The Holodomor,also known as the Ukrainian Famine,was a man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine from 1932 to 1933 that killed millions of Ukrainians. The Holodomor was part of the wider Soviet famine of 1930–1933 which affected the major grain-producing areas of the Soviet Union.
Throughout Russian history famines,droughts and crop failures occurred on the territory of Russia,the Russian Empire and the USSR on more or less regular basis. From the beginning of the 11th to the end of the 16th century,on the territory of Russia for every century there were 8 crop failures,which were repeated every 13 years,sometimes causing prolonged famine in a significant territory. The causes of the famine were different,from natural and economic and political crises;for example,the Great Famine of 1931–1933,colloquially called the Holodomor,the cause of which was the collectivization policy in the USSR,which affected the territory of the Volga region in Russia,Ukraine and Kazakhstan.
Douglas Tottle is a Canadian trade union activist and journalist,most notable for being the author of the book Fraud,Famine,and Fascism:The Ukrainian Genocide Myth from Hitler to Harvard,which is classified as Holodomor denial literature by the United States Library of Congress. The book describes the Holodomor,the 1932–1933 human-made famine in Soviet Ukraine,as a "myth",a hoax perpetrated by Ukrainian fascists and anti-Soviet organizations in the West. It cast the "fraud" as originated by the German Nazis,and perpetuated by the CIA,and the supposedly CIA-linked Harvard University.
The Soviet famine of 1930–1933 was a famine in the major grain-producing areas of the Soviet Union,including Ukraine and different parts of Russia,including Kazakhstan,Northern Caucasus,Kuban Region,Volga Region,the South Urals,and West Siberia. Major factors included the forced collectivization of agriculture as a part of the First Five-Year Plan and forced grain procurement from farmers. These factors in conjunction with a massive investment in heavy industry decreased the agricultural workforce. Estimates conclude that 5.7 to 8.7 million people died from starvation across the Soviet Union.
James E. Mace was an American historian,professor,and researcher of the Holodomor.
Holodomor denial is the claim that the Holodomor,a 1932–33 man-made famine that killed millions in Soviet Ukraine,did not occur or diminishing its scale and significance.
In 1932–1933,a man-made famine,known as the Holodomor,killed 3.3–5 million people in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic,included in a total of 5.5–8.7 million killed by the broader Soviet famine of 1930–1933. At least 3.3 million ethnic Ukrainians died as a result of the famine in the USSR. Scholars debate whether there was an intent to starve millions of Ukrainians to death or not.
The US Commission on the Ukraine Famine was a commission to study the Holodomor,a 1932–33 man-made famine that killed millions in Ukraine.
The causes of the Holodomor,which was a famine in Soviet Ukraine during 1932 and 1933,resulted in the death of around 3–5 million people. The factors and causes of the famine are the subject of scholarly and political debate,which include the Holodomor genocide question. Soviet historians,Stephen Wheatcroft and J. Arch Getty believe the famine was the unintended consequence of problems arising from Soviet agricultural collectivization which were designed to accelerate the program of industrialization in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin. Other academics conclude policies were intentionally designed to cause the famine. Some scholars and political leaders claim that the famine may be classified as a genocide under the definition of genocide that entered international law with the 1948 Genocide Convention.
The Holodomor was a 1932–33 man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine and adjacent Ukrainian-inhabited territories that killed millions of Ukrainians. Opinions and beliefs about the Holodomor vary widely among nations. It is considered a genocide by Ukraine,and Ukraine's Ministry of Foreign Affairs has lobbied for the famine to be considered a genocide internationally. By 2022,the Holodomor was recognized as a genocide by the parliaments of 23 countries and the European Parliament,and it is recognized as a part of the Soviet famine of 1932–1933 by Russia. As of June 2023,35 countries recognise the Holodomor as a genocide.
Holodomor –The Unknown Ukrainian Tragedy (1932-1933) is a book coordinated by JoséEduardo Franco and Beata Cieszynska,published by Grácio Editor in June 2013.
The National Museum of the Holodomor-Genocide,formerly known as the Memorial in Commemoration of the Holodomor-Genocide in Ukraine,is Ukraine's national museum and a centre devoted to the victims of the Holodomor of 1932–1933,a man-made famine that killed millions in Ukraine. The museum was opened on the day of the 75th anniversary of the Holodomor in 2008. It gained the status of a national museum in 2010. The museum is located on the Pechersk Hills on the right bank of the Dnieper River in Kyiv,adjacent to the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra.
The Kazakh famine of 1930–1933,also known as the Asharshylyk,was a famine during which approximately 1.5 million people died in the Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic,then part of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic in the Soviet Union,of whom 1.3 million were ethnic Kazakhs. An estimated 38 to 42 percent of all Kazakhs died,the highest percentage of any ethnic group killed by the Soviet famine of 1930–1933. Other research estimates that as many as 2.3 million died. A committee created by the Kazakhstan parliament chaired by Historian Manash Kozybayev concluded that the famine was "a manifestation of the politics of genocide",with 1.75 million victims.
The Harvest of Sorrow:Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine is a 1986 book by British historian Robert Conquest published by the Oxford University Press. It was written with the assistance of historian James Mace,a junior fellow at the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute,who started doing research for the book following the advice of the director of the institute. Conquest wrote the book in order "to register in the public consciousness of the West a knowledge of and feeling for major events,involving millions of people and millions of deaths,which took place within living memory."
The Holodomor Memorial to Victims of the Ukrainian Famine-Genocide of 1932–1933 was opened in Washington,D.C.,United States,on November 7,2015. Congress approved creation of the Holodomor Memorial in 2006.
Genocide recognition politics are efforts to have a certain event (re)interpreted as a "genocide" or officially designated as such. Such efforts may occur regardless of whether the event meets the definition of genocide laid out in the 1948 Genocide Convention.
Holodomor Memorial Day or Holodomor Remembrance Day is an annual commemoration of the victims of the Holodomor,the 1932–33 man-made famine that killed millions in Ukraine,falling on the fourth Saturday of November. The day is also an official annual commemoration in Canada,and observed by Ukrainian diaspora communities in other countries.
Valentina Kuryliw is a historian and educator specializing in the Ukrainian Holodomor genocide of 1932–1933. Now retired,she served as the Department Head of History and Social Sciences for the Toronto District School Board with over 35 years of teaching experience. She is a methodologist,worked with the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education (OISE) at the University of Toronto training young history,law and sociology teachers and evaluating their achievements. She has also travelled extensively throughout Ukraine teaching teachers about human rights,critical thinking skills and the Holodomor in many of its regions since 1993;"Every year Valentina Kuryliw comes to Ukraine –a Canadian of Ukrainian descent,a methodological teacher,a history specialist from Toronto. She conducts courses in the summer in Lviv,Odesa,Ternopil,Lutsk,Khmelnytsky,Donetsk,Kharkiv and thus shows Ukrainian history teachers that teaching can be different. Ms. Valentina has made an invaluable contribution to the development of Ukrainian methodological thought." She taught the history of Ukraine at the Tsiopa Palijiw Ukrainian School Toronto where she was assistant director. From 2009,she is the chair of the National Holodomor Education Committee. of the Ukrainian Canadian Congress;from 2013,the Director of Education of the Holodomor Research and Education Consortium at the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies,University of Alberta;from 2009,she is a member of the Board of the Ukrainian Canadian Research and Documentation Centre (Toronto). She is a permanent member of the Ontario History and Social Studies Teacher's Association (OHASSTA).
