Peter Klopfer

Last updated
Peter H. Klopfer
Born
Peter Hubert Klopfer

(1930-08-09) August 9, 1930 (age 93)
Berlin, Germany
NationalityAmerican
Education University of California at Los Angeles
Yale University
Known for Ethology
Research on lemurs
Scientific career
Fields Zoology
Institutions Duke University
Thesis An Analysis of Learning in Young Anatidae  (1957)

Peter Hubert Klopfer (born August 9, 1930) [1] is a German-born American zoologist, civil rights advocate and educator. He is Professor Emeritus of Biology at Duke University, where in 1966 he co-founded, with John Buettner-Janusch, the Duke Lemur Center (formerly Duke Primate Center). [2] This facility houses the largest living collection of endangered primates in the world. [3]

Contents

Peter Klopfer is an Elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1963) and the Animal Behavior Society (1968). [4] In 1979–80 he received the Humboldt Research Award for his achievements in the field of Sensory and Behavioral Biology. [5]

As a scientist Klopfer has authored, co-authored or edited twenty-five volumes and more than 125 peer-reviewed articles, most in the field of animal behavior. Among other contributions, Klopfer's research helped to establish the link between oxytocin and maternal attachment behavior [6] and to initiate study of neural processes involved in hibernation among primates [7]

As a civil rights advocate Klopfer was jailed in 1964 for protesting segregated restaurant facilities in Orange County, North Carolina. [8] He subsequently became the plaintiff in the 1967 United States Supreme Court case, Klopfer v. North Carolina, which upheld that the Speedy Trial Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution applies to individual states in the same way as it does to the federal government. [9]

As an educator Klopfer and his wife, Martha Smith Klopfer, were among the Quakers who founded Carolina Friends School in 1962. [10] CFS was one of the first schools in the modern South that welcomed children of all races. [11]

Biography

Early life and education

Peter Hubert Klopfer was the elder of two sons born to German immigrant parents, Hubert Robert Klopfer (1900–1937) and Edith Brauer (1896–1977). Shortly after the end of World War I, Hubert Klopfer studied economics at Columbia University. There, in the 1940s (and later at UCLA), his brother, Bruno Klopfer, taught psychology and popularized use in the U. S. of the Rorschach test. [12]

Peter Klopfer was raised in the suburbs of Philadelphia and attended Abington Friends School. When his father became ill with Hodgkin lymphoma, young Peter lived for several years with Alice and Thomas Knight, Hicksite Quaker elders in Wyncote, Pennsylvania, who were close friends of his father. [13] Late in 1937, after Hubert Klopfer's death, the brothers and their mother settled in southern California. Edith Brauer supported her family by taking in boarders, chiefly older German women with connections to the film industry.

As a teenager Klopfer attended Windsor Mountain School, an international boarding school in Lenox, Massachusetts, before matriculating at the University of California, Los Angeles, from which he earned a B.A. (with honors) in Biology in 1952. Here Klopfer was especially inspired by the "personal but unassuming" pedagogical style and "wide-ranging studies" of George A. Bartholomew. [14] While an undergraduate at UCLA Klopfer's Quaker convictions led him to refuse conscription for military service during the Korean War. Returning his draft card resulted in a prison sentence; however, Judge Leon Yankwich, then Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of California, released Klopfer on probation, on condition that he "obey all laws, State and Federal, so far as…conscience allows." [15] Klopfer proceeded to join a technical assistance training program (forerunner of the Peace Corps) that was based at Haverford College.

At Haverford Klopfer came to know the herpetologist, Emmett Reid Dunn, who advanced the rigor of the young scientist's interest in animal behavior. While at Haverford Klopfer also discovered the work of Niko Tinbergen, in particular Tinbergen's 1952 paper, "Derived Activities: Their Causation, Biological Significance, Origin, and Emancipation during Evolution". [16] Around the same time Klopfer became acquainted with the work of Eckhard Hess and his associate, A.O. Ramsay. Ramsay, who was both a researcher and a high school science teacher, offered a vocational model that Klopfer briefly followed (1952–53) when he returned to his former high school, Windsor Mountain School, as a science teacher. [17]

Through volunteering at an American Friends Service Committee weekend work camp in Claremont, California, Peter Klopfer became acquainted with Martha Smith. [18] Friendship grew into engagement, and they married in 1955. [19] Through more than six decades the couple has collaborated in many ways: as researchers, as founders of Carolina Friends School, as active members of Durham Monthly Meeting of Friends (NC) and board members of other Quaker organizations, as Masters runners, as equestrians, and as participants in Ride and Tie competitions. Peter and Martha Klopfer have three daughters and four grandchildren. Since 1958 the Klopfers have made their home in North Carolina, residing nearly all that time in Orange County, on land that now accommodates Carolina Friends School, located 5 miles from the Duke Lemur Center and 6 miles from Duke University's Biological Sciences Building.

Peter Klopfer did his Ph.D. work at the Osborn Memorial Labs of Yale University, drawn there by the recommendation of George Bartholomew and the charisma of G. Evelyn Hutchinson and Frank A. Beach. [20] Here Klopfer came to know a variety of faculty members and guest lecturers, including J.P. Trinkaus, Dillon Ripley, Don Griffin, José Delgado, Konrad Lorenz and Margaret Mead. His cohort of graduate students at Yale included Malcolm S. Gordon, Alan J. Kohn, Daniel A. Livingstone, Robert H. MacArthur, and Jane Van Zandt Brower. Klopfer's Ph.D. thesis studied imprinting in waterfowl; however, his interest in maternal attachment in goats also dates to these years. [21]

After a brief stint as head of the science department at Windsor Mountain School (1956), Klopfer's next stop in his formation as a scientist was a year (1957–58) as a postdoctoral fellow at W.H. Thorpe's Madingley Field Station for Animal Behaviour in Cambridge, England. In addition to Thorpe, Klopfer associated at Cambridge with Robert Hinde, Thelma Rowell, Malcolm Gordon, and Stephen Wainwright. Klopfer and Wainwright later became longtime colleagues at Duke University. [22]

Academic career

Peter Klopfer's career in higher education began in 1958, when he accepted a position as Assistant Professor in Duke University's Department of Zoology. Apart from four Visiting Professor positions in German and Israeli universities, Klopfer has spent his entire career at Duke University. He attained the rank of Associate Professor in 1963 and Professor in 1967. Currently he is Professor Emeritus of Biology. [23]

Klopfer has held a variety of professional offices at Duke, including service on the Undergraduate Faculty Council (1959–64; 1988–89), the Neurosciences Curriculum Committee (1965–66), the Animal Care Committee (1966–68), the Academic Council (1967–71), and the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (1997–2018). He was Duke's representative to the Board of Directors for the Organization for Tropical Studies (1967–82), Secretary of Duke's American Association of University Professors chapter (1967–69), and Director of its Field Station for Animal Behavior Studies (1968–73).

An additional arena of Klopfer's service to Duke University was as its women's track coach, before Title IX (1972), when the team was a club (but did compete in ACC cross country meets). [24] Klopfer was trained for this work by Duke's legendary and long-serving track coach, Al Buehler. Buehler also inspired Klopfer himself to become a Master's runner, a pursuit that he and his wife, Martha Klopfer, have participated in for decades. [25] In the 1970s Peter and Martha Klopfer were among the founding members of the Carolina Godiva Track Club.

In addition to his election to the AAAS, the Animal Behavior Society, and his Humboldt Award, other fellowships, awards, and honors Klopfer has received include a U.S. Public Health Service Special Postdoctoral Fellowship (1964), a Career Development Award from the National Institute of Mental Health (1965–70), the Duke University Student Association's "Outstanding Professor" Award (1968), and the "Distinguished Service Award" of the Cook Society, Duke University Office on Institutional Equity (2009). [26] Klopfer was also named a "Distinguished Professor" by the UNCF (formerly the United Negro College Fund) in 1985–86.

During his academic career Klopfer has held a variety of editorial positions with academic journals, including as associate editor, Journal of Experimental Zoology (1970–76), Editorial Advisor, Springer Verlag (1970–1990), and co-editor of the Plenum Press series, Perspectives in Ethology (1970–1990). Klopfer served as an editorial board member for The American Naturalist (1972–76) and the International Journal of Comparative Psychology (1995–2000).

Peter Klopfer has traveled widely as an academic research scientist. He has been a Visiting Professor in Israel at Tel Aviv University (1970) and Hebrew University of Jerusalem (1987), and in Germany at the universities of Tübingen (1979–80) and Potsdam (1992). In Budapest, Hungary, he gave the Inaugural Lectures at Bolyai College of Eötvös Loránd University (1995).

Lemurs, both in Madagascar and at the Duke Lemur Center, are the focus of Klopfer's current research. [27] A personal interview with Klopfer in August 2020 yielded the following list of previous animals and habitat locations he has studied: ducks in Manitoba; ducks and passerine birds in England; elephant seals in California; antelope in Israel, Jordan and Egypt; fish in Germany and Belize; horses on the Outer Banks of North Carolina; goats and giant tortoises on Aldabra; birds in Costa Rica, Panama, Guatemala, Jamaica, Cayman Brac and Puerto Rico; birds, ducks, goats and lemurs in North Carolina.

Activism and advocacy

Peter Klopfer has compiled a life-long record of activism and advocacy with respect to civil liberties and civil rights. [28] That record is rooted in his membership in the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), which dates to his youth and is briefly discussed above. It continued with the American Friends Service Committee, on whose Southwestern Region Executive Committee Klopfer served (1967–74; 2003–10). [29] Perhaps the fullest manifestation of Peter (and Martha) Klopfer's Quaker commitments is the founding of Carolina Friends School (CFS) as a racially integrated school. The couple were not only founding and sustaining board members of CFS; they taught at it, raised funds for it, donated the land for it, sent their three daughters to it, and have provided continuous servant leadership to it for six decades. [30]

While a young professor at Duke, Klopfer chose to take an active role in the civil rights movement that swept across the American South from 1954–1968. Indeed, just days after arriving in Durham, North Carolina (from Cambridge, England, in 1958), Peter and Martha Klopfer behaved, at a segregated laundromat, in a manner that confounded both its black and its white patrons. They put their dark-colored laundry in machines designated "colored" and their light-colored laundry in ones designated "white." [31]

As an extension of his Quaker pacifism Klopfer, when a young adult, had joined the American Civil Liberties Union, the Fellowship of Reconciliation and the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). [32] He supported non-violent sit-ins to segregate public accommodations that began in Durham and Orange Counties in 1960. As documented in detail by Daniel H. Pollitt in a 1965 article published in the North Carolina Law Review43 (689–767), the national profile of this movement for justice became especially pronounced in early 1964. On January 3, 1964, Peter Klopfer was one of six professors (four from Duke and two from UNC-Chapel Hill) who were arrested as part of a multi-racial group that met to request service at Watts Motel and Restaurant in southern Chapel Hill. Before they could enter "Watts Grill," the would-be protestors were "jumped on in the parking lot and beaten" [33] Local police intervened in the bloodshed only after one of the UNC professors, Albert Halstead Amon, received serious head injuries. [34]

On February 24, 1964, Klopfer was indicted for the misdemeanor crime of criminal trespass by an Orange County grand jury. North Carolina Superior Court Judge Raymond B. Mallard presided over Klopfer's initial trials. [35] A string of hung juries and legal appeals—some of them focused on Klopfer's refusal, as a Quaker, to swear on the Bible—ultimately led Klopfer, his attorney Wade H. Penny, and the American Civili Liberties Union to assert, first to the North Carolina Supreme Court and then to the United States Supreme Court, that Klopfer's Sixth Amendment right to a speedy trial had been abridged. [36] Ultimately, the U.S, Supreme Court voted by a margin of 6-3 to accept the case, which was argued on December 8, 1966, and decided unanimously in Klopfer's favor on March 13, 1967. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote the opinion. [37]

Ten years later, when Peter Klopfer was a member of the Carolina Friends School board of directors, the school filed an amicus curiae brief in another legal case, arguing for repeal of legislation passed by the state of North Carolina in 1977 that required non-public schools to administer standardized tests. [38] Don Wells, Carolina Friends School principal at that time, asserted in sworn testimony that a "standardized equivalent measure" of student success, which Carolina Friends School employed, was the Quaker process of "consensus," which those in the judicial system should know well since it is what juries use "to decide, at times, matters of life and death." Surely this same process should be "suitable for use in measuring student progress," the school's argument concluded. [39] Ultimately the North Carolina legislature concurred with this view. In 1979 "the General Assembly amended Chapter 115 of the General Statutes to include two new articles, Articles 32A and 32B, both of which have the effect of limiting the authority of the State Board of Education to regulate the educational programs of nonpublic schools providing instruction to children of compulsory attendance age." [40]

Major publications

(not including abstracts or book reviews)

Articles

Of fruits and fats: white adipose tissue profiles in captive dwarf lemurs are affected by diet and temperature. Proc. R. Soc.B 289:202259

Books

Articles of public and social concerns

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ethology</span> Scientific objective study of non-human animal behaviour

Ethology is a branch of zoology that studies the behaviour of non-human animals. It has its scientific roots in the work of Charles Darwin and of American and German ornithologists of the late 19th and early 20th century, including Charles O. Whitman, Oskar Heinroth, and Wallace Craig. The modern discipline of ethology is generally considered to have begun during the 1930s with the work of the Dutch biologist Nikolaas Tinbergen and the Austrian biologists Konrad Lorenz and Karl von Frisch, the three winners of the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Ethology combines laboratory and field science, with a strong relation to neuroanatomy, ecology, and evolutionary biology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Konrad Lorenz</span> Austrian zoologist (1903–1989)

Konrad Zacharias Lorenz was an Austrian zoologist, ethologist, and ornithologist. He shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Nikolaas Tinbergen and Karl von Frisch. He is often regarded as one of the founders of modern ethology, the study of animal behavior. He developed an approach that began with an earlier generation, including his teacher Oskar Heinroth.

Zoology is the scientific study of animals. Its studies include the structure, embryology, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct, and how they interact with their ecosystems. Zoology is one of the primary branches of biology. The term is derived from Ancient Greek ζῷον, zōion ('animal'), and λόγος, logos.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hibernation</span> Physiological state of dormant inactivity in order to pass the winter season

Hibernation is a state of minimal activity and metabolic depression undergone by some animal species. Hibernation is a seasonal heterothermy characterized by low body-temperature, slow breathing and heart-rate, and low metabolic rate. It most commonly occurs during winter months.

In ethology, territory is the sociographical area that an animal consistently defends against conspecific competition using agonistic behaviors or real physical aggression. Animals that actively defend territories in this way are referred to as being territorial or displaying territorialism.

Zoosemiotics is the semiotic study of the use of signs among animals, more precisely the study of semiosis among animals, i.e. the study of how something comes to function as a sign to some animal. It is the study of animal forms of knowing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fat-tailed dwarf lemur</span> Species of lemur

The fat-tailed dwarf lemur, also known as the lesser dwarf lemur, western fat-tailed dwarf lemur, or spiny forest dwarf lemur, is endemic to Madagascar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Patrick Bateson</span> English biologist

Sir Paul Patrick Gordon Bateson, was an English biologist with interests in ethology and phenotypic plasticity. Bateson was a professor at the University of Cambridge and served as president of the Zoological Society of London from 2004 to 2014.

Cognitive ethology is a branch of ethology concerned with the influence of conscious awareness and intention on the behaviour of an animal. Donald Griffin, a zoology professor in the United States, set up the foundations for researches in the cognitive awareness of animals within their habitats.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">William Homan Thorpe</span> British zoologist, ethologist and ornithologist

William Homan Thorpe FRS was Professor of Animal Ethology at the University of Cambridge, and a significant British zoologist, ethologist and ornithologist. Together with Nikolaas Tinbergen, Patrick Bateson and Robert Hinde, Thorpe contributed to the growth and acceptance of behavioural biology in Great Britain.

Robert Aubrey Hinde was a British zoologist, ethologist and psychologist. He served as the Emeritus Royal Society Research Professor of Zoology at the University of Cambridge. Hinde is best known for his ethological contributions to the fields of animal behaviour and developmental psychology.

The Natural Design Perspective is an approach to psychology and biology that holds that concepts such as "motivation", "emotion", "development", "adaptation" refer to objectively observable patterns, rather than hidden causes. It was developed by Nicholas S. Thompson, and has its roots in philosophical behaviorism and the new realism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coquerel's sifaka</span> Diurnal, medium-sized lemur

Coquerel's sifaka is a diurnal, medium-sized lemur of the sifaka genus Propithecus. It is native to northwest Madagascar. Coquerel's sifaka was once considered to be a subspecies of Verreaux's sifaka, but was eventually granted full species level, and is listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List due to habitat loss and hunting. In popular culture, it is known for being the species of the title character in the children's TV show Zoboomafoo. The species was named after French entomologist Charles Coquerel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eshkol-Wachman movement notation</span> Notation system for recording movement

Eshkol-Wachman movement notation is a notation system for recording movement on paper or computer screen. The system was created in Israel by dance theorist Noa Eshkol and Avraham Wachman, a professor of architecture at the Technion. The system is used in many fields, including dance, physical therapy, animal behavior and early diagnosis of autism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marc Bekoff</span> American biologist (born 1945)

Marc Bekoff is an American biologist, ethologist, behavioural ecologist and writer. He was a professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of Colorado Boulder for 32 years. He cofounded the Jane Goodall Institute of Ethologists for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, and he is Professor Emeritus of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of Colorado Boulder.

Peter Robert Marler ForMemRS was a British-born American ethologist and zoosemiotician known for his research on animal sign communication and the science of bird song. A 1964 Guggenheim Fellow, he was emeritus professor of neurobiology, physiology and ethology at the University of California, Davis.

Gilbert Gottlieb was an American psychologist.

Margaret Altmann (1900–1984) was a German-American biologist focusing on animal husbandry and psychobiology. She was one of the first women to work in the psychobiology, ethology and animal husbandry fields, with a focus on livestock.

Gisela Kaplan is an Australian ethologist who primarily specialises in ornithology and primatology. She is a professor emeritus in animal behaviour at the University of New England, Australia, and also honorary professor of the Queensland Brain Institute.

Millicent S. Ficken, also known as Millicent Sigler Ficken, was an American ornithologist who specialized in birds' vocalizations and their social behaviors.

References

  1. ↑ "Guide to the Peter H. Klopfer Papers, 1957-1980s". David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library. Retrieved 2020-05-18.
  2. ↑ Markis, John (2019-04-24). "From lemurs to poisoned chocolate: The tale of a Lemur Center founder". Duke Chronicle. Retrieved 2020-05-18.
  3. ↑ "History and Mission". Duke Lemur Center. Retrieved 2020-08-19.
  4. ↑ "Duke Department of Biology". fds.duke.edu. Retrieved 2020-08-19.
  5. ↑ Klopfer, Peter (1979-08-01). "Humboldt Foundation". Humboldt Foundation. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
  6. ↑ Epstein, Randi Hutter (2018). Aroused: the history of hormones and how they control just about everything. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 218–222. ISBN   978-0-393-35708-0. OCLC   1107492740.
  7. ↑ Casarett, David (2014). Shocked : adventures in bringing back the recently dead. New York, New York: Current (Penguin). pp. 119–23. ISBN   978-1-59184-671-0. OCLC   870085094.
  8. ↑ Ehle, John (2007). The Free Men. Lewisville, NC: Press 53. pp. 145–46. ISBN   978-0-9793049-1-0.
  9. ↑ Mosnier, Joseph (1966). "The Demise of an "Extraordinary Criminal Procedure": Klopfer v. North Carolina and the Incorporation of the Sixth Amendment's Speedy Trial Provision". Journal of Supreme Court History. 21 (2): 136–60. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5818.1996.tb00054.x.
  10. ↑ Klopfer, Martha and Peter. "Love, Experience, and Reflection". Health and Healing. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
  11. ↑ Huff, Carrie (2015). 27 Views of Carolina Friends School. Durham, NC: Pine Bough Press. p. 175. ISBN   9780692295595.
  12. ↑ Klopfer, Peter H. (1999). Politics and People in Ethology. Lewisburg PA: Bucknell University Press. pp. 18–19. ISBN   978-0838754054.
  13. ↑ Klopfer, Peter H. (1999). Politics and People in Ethology. Lewisburg PA: Bucknell University Press. pp. 19–20. ISBN   0838754058.
  14. ↑ Klopfer, Peter H. (1999). Politics and People in Ethology. Lewisburg PA: Bucknell University Press. p. 21. ISBN   0838754058.
  15. ↑ Klopfer, Peter H. (1999). Politics and People in Ethology. Lewisburg PA: Bucknell University. p. 22. ISBN   0838754058.
  16. ↑ Klopfer, Peter H. (1999). Politics and People in Ethology. Lewisburg PA: Bucknell University Press. p. 23. ISBN   0838754058.
  17. ↑ Klopfer, Peter H. (1999). Politics and People in Ethology. Lewisburg PA: Bucknell University Press. pp. 24–25. ISBN   0838754058.
  18. ↑ Klopfer, Martha (19 April 2017). "I Was a Volunteer". AFSC. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
  19. ↑ Klopfer, Peter H. (1999). Politics and People in Ethology. Lewisburg PA: Bucknell university Press. p. 25. ISBN   0838754058.
  20. ↑ Klopfer, Peter H. (1999). Politics and People in Ethology. Lewisburg PA: Bucknell University Press. pp. 27–29. ISBN   0838754058.
  21. ↑ Klopfer, Peter H. (1999). Politics and People in Ethology. Lewisburg PA: Bucknell University Press. p. 36. ISBN   0838754058.
  22. ↑ Klopfer, Peter H. (1999). Politics and People in Ethology. Lewisburg PA: Bucknell University Press. pp. 53–54. ISBN   0838754058.
  23. ↑ Klopfer, Peter H (20 August 2020). "Duke University Biology". Duke Biology. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
  24. ↑ Bradham, Bre (27 February 2018). "Dear Old Duke" The Biologists". Duke Chronicle. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
  25. ↑ Blount, Alma (March 1978). "Running Face to Face with Yourself". The Sun. 36– via Sun Magazine.
  26. ↑ "Cook Society Announces Award Winners at Annual Dinner". Duke Today. 18 February 2009. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
  27. ↑ Groskin, Luke (24 April 2019). "Sleeping Cutie: The Hibernation Habits of Dwarf Lemur". Science Friday. Archived from the original on 24 May 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  28. ↑ Davidson, Kathleen (Spring 2009). "in the Name of Plainfolks Who Could Not Ignore Injustice" (PDF). We&Thee. 2009: 1, 10 – via Carolina Friends School.
  29. ↑ Klopfer, Martha and Peter (19 April 2017). "I Was a Volunteer". American Friends Service Committee. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
  30. ↑ Stites, Clay V. (1 July 2017). "Carolina Friends School" (PDF). Consultants for Leadership and Governance. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
  31. ↑ Wise, Jim (15 November 2003). "Tape Transcript, Durham Civil Rights Heritage Project" (PDF). Durham County Library. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  32. ↑ Wise, Jim (15 November 2003). "Tape Transcript, Durham Civil Rights Heritage Project". Durham County Library. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
  33. ↑ Wise, Jim (15 November 2003). "Tape Transcript, Durham Civil Rights Heritage Project" (PDF). Durham County Library. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  34. ↑ Ehle, John (2007). The Free Men. Lewisville, NC: Press 53. pp. 145–48. ISBN   9780979304910.
  35. ↑ Ehle, John (2007). The Free Men. Lewisville, NC: Press 53. pp. 145–150, 216–244. ISBN   9780979304910.
  36. ↑ Jim, Wise (15 November 2003). "Tape Transcript, Durham Civil Rights Heritage Project" (PDF). Durham County Library. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  37. ↑ Feeley, Malcolm M. (2020). "Klopfer v. North Carolina". Oxford Reference. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
  38. ↑ Wells, Donald A. (1 June 1978). "Religious Freedom at Stake". Friends Journal. 24:11: 7.
  39. ↑ Wells, Don (1988). "Friends School and the State of North Carolina". Carolina Friends School: 1963-1988. 1: 38–39.
  40. ↑ Edmiston, Rufus A. (29 August 1979). "Home Instruction of a Child in Liew of Attending a Public School". North Carolina Department of Justice. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.