Peanut stunt virus

Last updated
Peanut stunt virus
Virus classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Kitrinoviricota
Class: Alsuviricetes
Order: Martellivirales
Family: Bromoviridae
Genus: Cucumovirus
Species:
Peanut stunt virus
Synonyms
  • Robinia mosaic virus
  • black locust true mosaic virus
  • clover blotch virus

Peanut stunt virus (PSV) is a plant pathogenic virus [1] in the family Bromoviridae. [2] It is a member of the genus Cucumovirus . [3] The members of this genus are positive-stranded RNA viruses with a multipartite genome (3-4 parts). The virus particles have an isometric or spherical shape. [4]

Contents

Distribution and host range

PSV was first named as a new disease of groundnuts or peanuts ( Arachis hypogaea ) in 1966. Disease symptoms [5] on the above ground parts of the peanut plants were described as severe dwarfing or stunting – hence the name Peanut stunt virus. Fruit production was also severely reduced. Virginia peanut fields, where this disease was first observed in 1964, had yield reductions of 10-50%. [6]

Severe stunting of peanuts had also been observed in North Carolina in 1964. [7] The peanut disease in N. Carolina was reported to be caused by the PSV in 1967. [8] The later report also stated that this virus caused disease in bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) and in white clover ( Trifolium repens ).[ citation needed ]

After its first description, PSV was quickly diagnosed in beans in Washington State, [9] white clover in South Carolina, [10] peanuts, beans and white clover in Georgia, [11] peanuts in Alabama, [12] and white clover in Florida. [13] Strains of PSV have now been identified in Africa (Morocco), Europe (France, Poland, Russia, and Spain) and Asia (India, [14] Japan, Korea and China [15] ) as well as in the United States.

PSV is an economically important pathogen of plants in the family Leguminosae. In addition to beans, peanuts, and clover (7 different species of Trifolium [16] ), PSV has been reported to naturally infect peas ( Pisum sativum ), soybeans ( Glycine max ), alfalfa ( Medicago sativa ) and lupine ( Lupinus luteus ). In 2002, PSV was reported to infect rhizoma or perennial peanut [17] (Arachis glabrata) in N. Florida and S. Georgia. [18]

Host range studies have shown that fourteen other plant families can be infected with this virus including agriculturally important crops in the plant families Cucurbitaceae (squash, cucumber, watermelon) and Solanaceae (tomatoes, peppers, tobacco). [19] Cultivated Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) [20] and celery ( Apium graveolens ) [21] have also been reported to be naturally infected.

Transmission

PSV is transmitted from plant to plant by several species of aphids (Aphis craccivora, A. spiraecola and Myzus persicae) in a stylet-borne manner. It can also be transmitted by mechanical inoculation. It has been shown to be transmitted by seeds in peanuts at a very low level [22] but this is not considered to be very important to the spread of this virus.[ citation needed ]

The virus can be introduced into a susceptible field crop by aphids from a nearby reservoir (infected perennial hosts like clover, alfalfa or perennial peanuts) and then is spread further into the field by aphids. It can be spread in perennial crops by harvesting (mechanical transmission) and possibly by root grafts.[ citation needed ]

Diagnosis

Correct diagnosis [23] of any plant disease requires some expertise. Plants suspected of a viral infection should be sent to a plant diagnostic laboratory where the presence or absence of the virus can be confirmed by serological ( ELISA ), genetic (PCR), or host range tests. Antiserum [24] and sequence data [25] are available for this virus.

Other references for Peanut stunt virus in perennial peanuts

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peanut</span> Legume cultivated as a grain and oil crop

The peanut, also known as the groundnut, goober (US), pindar (US) or monkey nut (UK), is a legume crop grown mainly for its edible seeds. It is widely grown in the tropics and subtropics, important to both small and large commercial producers. It is classified as both a grain legume and, due to its high oil content, an oil crop. World annual production of shelled peanuts was 44 million tonnes in 2016, led by China with 38% of the world total. Atypically among legume crop plants, peanut pods develop underground (geocarpy) rather than above ground. With this characteristic in mind, the botanist Carl Linnaeus gave peanuts the specific epithet hypogaea, which means "under the earth".

<i>Lettuce mosaic virus</i> Species of virus

Lettuce mosaic virus (LMV) is a typical potyvirus, which causes one of the major virus diseases of lettuce crops worldwide.

<i>Papaya ringspot virus</i> Species of virus

Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) is a pathogenic plant virus in the genus Potyvirus and the virus family Potyviridae which primarily infects the papaya tree.

The genus Canna is susceptible to certain plant viruses, which may result in spotted or streaked leaves, in a mild form, but can finally result in stunted growth and twisted and distorted blooms and foliage. Known species of virus are:

<i>Meloidogyne arenaria</i> Species of roundworm

Meloidogyne arenaria is a species of plant pathogenic nematodes. This nematode is also known as the peanut root knot nematode. The word "Meloidogyne" is derived from two Greek words that mean "apple-shaped" and "female". The peanut root knot nematode, M. arenaria is one of the "major" Meloidogyne species because of its worldwide economic importance. M. arenaria is a predominant nematode species in the United States attacking peanut in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and Texas. The most damaging nematode species for peanut in the USA is M. arenaria race 1 and losses can exceed 50% in severely infested fields. Among the several Meloidogyne species that have been characterized, M. arenaria is the most variable both morphologically and cytologically. In 1949, two races of this nematode had been identified, race 1 which reproduces on peanut and race 2 which cannot do so. However, in a recent study, three races were described. López-Pérez et al (2011) had also studied populations of M. arenaria race 2, which reproduces on tomato plants carrying the Mi gene and race 3, which reproduces on both resistant pepper and tomato.

Bean yellow mosaic virus is a plant pathogenic virus in the genus Potyvirus and the virus family Potyviridae. Like other members of the Potyvirus genus, it is a monopartite strand of positive-sense, single-stranded RNA surrounded by a capsid made for a single viral encoded protein. The virus is a filamentous particle that measures about 750 nm in length. This virus is transmitted by species of aphids and by mechanical inoculation.

<i>Beet curly top virus</i> Species of virus

Beet curly top virus (BCTV) is a pathogenic plant virus of the family Geminiviridae, containing a single-stranded DNA. The family Geminiviridae consists of nine genera based on their host range, virus genome structure, and type of insect vector. BCTV is a Curtovirus affecting hundreds of plants. The only known vector is the beet leafhopper, which is native to the Western United States.

<i>Bidens mottle virus</i> Species of virus

Bidens mottle virus (BiMoV) is a pathogenic plant virus in the plant virus family Potyviridae. BiMoV is a flexuous filamentous particle, 720 nm long, and belongs to the Potyviridae genus Potyvirus. Like other viruses in this genus, Bidens mottle virus is transmitted both mechanically by sap and by aphids in a stylet-borne fashion.

Clover yellow mosaic virus (ClYMV) is a plant pathogenic virus in the genus Potexvirus and the virus family Alphaflexiviridae. Its flexuous rod-shaped particles measure about 539 nm in length.

<i>Cucumber mosaic virus</i> Species of virus

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is a plant pathogenic virus in the family Bromoviridae. This virus has a worldwide distribution and a very wide host range, having the reputation of the widest host range of any known plant virus. It can be transmitted from plant to plant both mechanically by sap and by aphids in a stylet-borne fashion. It can also be transmitted in seeds and by the parasitic weeds, Cuscuta sp. (dodder).

Groundnut rosette virus (GRV) is a peanut pathogenic virus found in Sub-Saharan Africa. It is transmitted between plants by insect vectors such as the groundnut aphid.

<i>Peanut mottle virus</i> Species of virus

Peanut mottle virus(PeMoV) is a pathogenic plant virus of the family Potyviridae. As with other members of this virus family, PeMoV is a flexuous filamentous virus with particles 740–750 nm long. It is transmitted by several species of aphids and by mechanical inoculation. It was first given its name in 1965 when it was isolated from peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) in Georgia, United States. The virus was found to be seed transmitted in its host.

White clover mosaic virus (WClMV) is a plant pathogenic virus in the genus Potexvirus and the family Alphaflexiviridae. WClMV is a filamentous, flexuous rod, 480 nm in length and 13 nm wide.

<i>Tobacco etch virus</i> Species of virus

Tobacco etch virus (TEV) is a plant virus in the genus Potyvirus and family Potyviridae. Like other members of the genus Potyvirus, TEV has a monopartite positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome surrounded by a capsid made from a single viral encoded protein. The virus is a filamentous particle that measures about 730 nm in length. It is transmissible in a non-persistent manner by more than 10 species of aphids including Myzus persicae. It also is easily transmitted by mechanical means but is not known to be transmitted by seeds.

<i>Tobacco streak virus</i> Species of virus

Tobacco streak virus (TSV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Bromoviridae, in the genus Ilarvirus. It has a wide host range, with at least 200 susceptible species. TSV is generally more problematic in the tropics or warmer climates. TSV does not generally lead to epidemics, with the exception of sunflowers in India and Australia, and peanuts in India.

<i>Soybean mosaic virus</i> Plant disease

Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is a member of the plant virus genus Potyvirus. It infects mainly plants belonging to the family Fabaceae but has also been found infecting other economically important crops. SMV is the cause of soybean mosaic disease that occurs in all the soybean production areas of the world. Soybean is one of the most important sources of edible oil and proteins and pathogenic infections are responsible for annual yield losses of about $4 billion in the United States. Among these pathogens, SMV is the most important and prevalent viral pathogen in soybean production worldwide. It causes yield reductions of about 8% to 35%, but losses as high as 94% have been reported.

<i>Strawberry vein banding virus</i> Species of virus

Strawberry vein banding virus (SVBV) is a plant pathogenic virus and a member of the family Caulimoviridae.

<i>Celery mosaic virus</i> Species of virus

Celery mosaic virus (CeMV) is a plant pathogenic virus in the genus Potyvirus and the virus family Potyviridae .

Clover yellow vein virus (ClYVV) is a plant pathogenic virus in the genus Potyvirus and the virus family Potyviridae. Like other members of the Potyvirus genus, ClYVV is a monopartite strand of positive-sense, single-stranded RNA surrounded by a capsid made for a single viral encoded protein. The virus is a filamentous particle that measures about 760 nm in length. This virus is transmitted by several species of aphids in a nonpersistent manner and by mechanical inoculation.

<i>Aphis craccivora</i> Species of true bug

Aphis craccivora, variously known as the cowpea aphid, groundnut aphid or black legume aphid, is a true bug in the family Aphididae. Originally of probable Palearctic origin, it is now an invasive species of cosmopolitan distribution.

References

  1. ↑ Description of Plant Viruses:What are viruses?
  2. ↑ Description of Plant Viruses: Bromovirideae
  3. ↑ Description of Plant Viruses: Cucumovirus
  4. ↑ ICTVdB - Picture Gallery: Images of CMV
  5. ↑ "Integrated Pest Management | NC State Extension".
  6. ↑ Miller, L.E. and Troutman, J.L. 1966. Stunt disease of peanuts in Virginia. Plant Disease Reporter 50:139-143.
  7. ↑ Cooper, W.E. 1966. A destructive virus disease of peanut. Plant Disease Reporter 50:136
  8. ↑ Hebert, T.T. 1967. Epidemiology of peanut stunt virus in North Carolina. (Abstr.) Phytopathology 57: 461.
  9. ↑ Mink, G.I., Hebert, T.T., and Silbernagel, M.J. 1967. A strain of peanut stunt virus isolated in Washington (Abstr.) Phytopathology 57: 1400.
  10. ↑ Choopanya, D. 1968. Distribution of peanut stunt virus in white clover in South Carolina and its relationship to peanut culture. Plant Disease Reporter 52: 926-928.
  11. ↑ Kuhn, C.W. 1971. Peanut stunt virus in Georgia. Plant Disease Reporter 55:453
  12. ↑ Rogers, K. M. and Mixon, A.C. 1972. Peanut stunt virus in Alabama. Plant Disease Reporter 56:415-416
  13. ↑ Batchelor, D.L., Young, T.R., and Purcifull, D.E. 1974. Identification of peanut stunt virus in Florida. Plant Disease Reporter 58: 830-831.
  14. ↑ Bananej, K., Hajimorad, M. R. and Shahraeen, N. 1995. Isolation and characterization of a cucumovirus resembling peanut stunt virus from Iran. P. 107. In Proc. 12th Iranian Plant Protection Congress.
  15. ↑ Xu, Z. and Zhang, Z. 1988. Distribution of peanut virus diseases and detection of virus by serology in China. Oil Crops China 2:56-61.
  16. ↑ Choopanya, D. and Halpin, J.E. 1968. Host range of peanut stunt virus in Trifolium spp. Phytopathology 58:726.
  17. ↑ "Perennial Peanut: An Alternative Forage of Growing Importance". Archived from the original on 2008-07-24. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
  18. ↑ Blount, A.R. Pittman, R.N, Smith, B.A., Morgan, R. N., Dankers, W., Sprenkel, R.K., Momol, M.T. 2002. First Report of Peanut Stunt Virus in Perennial Peanut in North Florida and Southern Georgia. Plant Disease 86:326.
  19. ↑ ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database: Peanut stunt virus
  20. ↑ Gooding, G.V., Jr. 1968. Burley tobacco naturally infected with peanut stunt virus in Virginia. Plant Dis. Rep. 54:183-184.
  21. ↑ Twardowicz-Jakusz, A. and Pospieszny, H. 1983. Comparison of two strains of peanut stunt virus isolated from celery and yellow lupine in Poland. Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. 29:423-427.
  22. ↑ Troutman, J.L., W.K. Bailey, and C.A. Thomas. 1967. Seed Transmission of Peanut Stunt Virus. Phytopathology 57: 1280-1281.
  23. ↑ "Diagnosis / Florida Plant Viruses and Their Inclusions / Florida Plant Viruses and Their Inclusions / Science / Plant Industry / Divisions & Offices / Home - Florida Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services". Archived from the original on 2014-10-09. Retrieved 2014-10-10.
  24. ↑ "Agdia, Inc. - The World Leader In Plant Pathogen Diagnostics". orders.agdia.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-07.
  25. ↑ "Peanut stunt virus (ID 5576) - Genome - NCBI".
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.