sheep, goats, deer, cats, orangutans, and elephants. The nematodes can also infect humans and cause the disease called mammomonogamiasis. Several known species fall under the genus Mammomonogamus, but the most common species found to infest humans is M. laryngeus. Infection in humans is very rare, with only about 100 reported cases worldwide, and is assumed to be largely accidental. Cases have been reported from the Caribbean, China, Korea, Thailand, and Philippines.

Metastrongylus is a genus of nematodes of the family Metastrongylidae, usually found as lungworms in pigs and sometimes causing parasitic bronchitis. It causes a disease called metastrongylosis.

<i>Strongylus vulgaris</i> Species of roundworm

Strongylus vulgaris, commonly known as the blood worm, is a common horse parasite in the phylum Nematoda. It looks like a long worm with a large biting mouth. They are usually reddish in color because of all the blood they take from the equine host. This nematode is considered to be one of the "most pathogenic" of the large strongyles subphylum and is distributed worldwide, wherever there are grassland and temperate environments.

Muelleries capillaris, also known as the hair or goat lungworm, is one of the most economically important nematodes of small ruminants. Although normally non-pathogenic in sheep, the parasite causes a disease condition called muelleriosis in goats. Sheep and goats commonly become infected after accidentally ingesting M. capillaris infected snails or slugs, and the parasite produces eggs in the lungs of its host, causing life-threatening bronchopneumonia in serious cases.

Lungworms are parasitic nematode worms of the order Strongylida that infest the lungs of vertebrates. The name is used for a variety of different groups of nematodes, some of which also have other common names; what they have in common is that they migrate to their hosts' lungs or respiratory tracts, and cause bronchitis or pneumonia. The lungworm will gradually damage the airways or lung tissue by inciting an inflammatory reaction inside the tissue. Ultimately, the parasites survive and reproduce in the respiratory tissues. The category is thus more a descriptive than a precisely taxonomic one.

<i>Capillaria aerophila</i> Species of roundworm

Capillaria aerophila is a nematode parasite found in the respiratory tract of foxes, dogs, and various other carnivorous mammals. A few cases of human infestation have also been reported. Though it is sometimes called a "lungworm", this term usually refers to other species of nematodes. Infestation by C. aerophila is referred to as "pulmonary capillariasis", "bronchial capillariasis", or (rarely) "thominxosis". This parasite has a direct life cycle, meaning that the life cycle can be completed in a single host. C. aerophila usually causes only minor clinical symptoms, such as irritation of the respiratory tract and coughing. However, secondary bacterial infections of the respiratory tract, including pneumonia, may develop in heavy infestations. Treatment with anthelmintics, such as levamisole or fenbendazole, is usually sufficient to cure C. aerophila infestations.

Ostertagia ostertagi, commonly known as the medium stomach worm or brown stomach worm, is a parasitic nematode of cattle. O. ostertagi can also be found to a lesser extent in sheep, goats, wild ruminants, and horses. It causes ostertagiosis, which is potentially fatal in cattle. It is found worldwide and is economically important to cattle industries, particularly those found in temperate climates.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trematodiasis</span> Medical condition

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<i>Dictyocaulus viviparus</i> Species of nematode

Dictyocaulus viviparus is a species of nematodes belonging to the family Dictyocaulidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gastropod-borne parasitic disease</span> Medical condition

Gastropod-borne parasitic diseases (GPDs) are a group of infectious diseases that require a gastropod species to serve as an intermediate host for a parasitic organism that can infect humans upon ingesting the parasite or coming into contact with contaminated water sources. These diseases can cause a range of symptoms, from mild discomfort to severe, life-threatening conditions, with them being prevalent in many parts of the world, particularly in developing regions. Preventive measures such as proper sanitation and hygiene practices, avoiding contact with infected gastropods and cooking or boiling food properly can help to reduce the risk of these diseases.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cat worm infections</span> Worm infections in cats

Cat worm infections, the infection of cats (Felidae) with parasitic worms, occur frequently. Most worm species occur worldwide in both domestic and other cats, but there are regional, species and lifestyle differences in the frequency of infestation. According to the classification of the corresponding parasites in the zoological system, infections can be divided into those caused by nematode and flatworms - in the case of the latter, mainly cestoda and trematoda - while other strains are of no veterinary significance. While threadworms usually do not require an intermediate host for their reproduction, the development cycle of flatworms always proceeds via alternate hosts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nematode infection in dogs</span> Threadworm infections of dogs are frequent

Nematode infection in dogs - the infection of dogs with parasitic nemamotodes - are, along with tapeworm infections and infections with protozoa, frequent parasitoses in veterinary practice. Nematodes, as so-called endoparasites, colonize various internal organs - most of them the digestive tract - and the skin. To date, about 30 different species of nematode have been identified in domestic dogs; they are essentially also found in wild dog species. However, the majority of them often cause no or only minor symptoms of disease in adult animals. The infection therefore does not necessarily have to manifest itself in a worm disease (helminthosis). For most nematodes, an infection can be detected by examining the feces for eggs or larvae. Roundworm infection in dogs and the hookworm in dogs is of particular health significance in Central Europe, as they can also be transmitted to humans (zoonosis). Regular deworming can significantly reduce the frequency of infection and thus the risk of infection for humans and dogs.

References

  1. ↑ Pease, RW Jr. (1995). "Hoose". Merriam-Webster's medical dictionary . Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster Inc. p.  295. ISBN   9780877799146.
  2. ↑ Boden, E; Andrews, A, eds. (2015). "Parasitic bronchitis". Black's Veterinary Dictionary (22nd ed.). Bloomsbury. p. 639. ISBN   9781408181287.
  3. ↑ Bowsman, DD; Zajac, AM (2014). "Parasitic bronchitis and pneumonia". In Smith, BP (ed.). Large Animal Internal Medicine (5th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 625–628. ISBN   9780323088404.
  4. ↑ Flint, Charles Louis (1859). Milch Cows And Dairy Farming; Comprising The Breeds, Breeding, And Management, In Health And Disease, Of Dairy And Other Stock, The Selection Of Milch Cows, With A Full Explanation Of Guenon's Method; The Culture Of Forage Plants, And The Production Of Milk, Butter and Cheese. Boston, MA: Phillips, Sampson and Company. p.  286. ISBN   1-4086-2818-X.
  5. ↑ Walley, Thomas (1879). The four bovine scourges: pleuro-pneumonia, foot-and-mouth disease, cattle plague, tubercle. Oxford University. p. 23.
  6. 1 2 3 4 "Parasitic Infectious/ Parasitic diseases Bronchitis in cattle" (PDF). May 2014.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "Control of lungworm in cattle" (PDF). Control of Worm Sustainable. August 2014.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Lungworm in Cattle". Farm Health Online.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Lungworm Infection in Animals - Respiratory System". MSD Veterinary Manual. Retrieved 2021-11-30.
  10. 1 2 McNulty, Samantha N.; Strübe, Christina; Rosa, Bruce A.; Martin, John C.; Tyagi, Rahul; Choi, Young-Jun; Wang, Qi; Hallsworth Pepin, Kymberlie; Zhang, Xu; Ozersky, Philip; Wilson, Richard K. (2016-02-09). "Dictyocaulus viviparus genome, variome and transcriptome elucidate lungworm biology and support future intervention". Scientific Reports. 6 (1): 20316. Bibcode:2016NatSR...620316M. doi:10.1038/srep20316. ISSN   2045-2322. PMC   4746573 . PMID   26856411.
  11. 1 2 "Worm bronchitis, a parasitic and respiratory disease cattle". in.virbac.com. Retrieved 2021-11-30.
  12. ↑ "Sputum: Definition, colors, causes, and when to see a doctor". www.medicalnewstoday.com. 2017-08-13. Retrieved 2021-11-30.
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