Plant Resources of Tropical Africa

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Plant Resources of Tropical Africa Foundation (PROTA)
Formation2000
Founded at Wageningen University
Dissolved2013
Type
    • Documentation program
    • NGO
Legal status Foundation
PurposeTo improve access to information about useful plants in Africa
Headquarters
Region
Tropical Africa
Products
    • PROTA Encyclopedia Series
    • PROTA Recommends Book Series
    • PROTA4U Database
Fields Ethnobotany, Botany, Anthropology, African Studies, Horticulture, Forestry, International Development
Official language
English, French
Key people
    • J.S. Siemonsma (Program Director)
    • R.H. Lemmens (General Editor)
    • L.P. Oyen (General Editor)
    • G.H. Schmelzer (Editor)
    • C.H. Bosch (Editor)
    • M. Brink (Editor)
    • A. de Ruijter (Editor)
    • P.C. Jansen (Editor)
    • E.A. Boer (Photo Editor)
    • T.H. Tan (Databank Manager)
    • P.M. Parker (Database Creator)
    • E.A. Omino (Africa/Kenya)
    • S. Mbadinga (Gabon)
    • J.S. Kaboggoza (Uganda)
    • S. Rapanarivo (Madagascar)
    • Z.L. Magombo (Malawi)
    • J.R. Cobbinah (Ghana)
    • M. Ouédraogo (Burkina Faso)
    • M. Honadia (Burkina Faso)
    • M. Chauvet (France)
    • S.D. Davis (UK)
Affiliations University of Wageningen
Website https://www.prota4u.org/database/
Images which represent some of PROTA's various functions including international conferences, book publications, and agricultural community projects in Africa. Images showing various functions of the PROTA Programme.jpg
Images which represent some of PROTA's various functions including international conferences, book publications, and agricultural community projects in Africa.

Plant Resources of Tropical Africa, known by its acronym PROTA, is a retired NGO and interdisciplinary documentation programme active between 2000 and 2013. PROTA produced a large database and various publications about Africa's useful plants.

Contents

Purpose

PROTA was concerned with increasing accessibility to traditional knowledge and scientific information about many types of African plants including: dyes & tannins, fibers, medicinal plants, stimulants, tropical timbers, vegetables, tubers (carbohydrates), oil seeds, ornamental plants, forage plants, and cereals. PROTA supported the sustainable use of these useful plants to preserve culture, reduce poverty and hunger, and respond to climate change. To this end, PROTA's overall goal was synthesize diverse, published information for approximately 8,000 plants used in tropical Africa, then make it widely accessible through an online database and various book publications. In other words, PROTA was dedicated to making the useful plant biodiversity of tropical Africa better-known and respected. [2] [3]

PROTA's database and various publications are considered unique in their epistemological approach because they were compiled as much from obscure publications as from peer-reviewed and popular literature, gathered throughout Africa and Europe. [4] In this way PROTA publications include Africa-centered references and perspectives, which is a major focus of the broader discipline of African studies. PROTA also was an international NGO registered in Nairobi, Kenya that used information from its publications to structure a number of community projects involving over 800 farmers in Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Kenya, and Madagascar. [2] [5]

Some of PROTA's other goals included: [6] [7]

Current status

Funding

PROTA retired in 2013 while facing large operational costs after its funding expired. At the point of its retirement, about 50% of PROTA's encyclopedia series was complete. During its operation, PROTA received funds from the European Union's Directorate-General for International Partnerships, [8] Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Netherlands Ministry of Agriculture, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, Wageningen University, [9] COFRA Foundation, [10] International Tropical Timber Organization, [11] and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Since the program's retirement there have been ongoing efforts to fundraise and preserve PROTA's various publications and online database. [12]

Preservation

As of 2022, the PROTA database Prota4U is still online in an archive-like capacity at Wageningen University with articles written in English and French. Information in the PROTA database can also be accessed at the website Pl@ntUse–though in a different format. As of 2019, Prota4U had about 1,500 daily visitors and 500,000 unique visitors each year. [12] All of the PROTA's encyclopedia volumes have been digitized and are available for free as Open access publications from the Wageningen University library. It is uncertain how much of the PROTA Recommends Series has been digitized.

Partners

The programme operated through an international network of institutional partners and collaborators of the PROTA Foundation. PROTA had representatives in 20 African countries and dual headquarters in Wageningen, Netherlands and Nairobi, Kenya. PROTA also had regional offices with institutional partners in Burkina Faso, France, Gabon, Ghana, Madagascar, Malawi, Uganda, and the United Kingdom. [13] In Wageningen, PROTA also partnered with the EU funded, Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA) and the now-retired Agromisa Foundation to help distribute its various publications. Agromisa and PROTA were considered suitable partners because they were both committed to bridging the gap between scientific knowledge and traditional knowledge and were open access publishers of books with practical information about sustainable agriculture for small-farmers in Africa. [14]

PROTA Institutional Partners
AffiliationInstitutionCountry
Francophone Regional OfficeCentre National de Semences ForestieresBurkina Faso
France Country OfficeAcropolis InternationalFrance
Central Africa Regional OfficeCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique et TechnologiqueGabon
West Africa Regional OfficeForestry Research Institute of GhanaGhana
Indian Ocean Islands Regional Office Parc Botanique et Zoologique de Tsimbazaza Madagascar
Southern Africa Regional OfficeNational Herbarium and Botanical Gardens of MalawiMalawi
East Africa Regional Office Makerere University Uganda
UK Country Office Kew Gardens United Kingdom
Europe Headquarters Wageningen University Netherlands
Africa Headquarters World Agroforestry Centre Kenya

Publications

PROTA Handbook Encyclopedia Series

Description

The PROTA Handbook Series is a large illustrated encyclopedia series of utility plant species found in Tropical Africa. PROTA's retirement in 2013 made it unfeasible to complete the encyclopedia series, therefore only 9 volumes were ever published. In 2002, the series was projected to contain 16 volumes with entires for 7,000-8000 species. It was estimated that the series would include 2,500 botanical line drawings, and 2,500 species distribution maps in about 11,000 pages. [15] The existing PROTA encyclopedia volumes been described metaphorically in the Kew Bulletin as a treasure trove of information. [16] The Food and Agriculture Organization and Biodiversity International described PROTA 2: Vegetables as a detailed collection of ethnobotanical knowledge. [17] Some PROTA encyclopedias have received more than 376 citations. [18] PROTA Encyclopedia editors included individuals such as G.J. Grubben, who had led projects commissioned by the United Nations International Board for Plant Genetic Resources; and Ameenah Gurib-Fakim, a biodiversity scientist who later became the President of Mauritius. [19] Though organized by species according to conventional botanical nomenclature, PROTA encyclopedias also include vernacular names in major African languages such as Swahili where information was available. [13] PROTA continued to distribute its encyclopedias after the organization's retirement. As of 2019, than 30,000 PROTA encyclopedias had been printed in English and French and were distributed widely with the help of the Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA) and the now-retired Agromisa Foundation. Several PROTA encyclopedias are also available at the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Headquarters' Library in Switzerland. [20]

Content

Species articles in the PROTA encyclopedia series were written by hundreds of authors from around the world and in Africa, and cover a range of information including: [21] [13] [22]

  • plant uses
  • geographic distribution by African country
  • cultivation information
  • wild-collection data
  • production and international trade data
  • chemical properties
  • botanical characteristics
  • ecological information
  • conservation status

Digitization status

Currently, all published PROTA encyclopedias volumes have been digitized and are available as Open access publications from the Wageningen University library. [23] Several encyclopedias in the series were planned but not started at the time of PROTA's retirement in 2013.

PROTA Encyclopedia Series
TitleStatusYearEditorsLanguage
PROTA 1: Cereals and pulsesPublished2006Brink, M. and Belay, G.English, French
PROTA 2: VegetablesPublished2004Grubben, G.J. and Denton, O.A.
PROTA 3: Dyes and tanninsPublished2005Jansen, P.C. and Cardon, D.
PROTA 4: OrnamentalsPlanned
PROTA 5: ForagesPlanned
PROTA 6: FruitsPlanned
PROTA 7(1): TimbersPublished2008Louppe D., Oteng-Amoaka A.A. and Brink, M.
PROTA 7(2): TimbersPublished2012Lemmens, R., Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A.
PROTA 8: CarbohydratesPlanned
PROTA 9: Auxiliary plantsPlanned
PROTA 10: Fuel plantsPlanned
PROTA 11(1): Medicinal plantsPublished2008Schmelzer, G.H. and Ameenah Gurib-Fakim
PROTA 11(2): Medicinal plantsPublished2013Schmelzer, G.H. and Ameenah Gurib-Fakim
PROTA 12: Spices and condimentsPlanned
PROTA 13: Essential oils and exudatesPlanned
PROTA 14: Vegetable oilsPublished2007van der Vossen, H.A. and Mkamilo, G.S.
PROTA 15: StimulantsPlanned
PROTA 16: FibresPublished2012Brink, M. and Achigan-Dako, E.G.

PROTA Recommends Series

Other PROTA Publications

Other PROTA Publications
TitleStatusYearDigitizedEditorsLanguage
Plant Resources of Tropical Africa: PrecursorPublished2002Green check.svg YesOyen, L.P.A. and Lemmens, R.H.M.J.English, French
PROTA: Basic list of species and commodity groupings2002Green check.svg YesBosch, C.H.
PROTA: Updated list of species and commodity groupings2010Green check.svg YesChauvet, M.
Promising African Plants: A Selection from the PROTA Programme2010Green check.svg Yes
Proceedings of the First PROTA International Workshop2002Dark Red x.svg No
PROTA: African Ornamentals: Proposals and Examples2011Dark Red x.svg No

Reception

PROTA2: Vegetables

PROTA3: Dyes and Tannins

PROTA11: Medicinal Plants

PROTA4U Database

The PROTA 4U Database was conceived to improve access to information in PROTA's printed publications. The PROTA web database PROTA4U is a combination of PROTA’s highly standardized expert-validated review articles (PROTAbase) and yet-to-be-validated ‘starter kits’ for all other useful plants. These ‘starter kits’ are pre-filled with basic information from PROTA’s databases SPECIESLIST (important synonyms, uses, basic sources of information) and AFRIREFS (‘grey’ literature).

Furthermore, the records contain the results of a meta-analysis from a large collection of agricultural and botanical databases, conducted successfully in cooperation with the ICON Group International. [26] The websites, which allowed their databases to be harvested, are properly acknowledged in the ‘starter kits’.

Debate

Some believe that the 2010–2012 world food price crisis and 2011 East Africa drought led to widespread interest in supporting research for intensive farming of popular food crops instead of traditional, diversified local plant resources which were the focus of PROTA. [27] During this time, responses to these large crises in the international finance and philanthropy communities may have shifted interest away from ethnobotanical research programs like PROTA. This raises questions about the role of traditional, diversified local plant resources in the study of food security, economic development, biodiversity conservation, and the preservation of cultural heritage and traditional knowledge.

See also

Others

Related Research Articles

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References

  1. Promising African Plants; A selection from the PROTA programme. Plant resources of tropical Africa, 1877-430X. Wageningen, Netherlands: PROTA Foundation. 2010. ISBN   978-92-9081-434-4.
  2. 1 2 "About PROTA4U". www.prota4u.org. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  3. "Sustainable Forest Management Tool Details: Plant resources of tropical Africa (PROTA)". FAO. Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
  4. "PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa/Ressources Végétales de l'Afrique Tropicale). New innovative research partnership". www.gfar.net. 1 January 2001. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  5. "PROTA: Plant Resources of Tropical Africa- Relevancy for Sustainable Development (Presentation)". Slideshare. Plant Resources of Tropical Africa Foundation. 2012. Retrieved 2 Nov 2022.
  6. Bosch, C.H.; Borus, D.J.; Siemonsma, J., eds. (2009). Vegetables of Tropical Africa: Conclusions and recommendations based on PROTA: 2 'Vegetables' (2nd ed.). PROTA Foundation.
  7. Kilian, Norbert (31 August 2005). "Review of PROTA 2: Vegetables". Willdenowia (in German). 35: 212–213. JSTOR   3997617 via JSTOR.
  8. "Project to document plant resources of tropical Africa". CORDIS European Commission. 4 October 2002. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  9. 1 2 Jansen, P.C.M.; Cardon, D., eds. (2005). Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 3: Dyes and tannins. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands / Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, Netherlands / CTA, Wageningen, Netherlands. ISBN   90-5782-159-1.
  10. Brink, M.; Achigan-Dako, E.G., eds. (2012). Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 16: Fibres. Plant resources of tropical Africa, 1877-430X. Wageningen, Netherlands: PROTA Foundation. ISBN   978-92-9081-481-8.
  11. Louppe, D.; Oteng-Amoako, A.A.; Brink, M., eds. (2008). Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 7(1): Timbers 1. Wageningen, Leiden: PROTA Foundation, Backhuys, CTA. ISBN   978-90-5782-209-4.
  12. 1 2 "Keep the PROTA and PROSEA portal in the air!". Wageningen University. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  13. 1 2 3 Schmelzer, G.H.; Gurib-Fakim, A., eds. (2008). Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 11(1). Medicinal plants 1. Wageningen, Netherlands: PROTA Foundation / Bacchus Publishers. p. 791.
  14. Meertens, Bert; de Vries, Michiel (2014). Improving lowland rice cultivation: useful management practices for smallholders in tropical Africa (PDF) (1st ed.). Wageningen: Agromisa Foundation and CTA. ISBN   978-90-8573-142-9.
  15. Oyen, L.P.A.; Lemmens, R.H.M.J., eds. (2002). Plant Resources of Tropical Africa: Precursor. Wageningen, Netherlands: PROTA Programme. p. 187. ISBN   90-77114-02-5.
  16. Beentje, Henk (21 October 2022). "Book review of PROTA: Basic list of species and commodity grouping". Kew Bulletin. 58 (2): 510–511. doi:10.2307/4120640. JSTOR   4120640.
  17. 1 2 Robinson, Jonathan (2004). "Book Review: Plant Resources of Tropical Africa. Volume 2, Vegetables". Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter (140): 62 via Biodiversity International.
  18. 1 2 "Google Scholar Search: "Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 2: Vegetables"". Google Scholar. 19 October 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
  19. Grubben, G.J.H. (1977). Tropical Vegetables and Their Genetic Resources (PDF). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
  20. "IUCN Headquarters' Library". IUCN. Retrieved 2022-11-21.
  21. 1 2 Van Damme, P., 2006. Book review - Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 3: Dyes and tannins. Economic Botany 60: 296-306.
  22. 1 2 3 Adebooye, O.C.; Opabode, J.T. (2004). "Status of conservation of the indigenous leaf vegetables and fruits of Africa". African Journal of Biotechnology. 3 (12): 700, 701. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  23. Siemonsma, J. & Omino, E., 2003. PROTA State of the art. Pp. 90-100. In: Schmelzer, G.H. & Omino, E.A. Proceedings of the First PROTA International Workshop, 23–25 September 2002, Nairobi, Kenya. Plant Resources of Tropical Africa, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
  24. Lock, Mike (21 October 2022). "Book Review: PROTA 2: Vegetables". Kew Bulletin. 59 (4): 650. doi:10.2307/4110929. JSTOR   4110929.
  25. Nielsen, Ivan (2008). "Book Review of PROTA 2: Vegetables". Nordic Journal of Botany. 23: 298. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2003.tb00397.x.
  26. Gomba, Joash (2010). "Authoring and editing of articles made simple". Prota.co.ke. PROTA: Plant Resources of Tropical Africa. Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2011-01-26.
  27. Chauvet, Michel (2012-03-07). "PROTA 16 - Plantes à fibres". Tela Botanica (in French). Retrieved 2022-10-21.

External Resources