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Developmental biology is the study of the process by which animals and plants grow and develop. Developmental biology also encompasses the biology of regeneration,asexual reproduction,metamorphosis,and the growth and differentiation of stem cells in the adult organism.
Sonic hedgehog protein (SHH) is encoded for by the SHH gene. The protein is named after the video game character Sonic the Hedgehog.
In cellular biology,paracrine signaling is a form of cell signaling,a type of cellular communication in which a cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cells,altering the behaviour of those cells. Signaling molecules known as paracrine factors diffuse over a relatively short distance,as opposed to cell signaling by endocrine factors,hormones which travel considerably longer distances via the circulatory system;juxtacrine interactions;and autocrine signaling. Cells that produce paracrine factors secrete them into the immediate extracellular environment. Factors then travel to nearby cells in which the gradient of factor received determines the outcome. However,the exact distance that paracrine factors can travel is not certain.
In evolutionary developmental biology,homeosis is the transformation of one organ into another,arising from mutation in or misexpression of certain developmentally critical genes,specifically homeotic genes. In animals,these developmental genes specifically control the development of organs on their anteroposterior axis. In plants,however,the developmental genes affected by homeosis may control anything from the development of a stamen or petals to the development of chlorophyll. Homeosis may be caused by mutations in Hox genes,found in animals,or others such as the MADS-box family in plants. Homeosis is a characteristic that has helped insects become as successful and diverse as they are.
A morphogen is a substance whose non-uniform distribution governs the pattern of tissue development in the process of morphogenesis or pattern formation,one of the core processes of developmental biology,establishing positions of the various specialized cell types within a tissue. More specifically,a morphogen is a signaling molecule that acts directly on cells to produce specific cellular responses depending on its local concentration.
Walter Jakob Gehring was a Swiss developmental biologist who was a professor at the Biozentrum Basel of the University of Basel,Switzerland. He obtained his PhD at the University of Zurich in 1965 and after two years as a research assistant of Ernst Hadorn he joined Alan Garen's group at Yale University in New Haven as a postdoctoral fellow.
The Hedgehog signaling pathway is a signaling pathway that transmits information to embryonic cells required for proper cell differentiation. Different parts of the embryo have different concentrations of hedgehog signaling proteins. The pathway also has roles in the adult. Diseases associated with the malfunction of this pathway include cancer.
A gap gene is a type of gene involved in the development of the segmented embryos of some arthropods. Gap genes are defined by the effect of a mutation in that gene,which causes the loss of contiguous body segments,resembling a gap in the normal body plan. Each gap gene,therefore,is necessary for the development of a section of the organism.
Polycomb-group proteins are a family of protein complexes first discovered in fruit flies that can remodel chromatin such that epigenetic silencing of genes takes place. Polycomb-group proteins are well known for silencing Hox genes through modulation of chromatin structure during embryonic development in fruit flies. They derive their name from the fact that the first sign of a decrease in PcG function is often a homeotic transformation of posterior legs towards anterior legs,which have a characteristic comb-like set of bristles.
Philip Arden Beachy is Ernest and Amelia Gallo Professor at Stanford University School of Medicine in Palo Alto,California and an Associate at Stanford's Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine.
Hairless,also known as H,is a well-characterized Drosophila gene. Since Hairless is a dominant loss of function mutation,many mutations to Hairless are embryonic lethal,but there are several viable hairless mutants. This specific Drosophila gene is involved in the Notch signaling pathway (NSP) by acting as a suppressor of the organism's Notch signaling. This interaction of the NSP can be seen in Figure 1.
Protein odd-skipped-related 1 is a transcription factor that in humans is encoded by the OSR1 gene. The OSR1 and OSR2 transcription factors participate in the normal development of body parts such as the kidney.
Trithorax-group proteins (TrxG) are a heterogeneous collection of proteins whose main action is to maintain gene expression. They can be categorized into three general classes based on molecular function:
- histone-modifying TrxG proteins
- chromatin-remodeling TrxG proteins
- DNA-binding TrxG proteins,
Patched (Ptc) is a conserved 12-pass transmembrane protein receptor that plays an obligate negative regulatory role in the Hedgehog signaling pathway in insects and vertebrates. Patched is an essential gene in embryogenesis for proper segmentation in the fly embryo,mutations in which may be embryonic lethal. Patched functions as the receptor for the Hedgehog protein and controls its spatial distribution,in part via endocytosis of bound Hedgehog protein,which is then targeted for lysosomal degradation.
Matthew P. Scott is an American biologist who was the tenth president of the Carnegie Institution for Science. While at Stanford University,Scott studied how embryonic and later development is governed by proteins that control gene activity and cell signaling processes. He co- discovered homeobox genes in Drosophila melanogaster working with Amy J. Weiner at Indiana University.
Utpal Banerjee is a distinguished professor of the department of molecular,cell and developmental biology at UCLA. He obtained his Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry from St. Stephen's College,Delhi University,India and obtained his Master of Science degree in physical chemistry from the Indian Institute of Technology,Kanpur,India. In 1984,he obtained a PhD in chemistry from the California Institute of Technology where he was also a postdoctoral Fellow in the laboratory of Seymour Benzer from 1984-1988.
Michael Levine is an American developmental and cell biologist at Princeton University,where he is the Director of the Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and a Professor of Molecular Biology.
Clifford James Tabin is chairman of the Department of Genetics at Harvard Medical School.
Gooseberry (gsb) is a segment polarity gene located on chromosome 2 of the Drosophila genome. Gooseberry is known for its interactions with key embryonic signaling pathways Wingless and Hedgehog. The gene also has clinical significance,being linked to diseases such as Waardenburg Syndrome and rhabdomyosarcoma.
Lingadahalli Subrahmanya Shashidhara is an Indian developmental biologist,geneticist and a professor of biology currently serving as the Centre Director of National Centre for Biological Sciences,Bengaluru,India. He is a Professor at the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research,Pune,and at Ashoka University,Sonepat,India. He heads the LSS Laboratory at IISER and is known for his studies on Drosophila,particularly the evolution of appendages and functions of homeotic selector genes. He is a J. C. Bose National Fellow of the Department of Science and Technology and an elected fellow of the Indian National Science Academy,Indian Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences,India. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research,the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research,awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology,one of the highest Indian science awards,in 2008,for his contributions to biological sciences.
References
- ↑ "Living Systems Institute | Living Systems Institute | University of Exeter".
- ↑ "Welcome to nginx". Archived from the original on 15 June 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
- ↑ › Alumni Career Profiles › Philip Ingham (1973 Leaver) – Professor of Developmental Biology Archived 21 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ List of University of Sussex alumni – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- ↑ "LMB Alumni List".
- ↑ Our History | The Bateson Centre Archived 8 June 2014 at archive.today
- ↑ "EMBO members elected 1995". EMBO J. 14 (13): 3288. 1995. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07332.x. PMC 394391 .
- ↑ "2002 Royal Society Fellows".
- ↑ Genetics Society Website > Prizes > Genetics Society Medal 2005
- ↑ An interview with Phil Ingham
- ↑ Ingham, Philip & Robert Whittle (1980). "Trithorax: a new homoeotic mutation of Drosophila melanogaster causing transformations of abdominal and thoracic imaginal segments". Molecular and General Genetics. 179 (3): 607–614. doi:10.1007/bf00271751. S2CID 7514185.
- ↑ Ingham, PW (1985). "A clonal analysis of the requirement for the trithorax gene in the diversification of segments in Drosophila". Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology. 89: 349–65. PMID 4093752.
- ↑ Howard, K & Ingham, P (1986). "Regulatory interactions between the segmentation genes fushi tarazu, hairy, and engrailed in the Drosophila blastoderm". Cell. 44 (6): 949–957. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(86)90018-8. PMID 3955654. S2CID 28770534.
- ↑ Forbes, AJ; Nakano, Y; Taylor, AM & Ingham, PW (1993). "Genetic analysis of hedgehog signalling in the Drosophila embryo". Development. 119: 115–24. doi:10.1242/dev.119.Supplement.115. PMID 8049467.
- ↑ Ingham, PW; Taylor, AM & Nakano, Y (1991). "Role of the Drosophila patched gene in positional signalling". Nature. 353 (6340): 184–7. Bibcode:1991Natur.353..184I. doi:10.1038/353184a0. PMID 1653906. S2CID 4361236.
- ↑ Biologists Find Key Genes That Shape Patterning of Embryos – New York Times
- ↑ Pin by Cancer Research UK on Skin Cancer | Pinterest
- ↑ Ingham PW (1988). "The molecular genetics of embryonic pattern formation in Drosophila". Nature. 335 (6185): 25–34. Bibcode:1988Natur.335...25I. doi:10.1038/335025a0. PMID 2901040. S2CID 4311200.
- ↑ Ingham PW, McMahon AP (2001). "Hedgehog signaling in animal development: paradigms and principles". Genes & Development. 15 (23): 3059–87. doi: 10.1101/gad.938601 . PMID 11731473.
