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Inferences are steps in reasoning, moving from premises to logical consequences; etymologically, the word infer means to "carry forward". Inference is theoretically traditionally divided into deduction and induction, a distinction that in Europe dates at least to Aristotle. Deduction is inference deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true, with the laws of valid inference being studied in logic. Induction is inference from particular evidence to a universal conclusion. A third type of inference is sometimes distinguished, notably by Charles Sanders Peirce, contradistinguishing abduction from induction.
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The Wason selection task is a logic puzzle devised by Peter Cathcart Wason in 1966. It is one of the most famous tasks in the study of deductive reasoning. An example of the puzzle is:
You are shown a set of four cards placed on a table, each of which has a number on one side and a color on the other. The visible faces of the cards show 3, 8, blue and red. Which card(s) must you turn over in order to test that if a card shows an even number on one face, then its opposite face is blue?
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Peter Cathcart Wason was a cognitive psychologist at University College, London, who pioneered the psychology of reasoning. He sought to explain why people consistently commit logical errors. He designed problems and tests to demonstrate these behaviours, such as the Wason selection task, the THOG problem and the 2-4-6 problem. He also coined the term "confirmation bias" to describe the tendency for people to immediately favor information that validates their preconceptions, hypotheses and personal beliefs regardless of whether they are true or not.
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Susan E. Carey is an American psychologist who is a Professor of Psychology at Harvard University. She studies language acquisition, children's development of concepts, conceptual changes over time, and the importance of executive functions. She has conducted experiments on infants, toddlers, adults, and non-human primates. Her books include Conceptual Change in Childhood (1985) and The Origin of Concepts (2009).
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Raymond S. Nickerson is an American psychologist and author. He was a senior vice president at BBN Technologies, from which he is retired, He is now research professor at Tufts University in the Psychology Department. He has authored several books and is the founding editor of The Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied.
Jonathan St B. T. Evans is a British cognitive psychologist, currently Emeritus Professor of Psychology at the University of Plymouth. In 1975, with Peter Wason, Evans proposed one of the first dual-process theories of reasoning, an idea later developed and popularized by Daniel Kahneman. In a 2011 Festschrift, Evans' peers described him as "one of the most influential figures in the psychology of human reasoning".
References
- ↑ "Johnson-Laird, Prof. Philip Nicholas". Who's Who. 1 December 2007. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U22156. ISBN 978-0-19-954088-4 . Retrieved 8 November 2022.
- ↑ "Fellow Detail Page: Philip Johnson-Laird: Biography". The Royal Society. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
- 1 2 3 Ahmed, F. (2011). "Profile of Philip N. Johnson-Laird". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (50): 19862–4. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10819862A. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1117174108 . PMC 3250179 . PMID 22065789.
- 1 2 "Philip Johnson-Laird". 18 August 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
- ↑ "Eleven professors retire from faculty". Princeton Alumni Weekly. 6 June 2012.
- ↑ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
