Patricia G. Spear

Last updated
Patricia G. Spear
Born
Patricia Gail Spear

1942 (age 80–81)
Alma mater Florida State University, BA, 1964
Florida State University, MS, 1965
University of Chicago, PhD, 1969
Known forExpertise in herpes simplex virus
Spouse Peter Meyer (d. 2002)
Awards National Academy of Sciences Member
Scientific career
Institutions Northwestern University
Doctoral advisor Bernard Roizman

Patricia Gail Spear (born 1942) is an American virologist. She is a professor emeritus of microbiology and immunology at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois. She is best known for her pioneering work studying the herpes simplex virus. Spear is a past president of the American Society for Virology and an elected member of the National Academy of Sciences.

Contents

Education and early career

Spear began her undergraduate education at Florida State University. She went to study nursing and ultimately switched her major to bacteriology with a minor in chemistry and graduated in 1964. [1] One year later, she received her Master of Science from Florida State in bacteriology and then enrolled in a graduate program in virology at the University of Chicago.

For her doctoral work, Spear joined the laboratory of Bernard Roizman to conduct research on herpes simplex virus (HSV). In an interview, she noted: "I thought it was mind-blowing how the virus could change the shape and behavior of the cell before killing it off." [1] There, she developed a method to purify the herpes simplex enveloped nucleocapsid, known as a virion, and determined the number of proteins it contained using electrophoresis. [2] Following her PhD, she stayed in Roizman's laboratory for another two years, characterizing the approximately 30 HSV proteins she had identified.

In 1971, Spear became a postdoctoral fellow in the laboratory of Gerald Edelman at the Rockefeller University in New York City. There, she received intensive training in immunology, studying the development of the immune system in mice, tracking when the spleen and thymus become populated with T cells and B cells. [3] [4]

Following her postdoctoral fellowship, she became an assistant professor in the department of microbiology at the University of Chicago, focusing her research program on HSV, and then became chair of the department of microbiology and immunology at Northwestern University. [1]

Research

During her tenure at the University of Chicago, Spear developed a new area of research studying HSV glycoproteins in the viral envelop. [1] Her group worked to describe the surface glycoproteins and characterized their functions in cell fusion and the immune response. In some mutant strains of HSV, infection promotes the fusion of infected host cells within lesions and is one possible mechanism by which the virus spreads from cell to cell. By studying different mutant strains of HSV, Spear found that the viral glycoprotein gB promotes cell fusion, while another glycoprotein called gC can act to suppress cell fusion. [5]

Spear has also investigated how HSV enters the host cell by working to identify cell-surface receptors recognized by the virus. Her group found that the initial cell-surface receptor for both HSV 1 and HSV2 is heparan sulfate, a carbohydrate component of some proteoglycans, and are recognized and bound by the viral glycoproteins gB and gC. [6] [7] When Spear re-located her laboratory from University of Chicago to Northwestern University, her team identified three different classes of entry receptor: a cell-surface protein called herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM), two members of the immunoglobulin superfamily called Nectin-1 and Nectin-2, and [8]

Leadership

For 16 years, Spear served as chair of the department of microbiology and immunology at Northwestern University. From 2003 to 2004, she served as president of the American Society for Virology. [9]

Awards and honors

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Bundesen, L. Q. (2004-08-16). "Biography of Patricia G. Spear". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101 (34): 12411–12413. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0405440101 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   515076 . PMID   15314223.
  2. ↑ Spear, Patricia G.; Roizman, Bernard (1972-01-01). "Proteins Specified by Herpes Simplex Virus V. Purification and Structural Proteins of the Herpesvirion". Journal of Virology. 9 (1): 143–159. doi: 10.1128/JVI.9.1.143-159.1972 . ISSN   0022-538X. PMC   356272 . PMID   4110104.
  3. ↑ Spear, Patricia G.; Wang, Ai-Lan; Rutishauser, Urs; Edelman, Gerald M. (1973-09-01). "Characterization of Splenic Lymphoid Cells in Fetal and Newborn Mice". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 138 (3): 557–573. doi:10.1084/jem.138.3.557. ISSN   0022-1007. PMC   2139421 . PMID   4580464.
  4. ↑ Spear, Patricia G.; Edelman, Gerald M. (1974-02-01). "Maturation of the Humoral Immune Response in Mice". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 139 (2): 249–263. doi:10.1084/jem.139.2.249. ISSN   0022-1007. PMC   2139526 . PMID   4589987.
  5. ↑ Manservigi, R.; Spear, P. G.; Buchan, A. (1977-09-01). "Cell fusion induced by herpes simplex virus is promoted and suppressed by different viral glycoproteins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 74 (9): 3913–3917. Bibcode:1977PNAS...74.3913M. doi: 10.1073/pnas.74.9.3913 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   431783 . PMID   198812.
  6. ↑ Herold, B. C.; WuDunn, D.; Soltys, N.; Spear, P. G. (1991-03-01). "Glycoprotein C of herpes simplex virus type 1 plays a principal role in the adsorption of virus to cells and in infectivity". Journal of Virology. 65 (3): 1090–1098. doi: 10.1128/JVI.65.3.1090-1098.1991 . ISSN   0022-538X. PMC   239874 . PMID   1847438.
  7. ↑ WuDunn, D.; Spear, P. G. (1989-01-01). "Initial interaction of herpes simplex virus with cells is binding to heparan sulfate". Journal of Virology. 63 (1): 52–58. doi: 10.1128/JVI.63.1.52-58.1989 . ISSN   0022-538X. PMC   247656 . PMID   2535752.
  8. ↑ Montgomery, Rebecca I.; Warner, Morgyn S.; Lum, Brian J.; Spear, Patricia G. (1996-11-01). "Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Entry into Cells Mediated by a Novel Member of the TNF/NGF Receptor Family". Cell. 87 (3): 427–436. doi: 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81363-X . ISSN   0092-8674. PMID   8898196. S2CID   14626053.
  9. ↑ Joklik, Wolfang K.; Grossberg, Sidney E. (2006-01-05). "How the American Society for Virology was Founded". Virology. Virology 50th Anniversary Issue. 344 (1): 250–257. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.09.022 . ISSN   0042-6822. PMID   16364755.
  10. ↑ "Patricia Spear". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved 2019-12-31.
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