Pittsburgh Panthers track and field

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Pittsburgh Panthers track and field
Pitt Panthers wordmark.svg
University University of Pittsburgh
Head coach Alonzo Webb
Conference ACC
Location Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Outdoor track Fitzgerald Field House
Nickname Panthers
ColorsBlue and gold [1]
   

The Pittsburgh Panthers track and field team is the track and field program that represents University of Pittsburgh. The Panthers compete in NCAA Division I as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference. The team is based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania at the Fitzgerald Field House. [2]

Contents

The program is coached by Alonzo Webb. [3] The track and field program officially encompasses four teams because the NCAA considers men's and women's indoor track and field and outdoor track and field as separate sports. [4]

Ever since Pitt Stadium was destroyed in 1999, the Pitt track and field team has not had an outdoor track facility to train on, unusual amongst NCAA Division I track teams. Nonetheless, students train indoors at the Fitzgerald Field House and there are plans to build an additional 300 m indoor track facility. [5]

Pitt's track and field team has been said to have the most lasting success and impact among all of the Pittsburgh Panthers sports teams. John Woodruff went on to win the gold medal at the 1936 Olympic 800 m. [6]

Postseason

AIAW

The Panthers have had 2 AIAW All-Americans finishing in the top six at the AIAW indoor or outdoor championships. [7]

AIAW All-Americans
ChampionshipsNameEventPlace
1976 Outdoor Marie Ribik High jump 4th
1981 Outdoor Gwen Murray 400 meters 5th

NCAA

As of 2024, a total of 46 men and 16 women have achieved individual first-team All-American status at the Division I men's outdoor, women's outdoor, men's indoor, or women's indoor national championships. [8] [9]

First team NCAA All-Americans
TeamChampionshipsNameEventPlaceRef.
Men's 1921 Outdoor Frank Shea 400 meters 1st [10]
Men's 1926 Outdoor Gilbert Welch Discus throw 6th [11]
Men's 1926 Outdoor Howard Linn Hammer throw 2nd [12]
Men's 1927 Outdoor Kenneth Wibecan 100 meters 5th [13]
Men's 1927 Outdoor Gilbert Welch Discus throw 2nd [11]
Men's 1927 Outdoor Donald Gwinn Hammer throw 1st [12]
Men's 1927 Outdoor Howard Linn Hammer throw 3rd [12]
Men's 1928 Outdoor Vic Pickard Pole vault 3rd [14]
Men's 1928 Outdoor Gilbert Welch Discus throw 5th [11]
Men's 1928 Outdoor Donadl Gwinn Hammer throw 2nd [12]
Men's 1929 Outdoor Pete Bowen 400 meters 3rd [10]
Men's 1929 Outdoor Vic Pickard Pole vault 3rd [14]
Men's 1929 Outdoor Donald Gwinn Hammer throw 1st [12]
Men's 1930 Outdoor Pete Bowen 400 meters 1st [10]
Men's 1935 Outdoor Fred Kiger 400 meters 4th [10]
Men's 1935 Outdoor Charles Gongloff Hammer throw 5th [12]
Men's 1935 Outdoor Charles Gongloff Javelin throw 1st [15]
Men's 1937 Outdoor John Woodruff 800 meters 1st [16]
Men's 1938 Outdoor John Woodruff 800 meters 1st [16]
Men's 1939 Outdoor Frank Ohl 200 meters 5th [17]
Men's 1939 Outdoor John Woodruff 800 meters 1st [16]
Men's 1939 Outdoor Frank Ohl Long jump 7th [18]
Men's 1940 Outdoor Harold Stickel 220 yards hurdles 5th [19]
Men's 1940 Outdoor John Bazyk Shot put 5th [20]
Men's 1941 Outdoor Harold Stickel 220 yards hurdles 7th [19]
Men's 1942 Outdoor Harold Stickel 220 yards hurdles >6th [19]
Men's 1942 Outdoor Harold Stickel 100 meters 4th [13]
Men's 1946 Outdoor Herb Douglas Long jump 2nd [18]
Men's 1950 Outdoor John Wilson 800 meters 5th [16]
Men's 1954 Outdoor Arnie Sowell 800 meters 1st [16]
Men's 1956 Outdoor Paul Thrash 400 meters hurdles 5th [21]
Men's 1956 Outdoor Arnie Sowell 800 meters 1st [16]
Men's 1958 Outdoor Wesley King Discus throw 7th [11]
Men's 1959 Outdoor Mel Barnwell 400 meters 8th [10]
Men's 1959 Outdoor Daniel Kanell Discus throw 7th [11]
Men's 1961 Outdoor Dick Clark Hammer throw 7th [12]
Men's 1963 Outdoor Bill del Vecchio 100 meters 4th [13]
Men's 1963 Outdoor Bill del Vecchio 200 meters 7th [17]
Men's 1965 Outdoor Bill del Vecchio 200 meters 6th [17]
Men's 1968 Outdoor Jerry Richey 1500 meters 5th [22]
Men's 1970 Indoor Smitty Brown 600 yards 5th [23]
Men's 1970 Indoor Jerry Richey 3000 meters 1st [24]
Men's 1970 Outdoor Jerry Richey Mile run 7th [25]
Men's 1970 Outdoor Bryant Salter Triple jump 3rd [26]
Men's 1970 Outdoor Bob Kouvolo Javelin throw 5th [15]
Men's 1971 Indoor Jerry Richey 3000 meters 3rd [24]
Men's 1971 Indoor Ken Silay Distance medley relay 1st [27]
Dorel Watley
Mike Schurko
Jerry Richey
Men's 1971 Outdoor Mike Schurko 3000 meters steeplechase 7th [28]
Men's 1971 Outdoor Bill Rea Long jump 5th [18]
Men's 1971 Outdoor Bob Kouvolo Javelin throw 5th [15]
Men's 1972 Indoor Bill Rea Long jump 5th [29]
Men's 1972 Outdoor Bill Rea Long jump 3rd [18]
Men's 1973 Indoor Ken Silay 4 × 800 meters relay 4th [30]
Rich Markley
Bob Steele
Rich Jackson
Men's 1973 Indoor Bill Rea Long jump 3rd [29]
Men's 1973 Outdoor Bill Rea Long jump 5th [18]
Men's 1974 Indoor Bill Rea Long jump 2nd [29]
Men's 1974 Outdoor Bill Rea Long jump 5th [18]
Men's 1976 Indoor Karl Farmer 600 yards 2nd [23]
Men's 1982 Indoor Darren Geary 800 meters 6th [31]
Men's 1983 Indoor Darren Geary 4 × 800 meters relay 5th [30]
William Moorhead
Garland Brown
Terry Gallagher
Men's 1983 Outdoor Roger Kingdom 110 meters hurdles 1st [32]
Men's 1984 Indoor Roger Kingdom 55 meters hurdles 1st [33]
Men's 1984 Indoor Todd Colas 1000 meters 6th [34]
Men's 1985 Indoor Lee McRae 55 meters 6th [35]
Men's 1986 Indoor Lee McRae 55 meters 1st [35]
Men's 1986 Indoor Eric Cannon 55 meters hurdles 4th [33]
Men's 1986 Indoor Rob Weiner 4 × 800 meters relay 4th [30] [2]
Joe Daniels
Dave Moore
Tim Manes
Men's 1986 Outdoor Lee McRae 100 meters 1st [13]
Men's 1987 Indoor Lee McRae 55 meters 1st [35]
Men's 1987 Indoor Rob Weiner 4 × 800 meters relay 4th [30]
Joe Daniels
Tim Manes
Dave Moore
Men's 1987 Outdoor Lee McRae 100 meters 2nd [13]
Men's 1987 Outdoor Lee McRae 200 meters 6th [17]
Men's 1988 Indoor Lee McRae 55 meters 1st [35]
Men's 1988 Indoor Eric Cannon 55 meters hurdles 4th [33]
Men's 1989 Indoor David Price 4 × 800 meters relay 7th [30] [2] [36] [37]
TJ Brookover
Tom Boggan
Dave Moore
Men's 1989 Outdoor Eric Cannon 110 meters hurdles 2nd [32]
Men's 1989 Outdoor Elbert Ellis 110 meters hurdles 8th [32]
Men's 1990 Indoor Elbert Ellis 55 meters hurdles 6th [33]
Men's 1990 Outdoor Elbert Ellis 110 meters hurdles 4th [32]
Men's 1990 Outdoor David Moore 800 meters 7th [16]
Men's 1990 Outdoor Keith Dowling 10,000 meters 8th [38]
Women's 1990 Outdoor Keisha Demas 400 meters 8th [39]
Women's 1990 Outdoor Clarissa Dudley 4 × 400 meters relay 5th [40]
Ronise Crumpler
Monica Hockaday
Keisha Demas
Men's 1991 Indoor Elbert Ellis 55 meters hurdles 2nd [33]
Men's 1991 Indoor Keith Dowling 5000 meters 6th [41]
Men's 1991 Outdoor Elbert Ellis 110 meters hurdles 4th [32]
Men's 1991 Outdoor Elbert Ellis 400 meters hurdles 8th [21]
Women's 1991 Outdoor Keisha Deimas 400 meters 6th [39]
Women's 1991 Outdoor Clarissa Dudley 4 × 400 meters relay 5th [40]
Ronise Crumpler
Kimberly Blair
Keisha Demas
Women's 1992 Outdoor Carmella Mariani 10,000 meters 6th [42]
Women's 1993 Indoor Allison Williams 55 meters hurdles 6th [43]
Women's 1993 Outdoor Allison Williams 100 meters hurdles 8th [44]
Women's 1993 Outdoor Ronise Crumpler 800 meters 8th [45]
Women's 1994 Indoor Najuma Fletcher High jump 7th [46]
Women's 1994 Indoor Najuma Fletcher Triple jump 5th [47]
Women's 1994 Outdoor Allison Williams 100 meters hurdles 6th [44]
Women's 1994 Outdoor Kim Blair 400 meters hurdles 3rd [48]
Women's 1994 Outdoor Najuma Fletcher High jump 6th [49]
Women's 1994 Outdoor Najuma Fletcher Triple jump 6th [50]
Women's 1994 Outdoor Najuma Fletcher Heptathlon 3rd [51]
Women's 1995 Indoor Angie Martin 800 meters 6th [52]
Women's 1995 Indoor Najuma Fletcher High jump 4th [46]
Women's 1995 Indoor Nejuma Fletcher Long jump 5th [53]
Women's 1995 Indoor Najuma Fletcher Triple jump 1st [47]
Women's 1995 Outdoor Najuma Fletcher High jump 2nd [49]
Women's 1995 Outdoor Najuma Fletcher Long jump 7th [54]
Women's 1995 Outdoor Najuma Fletcher Triple jump 3rd [50]
Women's 1996 Indoor Najuma Fletcher High jump 1st [46]
Women's 1996 Indoor Trecia Smith Long jump 7th [53]
Women's 1996 Indoor Najuma Fletcher Long jump 8th [53]
Women's 1996 Indoor Najuma Fletcher Triple jump 4th [47]
Women's 1996 Outdoor Trecia Smith Long jump 6th [54]
Women's 1996 Outdoor Trecia Smith Triple jump 2nd [50]
Women's 1997 Indoor Angie Martin 800 meters 4th [52]
Women's 1997 Indoor Trecia Smith Long jump 1st [53]
Women's 1997 Indoor Trecia Smith Triple jump 2nd [47]
Women's 1997 Outdoor Trecia Smith Long jump 1st [54]
Women's 1997 Outdoor Trecia Smith Triple jump 5th [50]
Women's 1998 Indoor Chantee Earl 800 meters 3rd [52]
Women's 1998 Indoor Trecia Smith Long jump 1st [53]
Women's 1998 Indoor Trecia Smith Triple jump 1st [47]
Women's 1998 Outdoor Chantee Earl 800 meters 4th [45]
Women's 1998 Outdoor Trecia Smith Long jump 2nd [54]
Women's 1998 Outdoor Trecia Smith Triple jump 1st [50]
Women's 1999 Indoor Chantee Earl 800 meters 4th [52]
Women's 1999 Indoor Trecia Smith Long jump 1st [53]
Women's 1999 Indoor Trecia Smith Triple jump 2nd [47]
Women's 1999 Outdoor Chantee Earl 800 meters 7th [45]
Women's 1999 Outdoor Trecia Smith Long jump 1st [54]
Women's 1999 Outdoor Trecia Smith Triple jump 2nd [50]
Women's 2000 Indoor Chantee Earl 800 meters 1st [52]
Women's 2000 Outdoor Chantee Earl 800 meters 2nd [45]
Women's 2000 Outdoor Tia Tabb 4 × 400 meters relay 4th [40]
Mera Belisle
Chantee Earl
Natasha Peart
Women's 2001 Indoor Tia Tabb 4 × 400 meters relay 8th [55]
Mera Belisle
Janine Jones
Tasha Peart
Women's 2001 Indoor Stacy Taylor High jump 8th [46]
Women's 2005 Indoor Amanda Walker Shot put 5th [56]
Women's 2005 Outdoor Amanda Walker Shot put 7th [57]
Women's 2006 Indoor Maureen McCandless 5000 meters 3rd [58]
Women's 2006 Indoor Marissa Dudek Pole vault 5th [59]
Men's 2006 Outdoor Keith Higham Pole vault 8th [14]
Men's 2006 Outdoor Anthony Bonura Javelin throw 8th [15]
Women's 2006 Outdoor Maureen McCandless 5000 meters 7th [60]
Men's 2007 Indoor Mike Wray 60 meters hurdles 7th [61]
Men's 2007 Indoor Sam Bair Mile run 7th [62]
Men's 2008 Indoor Sam Bair Mile run 5th [62]
Men's 2012 Indoor Brycen Spratling 400 meters 2nd [63]
Men's 2013 Outdoor Carvin Nkanata 200 meters 7th [17]
Men's 2014 Indoor Carvin Nkanata 200 meters 3rd [64]
Men's 2014 Indoor Brycen Spratling 400 meters 6th [63]
Men's 2014 Indoor Carvin Nkanata 4 × 400 meters relay 4th [65]
Desmond Palmer
Brycen Spratling
Dustin Fuller
Men's 2014 Outdoor Brycen Spratling 400 meters 4th [10]
Men's 2015 Outdoor Desmond Palmer 400 meters hurdles 8th [21]
Men's 2017 Outdoor Desmond Palmer 110 meters hurdles 7th [32]
Men's 2017 Outdoor Desmond Palmer 400 meters hurdles 5th [21]
Men's 2021 Indoor Felix Wolter Heptathlon 4th [66]
Women's 2023 Indoor Ilse Steigenga Long jump 8th [53]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Color Palette". Pitt Athletics Brand Identity Manual (PDF). 9 February 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
  2. 1 2 3 "Pittsburgh Panthers Media Guide" (PDF). University of Pittsburgh Athletics. Retrieved 27 December 2024.
  3. ↑ "Pittsburgh Panthers Track and Field Coach". University of Pittsburgh Athletics. Retrieved 27 December 2024.
  4. ↑ "Here are the differences between the indoor and outdoor track seasons". ncaa.com. Retrieved 27 December 2024.
  5. ↑ "Pitt Unveils Plans for "Victory Heights" Initiative". alumni.pitt.edu. Retrieved 8 January 2025.
  6. ↑ "Pitt boasts rich track & field Olympic history". pittnews.com. 26 February 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2025.
  7. ↑ Hubbard, Mike; Pfeifer, Jack. "The early years of Women's collegiate track" (PDF). Track and Field News . Retrieved 26 January 2025.
  8. ↑ "USTFCCCA InfoZone: Meet History by Event: NCAA Division I Indoor Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 27 December 2024.
  9. ↑ "USTFCCCA InfoZone: Meet History by Event: NCAA Division I Outdoor Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 27 December 2024.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "400 meters at the NCAA Division I Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 "Discus throw at the NCAA Division I Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Hammer throw at the NCAA Division I Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 "100 meters at the NCAA Division I Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  14. 1 2 3 "Pole vault at the NCAA Division I Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  15. 1 2 3 4 "Javelin throw at the NCAA Division I Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "800 meters at the NCAA Division I Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 "200 meters at the NCAA Division I Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Long jump at the NCAA Division I Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  19. 1 2 3 "220 yards hurdles at the NCAA Division I Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championships" (PDF). Track and Field News . Retrieved 13 March 2025.
  20. ↑ "Shot put at the NCAA Division I Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  21. 1 2 3 4 "400 meters hurdles at the NCAA Division I Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  22. ↑ "1500 meters at the NCAA Division I Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  23. 1 2 "600 yards at the NCAA Division I Men's Indoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  24. 1 2 "3000 meters at the NCAA Division I Men's Indoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  25. ↑ "Mile run at the NCAA Division I Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  26. ↑ "Triple jump at the NCAA Division I Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  27. ↑ "Distance medley relay at the NCAA Division I Men's Indoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  28. ↑ "3000 meters steeplechase at the NCAA Division I Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  29. 1 2 3 "Long jump at the NCAA Division I Men's Indoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 "4 × 800 meters relay at the NCAA Division I Men's Indoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  31. ↑ "800 meters at the NCAA Division I Men's Indoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "110 meters hurdles at the NCAA Division I Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 "55 meters hurdles at the NCAA Division I Men's Indoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  34. ↑ "1000 meters at the NCAA Division I Men's Indoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  35. 1 2 3 4 "55 meters at the NCAA Division I Men's Indoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  36. ↑ "eTrack eTN1989_05_NCAAInd_WorInd" (PDF). Track and Field News .
  37. ↑ "Track and field Big East Indoor Pitt finishers Men". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 20 February 1989. p. 25. Retrieved 3 January 2025.
  38. ↑ "10,000 meters at the NCAA Division I Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  39. 1 2 "400 meters at the NCAA Division I Women's Outdoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  40. 1 2 3 "4 × 400 meters relay at the NCAA Division I Women's Outdoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024. "Track and Field News NCAA Outdoor w4x4" (PDF). Track and Field News . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  41. ↑ "5000 meters at the NCAA Division I Men's Indoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  42. ↑ "10,000 meters at the NCAA Division I Women's Outdoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  43. ↑ "55 meters hurdles at the NCAA Division I Women's Indoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  44. 1 2 "100 meters hurdles at the NCAA Division I Women's Outdoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  45. 1 2 3 4 "800 meters at the NCAA Division I Women's Outdoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  46. 1 2 3 4 "High jump at the NCAA Division I Women's Indoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  47. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Triple jump at the NCAA Division I Women's Indoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  48. ↑ "400 meters hurdles at the NCAA Division I Women's Outdoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  49. 1 2 "High jump at the NCAA Division I Women's Outdoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  50. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Triple jump at the NCAA Division I Women's Outdoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  51. ↑ "Heptathlon at the NCAA Division I Women's Outdoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  52. 1 2 3 4 5 "800 meters at the NCAA Division I Women's Indoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  53. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Long jump at the NCAA Division I Women's Indoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  54. 1 2 3 4 5 "Long jump at the NCAA Division I Women's Outdoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  55. ↑ "4 × 400 meters relay at the NCAA Division I Women's Indoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  56. ↑ "Shot put at the NCAA Division I Women's Indoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  57. ↑ "Shot put at the NCAA Division I Women's Outdoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  58. ↑ "5000 meters at the NCAA Division I Women's Indoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  59. ↑ "Pole vault at the NCAA Division I Women's Indoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  60. ↑ "5000 meters at the NCAA Division I Women's Outdoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  61. ↑ "60 meters hurdles at the NCAA Division I Men's Indoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  62. 1 2 "Mile run at the NCAA Division I Men's Indoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  63. 1 2 "400 meters at the NCAA Division I Men's Indoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  64. ↑ "200 meters at the NCAA Division I Men's Indoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  65. ↑ "4 × 400 meters relay at the NCAA Division I Men's Indoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  66. ↑ "Heptathlon at the NCAA Division I Men's Indoor Track and Field Championships". USTFCCCA . Retrieved 28 December 2024.
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