Peaceful transition of power

Last updated

A peaceful transition or transfer of power is a concept important to democratic governments in which the leadership of a government peacefully hands over control of government to a newly-elected leadership. This may be after elections or during the transition from a different kind of political regime, such as the post-communist period after the fall of the Soviet Union. [1]

Contents

In scholarship examining democratization and emerging democracies, study of the successful transitions of power is used to understand the transition to constitutional democracy and the relative stability of that government. [2] [3] [4] [5] A 2014 study concluded that 68 countries had never had a peaceful transition of power due to an election since 1788. [6] [1]

Democratization studies

President-elect Ronald Reagan is sworn in as president of the United States in a symbolic peaceful transfer of power in 1981.

In scholarship examining democratization and emerging democracies, study of the successful transitions of power is used to understand the transition to constitutional democracy and the relative stability of that government (democratic consolidation). [2] [3] [4] [5]

A 2014 study by Adam Przeworski of 3,000 elections from 1788 to 2008, published in the journal Comparative Political Studies concluded that 68 countries (including Russia and China) had never had a peaceful transition of power between parties following an election, making it a "rare and a recent practice." [6] [1] The same study found that once a country has an initial peaceful transfer of power (an "alternation"), it is very likely to keep doing so, making the peaceful transition of power a habit-forming activity. [6] [1] In a stable institutionalized democracy, a peaceful transition is the expected outcome of an election. [6] [1]

Peaceful transitions require a number of strong democratic institutions and norms to exist, such as the willingness of opposition parties to serve as a loyal opposition. Transitions by election put power holders in vulnerable positions, as not only do they risk potential changes in policy and practice and thus their means of power, but they also risk political retribution or retaliation. [7]

By region

The first peaceful transition of power in a country is often treated as an important stage in a government transition towards democracy such as seen in elections in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. [8] Successful transitions during tense political moments such as the Velvet Revolution in Armenia in 2018 are interpreted as signs of improved governance within the country, an important milestone in democratization and functioning civil society. [9] Alternately, the lack of peaceful transfers of power, such as in elections in Georgia from 1995 to 2008 in which the only transition between presidents was via the 2003 Rose Revolution, may harm the international reputation of the country as a "democracy". [10]

Africa

Since achieving independence from European colonial powers, Africa has had a mixed record in achieving peaceful transitions of power, with variations among nations. [11]

The first peaceful transition of power between civilians in Nigeria took place in 2007, although the outgoing and incoming presidents were of the same party and the preceding election was characterized by widespread irregularities. [12] In 2018, Liberia had its first electoral transfer of power since 1944. [13] The first peaceful transition of power in the Democratic Republic of the Congo took place in 2019, with outgoing president Joseph Kabila yielding power to opposition leader Felix Tshisekedi. [14] The first transition of power from one democratically elected leader to another in Niger took place in 2021, briefly overcoming the nation's history of coups d'etat [15] before another military coup occurred in 2023. [16]

Asia

Indonesia

Symbolism

The symbol of peaceful transition of power is when the outgoing president and/or vice president, after their respective successors recite the oath of office, switch chairs, so that the incumbent president is on the furthest left side of the altar at the People's Consultative Assembly main session's room, and the sitting vice president is immediately on the right side of the speaker and deputies speaker's desk. As of 2022, starting in 1978, the vice presidents always did this symbolic transfer when there was no vacancy in the office except in 2004, when Hamzah Haz did not attend the ceremony, and in 2009, when Jusuf Kalla was already seated on the furthest right side so no switch was needed. For presidents, as of 2022, this symbol of peaceful transition happened only twice, in 1999 during the inauguration of Abdurrahman Wahid, and in 2014 for the first inauguration of Joko Widodo.

Europe

Georgia

The transfer of power resulting from the 2012 Georgian parliamentary election was considered an important case of peaceful transfer of power in the post-Soviet political development of Georgia, which, since the Soviet period, had earlier gone through changes such as the Rose Revolution in 2003. [10]

North America

United States

A peaceful transition of power has historically been the norm in United States presidential transitions. The transition from John Adams to Thomas Jefferson in 1801 was considered an important milestone for the country's fledgling democracy. It was the first time the presidency was handed over to a political opponent. From then until 2020, the losing party in every presidential election "willingly and peacefully" relinquished power to the opposition. [17] [18] The transition is institutionalized through symbolic acts like the presidential inaugurations. [19] [20] Outgoing U.S. presidents traditionally attend the inaugurations of their successors, a symbol of the peaceful passage of power from one administration to the next. [21]

During the 2020 presidential election, experts described a risk of democratic backsliding in the U.S., [22] [23] as President Donald Trump publicly refused to commit to a peaceful transfer of power if he lost his election bid. [24] In September 2020, after Trump's statements, the U.S. Senate unanimously passed a resolution committing to a peaceful transition of power and opposing any attempt "by the President or any person in power to overturn the will of the people of the United States"; many senators cited the peaceful transition of power's centrality to U.S. democracy. [25] Business leaders also made statements calling for a peaceful transfer. [26] Trump stated on 15 October 2020 that he would accept a peaceful transfer (after a long period of ambiguous answers to the question) while still falsely alleging fraud and waging a legal battle to attempt to overturn the election results.[ clarify ] [27]

Trump was defeated in the 2020 election by Joe Biden in both the popular vote and the electoral vote, but refused to accept defeat. Trump falsely claimed election fraud, initiated a seven-part plan to overturn the election, and engaged in an aggressive and unprecedented [28] campaign to remain in power. [29] [30] Trump's fellow Republicans had varied reactions to Trump's false election-fraud claims. [31] [32] [33] [34]

On 6 January 2021, a pro-Trump mob, inflamed by the outgoing president's false claims, attacked the Capitol in Washington, D.C., in a failed attempt to keep Trump in power. The mob disrupted the counting of the electoral votes by a joint session of Congress for several hours. [35] [36] [37] Five people died either shortly before, during, or following the attack. [38] Republican Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell noted that "if this election were overturned by mere allegations from the losing side, our democracy would enter a death spiral." [39] On 7 January 2021, Trump condemned the riots and committed to the peaceful transition of power. [40] After he transferred power, he routinely repeated election lies and defended the riots. [41]

South America

In Venezuela in 1958, the Puntofijo Pact allowed a political agreement to respect the election results, [42] allowing for a peaceful transition of power after the ouster of dictator Marcos Pérez Jiménez and during the country's democratic period. [43]

See also

Related Research Articles

A big lie is a gross distortion or misrepresentation of the truth primarily used as a political propaganda technique. The German expression was first used by Adolf Hitler in his book Mein Kampf (1925) to describe how people could be induced to believe so colossal a lie because they would not believe that someone "could have the impudence to distort the truth so infamously". Hitler claimed that the technique had been used by Jews to blame Germany's loss in World War I on German general Erich Ludendorff, who was a prominent nationalist political leader in the Weimar Republic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orange Revolution</span> Series of political protests in Ukraine in 2004–2005

The Orange Revolution was a series of protests that led to political upheaval in Ukraine from late November 2004 to January 2005. It gained momentum primarily due to the initiative of the general population, sparked by the aftermath of the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election run-off which was claimed to be marred by massive corruption, voter intimidation and electoral fraud. Kyiv, the Ukrainian capital, was the focal point of the movement's campaign of civil resistance, with thousands of protesters demonstrating daily. Nationwide, this was highlighted by a series of acts of civil disobedience, sit-ins, and general strikes organized by the opposition movement.

In the United States, a presidential transition is the process during which the president-elect of the United States prepares to take over the administration of the federal government of the United States from the incumbent president. Though planning for transition by a non-incumbent candidate can start at any time before a presidential election and in the days following, the transition formally starts when the General Services Administration (GSA) declares an “apparent winner” of the election, thereby releasing the funds appropriated by Congress for the transition, and continues until inauguration day, when the president-elect takes the oath of office, at which point the powers, immunities, and responsibilities of the presidency are legally transferred to the new president.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">President-elect of the United States</span> Winner of the U.S. presidential election before inauguration

The president-elect of the United States of America is the candidate who has presumptively won the United States presidential election and is awaiting inauguration to become the president. There is no explicit indication in the U.S. Constitution as to when that person actually becomes president-elect, although the Twentieth Amendment uses the term "president-elect", thus giving the term "president-elect" constitutional justification. It is assumed the Congressional certification of votes cast by the Electoral College of the United States – occurring after the third day of January following the swearing-in of the new Congress, per provisions of the Twelfth Amendment – unambiguously confirms the successful candidate as the official "president-elect" under the U.S. Constitution. As an unofficial term, president-elect has been used by the media since at least the latter half of the 19th century and was in use by politicians since at least the 1790s. Politicians and the media have applied the term to the projected winner, even on election night, and very few who turned out to lose have been referred to as such.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2020 United States presidential election</span> 59th quadrennial U.S. presidential election

The 2020 United States presidential election was the 59th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 3, 2020. The Democratic ticket of former vice president Joe Biden and the junior U.S. senator from California Kamala Harris defeated the incumbent Republican president Donald Trump, and vice president Mike Pence. The election took place against the backdrop of the global COVID-19 pandemic and related recession. The election saw the highest voter turnout by percentage since 1900. Biden received more than 81 million votes, the most votes ever cast for a candidate in a U.S. presidential election.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kayleigh McEnany</span> American conservative political commentator and author (born 1988)

Kayleigh McEnany is an American conservative political commentator, television personality, and writer who served the administration of Donald Trump as the 33rd White House press secretary from April 2020 to January 2021.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2024 United States presidential election</span> 60th quadrennial U.S. presidential election

The 2024 United States presidential election was the 60th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 5, 2024. The Republican Party's ticket—Donald Trump, who was the 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021, and JD Vance, the junior U.S. senator from Ohio—defeated the Democratic Party's ticket—Kamala Harris, the incumbent U.S. vice president, and Tim Walz, the governor of Minnesota. Trump and Vance are scheduled to be inaugurated as the 47th president and the 50th vice president on January 20, 2025, after their formal election by the Electoral College.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Inauguration of Joe Biden</span> 59th United States presidential inauguration

The inauguration of Joe Biden as the 46th president of the United States took place on Wednesday, January 20, 2021, on the West Front of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. It was the 59th inauguration and marked the commencement of the single term of Joe Biden as president and Kamala Harris as vice president. Biden took the presidential oath of office, before which Harris took the vice presidential oath of office.

Transition Integrity Project (TIP) was a series of political scenario exercises in the United States at the beginning of June 2020, involving over 100 current and former senior government and campaign leaders, academics, journalists, polling experts and former federal and state government officials. The exercises examined potential disruptions to the 2020 presidential election and transition. TIP is not an organization, but rather a short-term project run under the auspices of the organization Protect Democracy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Presidential transition of Joe Biden</span> Transfer of presidential power from Donald Trump to Joe Biden

The presidential transition of Joe Biden began on November 7, 2020, and ended on January 20, 2021. Unlike previous presidential transitions, which normally take place during the roughly 10-week period between the election in the first week of November and the inauguration on January 20, Biden's presidential transition was shortened somewhat because the General Services Administration under the outgoing first Trump administration did not recognize Biden as the "apparent winner" until November 23.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2020–21 United States election protests</span>

Protests began in multiple cities in the United States following the 2020 United States presidential election between then-President Donald Trump and Democratic Party challenger Vice President Joe Biden, held on November 3, 2020. Biden won the election, receiving 81.3 million votes (51.3%) to Trump's 74.2 million (46.9%) and winning the Electoral College by 306 to 232. Biden's victory became clear on November 7, after the ballots had been tabulated. The Electoral College voted on December 14, in accordance with law, formalizing Biden's victory.

Members of the United States Republican Party have reacted differently to Republican president Donald Trump's claims about the 2020 United States presidential election, with many publicly supporting them, many remaining silent, and a few publicly denouncing them. Trump claimed to have won the election, and made many claims of election fraud. By December 11, 2020, 126 out of 196 Republican members of the House backed a lawsuit filed in the United States Supreme Court supported by nineteen Republican state attorneys general seeking to subvert the election and overturn the election results. The Trump campaign hired the Berkeley Research Group to investigate whether there had been voter fraud. The researchers found nothing, and the consultancy reported this to Trump and his chief of staff Mark Meadows on a conference call in the final days of the year, before the attack on the Capitol.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election</span>

After Democratic nominee Joe Biden won the 2020 United States presidential election, Republican nominee and then-incumbent president Donald Trump pursued an unprecedented effort to overturn the election, with support from his campaign, proxies, political allies, and many of his supporters. These efforts culminated in the January 6 Capitol attack by Trump supporters in an attempted self-coup d'état. Trump and his allies used the "big lie" propaganda technique to promote claims that had been proven false and conspiracy theories asserting the election was stolen by means of rigged voting machines, electoral fraud and an international conspiracy. Trump pressed Department of Justice leaders to challenge the results and publicly state the election was corrupt. However, the attorney general, director of National Intelligence, and director of the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency – as well as some Trump campaign staff – dismissed these claims. State and federal judges, election officials, and state governors also determined the claims were baseless.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trump–Raffensperger phone call</span> 2021 American political scandal

On January 2, 2021, during an hour-long conference call, then-U.S. President Donald Trump pressured Georgia Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger to "find 11,780 votes" and overturn the state's election results from the 2020 presidential election. Trump had been unequivocally defeated by Joe Biden in the election, but refused to accept the outcome, and made a months-long effort to overturn the results. Prior to the call to Raffensperger, Trump and his campaign spoke repeatedly to state and local officials in at least three states in which he had lost, urging them to recount votes, throw out some ballots, or replace the Democratic slate of electors with a Republican slate. Trump's call with Raffensperger was released by The Washington Post and other media outlets the next day, after Trump made a statement about the call on Twitter.

More than seventy countries and international organizations expressed their concerns over the January 6 United States Capitol attack and condemned the violence, with some specifically condemning President Donald Trump's own role in inciting the attack. Foreign leaders, diplomats, politicians, and institutions expressed shock, outrage, and condemnation of the events. Multiple world leaders made a call for peace, describing the assault as "an attack on democracy". The leaders of some countries, including Brazil, Poland, and Hungary, declined to condemn the situation, and described it as an internal U.S. affair.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Domestic reactions to the January 6 United States Capitol attack</span>

In the aftermath of the January 6 United States Capitol attack, after drawing widespread condemnation from the U.S. Congress, members of his administration, and the media, 45th U.S. President Donald Trump released a video-taped statement on January 7, reportedly to stop the resignations of his staff and the threats of impeachment or removal from office. In the statement, he condemned the violence at the U.S. Capitol, saying that "a new administration will be inaugurated", which was widely seen as a concession, and his "focus now turns to ensuring a smooth, orderly, and seamless transition of power" to the Joe Biden administration. Vanity Fair reported that Trump was at least partially convinced to make the statement by U.S. Senator Lindsey Graham (R-SC), who told Trump a sufficient number of Senate Republicans would support removing him from office unless he conceded. Kayleigh McEnany, the White House Press Secretary, had attempted to distance the administration from the rioters' behavior in a televised statement earlier in the day. On January 9, The New York Times reported that Trump had told White House aides he regretted committing to an orderly transition of power and would never resign from office. In a March 25 interview on Fox News, Trump defended the Capitol attackers, saying they were patriots who posed "zero threat", and he criticized law enforcement for "persecuting" the rioters.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2021 United States inauguration week protests</span> Protests against the presidency of Joe Biden

Supporters of Donald Trump, the 45th president of the United States, held small-scale armed protests and demonstrations at U.S. state capitols in the five days leading up to the inauguration of Joe Biden on January 20, 2021, in opposition to the results of the 2020 United States presidential election, which continued after the failure of the violent January 6 attempt to overturn the election in Trump's favor. Pro-Trump groups failed to stage organized dissent or affect the transition of power in an environment of deterrence and heightened security.

<i>Peril</i> (book) 2021 nonfiction book by Bob Woodward and Robert Costa

Peril is a nonfiction book by American journalists Bob Woodward and Robert Costa about the outgoing Trump Administration, as well as the presidential transition and early presidency of Joe Biden. The book was published on September 21, 2021, by Simon & Schuster.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Democratic backsliding by country</span>

Democratic backsliding, also known as autocratization, is the decline in democratic qualities of a political regime, the opposite of democratization.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Democratic backsliding in the United States</span> Periods of democratic decline in the U.S.

Democratic backsliding in the United States has been identified as a trend at the state and national levels in various indices and analyses. Democratic backsliding is "a process of regime change towards autocracy that makes the exercise of political power more arbitrary and repressive and that restricts the space for public contestation and political participation in the process of government selection".

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "Peaceful transitions of power have been rare in modern states, but once the habit has been acquired it sticks". EUROPP. 26 November 2014. Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  2. 1 2 Graham, Emmanuel (July 2017). "The Third Peaceful Transfer of Power and Democratic Consolidation in Ghana" (PDF). Africology: The Journal of Pan African Studies. 10 (5): 99–127. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 July 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2020.}
  3. 1 2 Tamarkin, M. (1979). "From Kenyatta to Moi: The Anatomy of a Peaceful Transition of Power". Africa Today. 26 (3): 21–37. ISSN   0001-9887. JSTOR   4185874.
  4. 1 2 Mangu, Andre Mbata B. (1 June 2004). "DR Congo: the long road from war to peace and challenges for peaceful transition and national reconstruction". Africa Insight. 34 (2_3): 31–38. ISSN   0256-2804. Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  5. 1 2 Ahmed, Jasem Mohamad (2012). "Democracy and the problem of peaceful transfer of power". Journal of Al-Frahedis Arts. 04 (10). Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Przeworski, Adam (1 January 2015). "Acquiring the Habit of Changing Governments Through Elections". Comparative Political Studies. 48 (1): 101–129. doi:10.1177/0010414014543614. ISSN   0010-4140. S2CID   154441890.(subscription required)
  7. ↑ Sutter, Daniel (1995). "Settling Old Scores: Potholes along the Transition from Authoritarian Rule". The Journal of Conflict Resolution. 39 (1): 110–128. doi:10.1177/0022002795039001005. ISSN   0022-0027. JSTOR   174324. S2CID   145445935.
  8. ↑ "First peaceful transfer of power possible in the DRC: regional focus - East Africa". Africa Conflict Monitor. 2017 (Feb 2017): 35–39. 1 February 2017. ISSN   2311-6943. Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  9. ↑ Yayloyan, Diana (28 February 2019). "A Peaceful Transition of Power and Public's Expectations in Armenia". Economic Policy Research Foundation of Turkey. Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2020– via Think-Asia.
  10. 1 2 "Peaceful transfer of political power and its characteristics in Georgia. The Georgian parliamentary elections of 2012". Instrument Bibliometric National. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  11. ↑ O’Hanlon, Michael; Brigety, Reuben; Opalo, Ken (27 November 2018). "Power transitions in Africa". Brookings. Archived from the original on 11 September 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
  12. ↑ "A First in Nigeria: A Peaceful Succession of Power". The New York Times. Associated Press. 30 May 2007. Archived from the original on 11 September 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
  13. ↑ Tomas F. Husted, "Liberia: Background and U.S. Relations", Congressional Research Service (February 14, 2020), p. 5. Archived 11 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine .
  14. ↑ Mwanamilongo, Saleh (24 January 2019). "New Congo president marks first peaceful transfer of power". Christian Science Monitor. Associated Press. ISSN   0882-7729. Archived from the original on 11 September 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
  15. ↑ Dalatou Mamane, "Niger inaugurates president in 1st democratic power transfer", Associated Press (April 2, 2021). Archived 11 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine .
  16. ↑ "Niger's president 'held by guards' in apparent coup attempt". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  17. ↑ Pruitt, Sarah. "How the Peaceful Transfer of Power Began With John Adams". HISTORY. Archived from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  18. ↑ "All 10 living former defense secretaries: Involving the military in election disputes would cross into dangerous territory". The Washington Post. 3 January 2021. Archived from the original on 6 January 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  19. ↑ "Peaceful Transition of Power". National Archives. 18 November 2016. Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  20. ↑ Jacey Fortin (19 January 2021). "Trump Is Not the First President to Snub an Inauguration". New York Times. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
  21. ↑ "A president hasn't refused to attend the inauguration of his successor in 152 years. Donald Trump will change that". USA TODAY. Archived from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
  22. ↑ "Is the U.S. at Risk of Mirroring Hungary's Democratic Backsliding?". www.worldpoliticsreview.com. 19 October 2020. Archived from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  23. ↑ Bauer, Michael W; Becker, Stefan (2 March 2020). "Democratic Backsliding, Populism, and Public Administration". Perspectives on Public Management and Governance. 3 (1): 19–31. doi: 10.1093/ppmgov/gvz026 . hdl: 1814/69472 . ISSN   2398-4910. Archived from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  24. ↑ Breuninger, Kevin (23 September 2020). "Trump won't commit to peaceful transfer of power if he loses the election". CNBC. Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  25. ↑ "Unanimous Senate commits to peaceful transfer of power after Trump refuses". ABC News. Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  26. ↑ "US business leaders call for peaceful transfer of power" . Financial Times. 7 November 2020. Archived from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  27. ↑ Alison Main (16 October 2020). "Trump says he would accept peaceful transfer of power but casts doubt on election results". CNN. Archived from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  28. ↑ Multiple sources:
    • Kumar, Anita; Orr, Gabby (21 December 2020). "Inside Trump's pressure campaign to overturn the election". Politico. Archived from the original on 22 December 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2021. Trump's efforts to cling to power are unprecedented in American history. While political parties have fought over the results of presidential elections before, no incumbent president has ever made such expansive and individualized pleas to the officials who oversee certification of the election results.
    • Sanger, David E. (19 November 2020). "Trump's Attempts to Overturn the Election Are Unparalleled in U.S. History". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 20 November 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2021. President Trump's attempts to overturn the 2020 election are unprecedented in American history and an even more audacious use of brute political force to gain the White House than when Congress gave Rutherford B. Hayes the presidency during Reconstruction.
  29. ↑ Multiple sources:
  30. ↑ Multiple sources:
  31. ↑ Parks, Miles (4 December 2020). "As Trump's Election Pressure Campaign Hits Republican Officials, Some Hit Back". NPR. Archived from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  32. ↑ Bump, Philip (24 February 2021). "The uncomfortable reality: Even many Republican officials believe false election claims" . The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
  33. ↑ Kane, Paul; Clement, Scott (5 December 2020). "Just 27 congressional Republicans acknowledge Biden's win, Washington Post survey finds" . The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
  34. ↑ Crowley, Michael (6 November 2020). "Trump's False Election Fraud Claims Split Republicans" . The New York Times. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
  35. ↑ Dmitriy Khavin; Haley Willis; Evan Hill; Natalie Reneau; Drew Jordan; Cora Engelbrecht; Christiaan Triebert; Stella Cooper; Malachy Browne; David Botti (30 June 2021). "Day of Rage: An In-Depth Look at How a Mob Stormed the Capitol". New York Times. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
  36. ↑ Colleen Long & Michael Balsamo (26 August 2021). "Capitol Police officers sue Trump, allies over insurrection". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 20 September 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
  37. ↑ Luke Mogelson (15 January 2021). "Capitol Police officers sue Trump, allies over insurrection". The New Yorker . The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
  38. ↑ Levenson, Eric; Vera, Amir; Kallingal, Mallika (7 January 2021). "What we know about the 5 deaths in the pro-Trump mob that stormed the Capitol". CNN. Archived from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  39. ↑ Axios (6 January 2021). "McConnell: "Our democracy would enter a death spiral" if Congress overturned election". Axios. Archived from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  40. ↑ Martin, Jeffery (7 January 2021). "Full Text of Speech in Which Donald Trump Finally Concedes Election to Biden Without Naming Him". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 15 February 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  41. ↑ Dale, Daniel (12 June 2021). "Trump is doing more lying about the election than talking about any other subject". CNN. Archived from the original on 16 June 2021.
  42. ↑ Corrales, Javier (1 January 2001). "Strong Societies, Weak Parties: Regime Change in Cuba and Venezuela in the 1950s and Today". Latin American Politics and Society. 43 (2): 81–113. doi:10.2307/3176972. JSTOR   3176972.
  43. ↑ Márquez, Laureano; Eduardo, Sanabria (2018). "¡Por fin, democracia!". Historieta de Venezuela: De Macuro a Maduro (1st ed.). Gráficas Pedrazas. p. 95. ISBN   978-1-7328777-1-9.
  44. Grekowicz, Nikita (15 November 2020). "Białoruś ponownie zawrzała po skatowaniu Ramana Bandarenki. Trwają protesty [relacja z Mińska]" [Belarus again in shock at the assault on Raman Bandarenka. Protests continue [report from Minsk]]. OKO.press (in Polish). Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  45. "Pavel Latushko Announces Establishment Of People's Anti-Crisis Administration". Belarus Feed . 29 October 2020. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  46. Sadouskaya–Komlach, Maryia (6 November 2020). "An Exiled Belarusian Opposition Faces A Credibility Test". Center for European Policy Analysis . Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  47. "National Anti-Crisis Management: Two power transition options have been developed". National Anti-crisis Management . 17 November 2020. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.