Magdeburg rights were a set of town privileges first developed by Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor (936–973) and based on the Flemish Law, which regulated the degree of internal autonomy within cities and villages granted by the local ruler. Named after the city of Magdeburg, these town charters were perhaps the most important set of medieval laws in Central Europe. They became the basis for the German town laws developed during many centuries in the Holy Roman Empire. The Magdeburg rights were adopted and adapted by numerous monarchs, including the rulers of Bohemia, Hungary, Poland, and Lithuania, a milestone in the urbanization of the region which prompted the development of thousands of villages and cities.
Poland does not legally recognize same-sex marriages or civil unions. In 2012, the Supreme Court ruled that same-sex couples have limited legal rights with regard to the tenancy of a shared household. A few laws also guarantee certain limited rights to cohabiting couples, including same-sex couples. Same-sex spouses of European Union citizens also have access to residency rights under a June 2018 ruling from the European Court of Justice.
Kulm law, Culm law or Chełmno Law was a legal constitution for a municipal form of government used in several Central European cities in the Middle Ages and early modern period.
The Przyszowice massacre was a massacre perpetrated by the Red Army against civilian inhabitants of the Polish village of Przyszowice in Upper Silesia during the period January 26 to January 28, 1945. Sources vary on the number of victims, which range from 54 to over 60 – and possibly as many as 69. The Institute of National Remembrance, a Polish organization that carried out research into these events, has declared that the Przyszowice massacre was a crime against humanity.
God, Honour, Fatherland or Honour and Fatherland is one of the unofficial mottos of Poland. It is commonly seen as the motto of the military of Poland, and has been confirmed as such by several Polish legal decrees.
Roman Wapiński was a Polish historian, lecturer at the University of Gdańsk. He specialized in the history of the Second Polish Republic and right-wing National Democracy political camp, being the foremost historian of National Democracy. Wapiński was considered one of the foremost Polish historians.
Małgorzata Zajączkowska, also known as Margaret Sophie Stein, is a Polish actress. Beginning in 1979, she acted on stage in the Teatr Narodowy. In 1981, Zajączkowska moved to the United States and, adopting the stage name Margaret Sophie Stein, continued her acting career in television and film. She played Corvina Lang in the ABC daytime soap opera, All My Children from 1994 to 1995, and appeared in movies include Enemies: A Love Story (1989), Bullets Over Broadway (1994) and Simply Irresistible (1999). In 1996, Zajączkowska made her Broadway debut playing Miss Erikson in Present Laughter.
Władysław Maria Jakowicki was a Polish soldier, physician and an academic. Professor and rector of the Stefan Batory University in Wilno (Vilnius). Arrested, imprisoned and died in the aftermath of the Soviet invasion of Poland, exact location and place of death unknown.
Rzeczpospolita Polska was the official monthly underground journal and mouthpiece of the Government Delegation for Poland, the highest authority of the Polish Underground State, accountable to the Polish government-in-exile located in London during the wartime occupation of its territory by two hostile powers. According to the historian Lewandowska, it acted as "a source of instruction and information" for Polish underground organizations in the field, including other underground publications, operating in occupied Poland. It was staffed by a network of professional writers both in Poland and correspondents in exile.
Stanisław Osada was a Polonia activist, Polish nationalist, and author. His writings are credited with raising the national consciousness of Polish immigrants in the United States.
Ignacy Hugo Stanisław Matuszewski was a Polish politician, publicist, diplomat, Minister of Finance of the Second Polish Republic, colonel, infantry officer and intelligence agent of the Polish Army, member of the International Olympic Committee. A strong supporter of Józef Piłsudski, he was counted among the "Colonels" and co-founded the Józef Piłsudski Institute of America.
Anna Maria Anders was the ambassador of the Republic of Poland to Italy and to San Marino (2019–2024).
The Monument to World War II Orthodox victims in Białystok is a privately funded memorial commemorating the memory of 5,000 Orthodox Christians from the Białystok region who perished in World War II and during the postwar repressions in Stalinist Poland.
Polish presidential inauguration is an event marking the beginning of a new term for the president of Poland. According to Article 130 of the current Constitution of Poland (1997) the only condition of taking the office of President of Poland is taking the oath before the National Assembly. All other events are purely ceremonial.
The Chief Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation is a governmental agency created in 1945 in Poland. It is tasked with investigating Nazi crimes against the Polish nation and since 1991 also of Communist crimes. In 1999, it was transformed into the main organizational unit of the investigative department of the Institute of National Remembrance (IPN).
Janusz Andrzej Kotański is a Polish historian and teacher. He served as the Polish ambassador to the Holy See from 2016 to 2022.
The Evacuation of Chortkiv Prison refers to the compelled evacuation and massacre of inmates from the prison in the city of Chortkiv, then in occupied Poland and now in Ukraine. In the last days of June 1941, following the German invasion of the USSR, the Soviets executed an estimated 100 to 200 prisoners held in the Chortkiv prison. The remaining prisoners were evacuated further east, either by train or on foot, while hundreds died due to the inhumane conditions of transport or at the hands of guards. According to Soviet documents, the overall number of victims was estimated at 890, while other sources suggest it might exceed 1,000. This atrocity was one of several prisoner massacres carried out by the Soviet secret police and army during the summer of 1941.
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