Political history of Somalia

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The Political history of Somalia covers the development of the Somali government and institutional systems following the collapse of the Siad Barre regime in 1991.

Contents

Islamic Courts Union

ICU Chairman Sharif Sheikh Ahmed, who later became a President of the Transitional Federal Government. Somali President Sheik Sharif visits Balad Town 12 (7703057976) (cropped).jpg
ICU Chairman Sharif Sheikh Ahmed, who later became a President of the Transitional Federal Government.

Following the fall of the Siad Barre regime in 1991, the Islamic Courts Union was formed to address lawlessness [1] in Somalia .

The residents of Mogadishu were reportedly happy with the authority of the Islamic Courts Union's. There were fewer guns on the streets and people were able to move more freely around the city without fear of attack after they took control. [2]

In an interview featured in the BBC Online Somali section in June 2006, Sharif Sheikh Ahmed said: "the Union of Islamic Courts was established to ensure that Somali people suffering for 15 years would gain peace and full justice and freedom from the anarchic rule of warlords who refuted their people to no direction."

By 2006, the Islamic Courts Union (ICU), gained control of much of the southern part of the country. The Islamic Courts Union's influence was enhanced by wealthy financial donors who sought to enable the Islamic Courts Union to bring stability to the country. [3] According to Chatham House "The Courts achieved the unthinkable, uniting Mogadishu and re-establishing peace and security". [4]

Successive Provisional Governments

The early 2000s had seen the creation of fledgling interim federal administrations. The Transitional National Government (TNG) was established in 2000, followed by the formation of its successor the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) in 2004. [5] [6] [7] The Transitional Federal Government (TFG) was internationally recognised as Somalia's provisional government until 20 August 2012, when its tenure officially ended [8] It was established as one of the Transitional Federal Institutions (TFIs) of government as defined in the Transitional Federal Charter (TFC) adopted in November 2004 by the Transitional Federal Parliament (TFP). The Transitional Federal Government officially comprised the executive branch of government, with the TFP serving as the legislative branch. The government was headed by the President of Somalia, to whom the cabinet reported through the Prime Minister. However, it was also used as a general term to refer to all three branches collectively.

Coalition government

Between 31 May and 9 June 2008, representatives of Somalia's Transitional Federal Government and the Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia (ARS) participated in peace talks in Djibouti Agreement brokered by the former United Nations Special Envoy to Somalia, Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah. The conference ended with a signed agreement calling for the withdrawal of Ethiopian troops in exchange for the cessation of armed confrontation. Parliament was subsequently expanded to 550 seats to accommodate the ARS members.

2009-2012 Transitional Federal Government

An indirect presidential election was held in Somalia on 30 January 2009. [9] The Transitional Federal Parliament elected ARS chairman Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed, to the office of President of Somalia in January 2009. His administration successfully brought the Federal Government of Somalia through transitional status following the collapse of the previous governing administration in 1991.

Post-transition Roadmap

As part of the official "Roadmap for the End of Transition", a political process which provided clear benchmarks leading toward the establishment of permanent democratic institutions in Somalia by late August 2012, [10] Somali government officials met in the northeastern town of Garowe in February 2012 to discuss post-transition arrangements. After extensive deliberations attended by regional actors and international observers, the conference ended in a signed agreement between TFG President Sharif Sheikh Ahmed, Prime Minister Abdiweli Mohamed Ali, Speaker of Parliament Sharif Adan Sharif Hassan, Puntland President Abdirahman Mohamed Farole, Galmudug President Mohamed Ahmed Alim and Ahlu Sunnah Wal Jama'a representative Khalif Abdulkadir Noor stipulating that: a) a new 225 member bicameral parliament would be formed, consisting of an upper house seating 54 Senators as well as a lower house; b) 30% of the National Constituent Assembly (NCA) is earmarked for women; c) the President is to be appointed via a constitutional election; and d) the Prime Minister is selected by the President and he/she then names his/her Cabinet. [11] [12] On June 23, 2012, the Somali federal and regional leaders met again and approved a draft constitution after several days of deliberation. [13] The National Constituent Assembly overwhelmingly passed the new constitution on August 1, with 96% of the 645 delegates present voting for it, 2% against it, and 2% abstaining. [14] [15] To come into effect, it must be ratified by the new parliament. [16]

Federal Government of Somalia

Concurrent with the end of the TFG's interim mandate on August 20, 2012, the Federal Parliament of Somalia was inaugurated, ushering in the Federal Government of Somalia, the first permanent central government in the country since the start of the civil war. [8]

2012-2017 Federal Government of Somalia

On September 10, 2012, parliament elected Hassan Sheikh Mohamud as the new President of Somalia. [17]

Suspension of arms embargo

At the behest of Somalia's federal authorities, the 15-member UN Security Council unanimously approved Resolution 2093 on March 6, 2013 to suspend the 21-year arms embargo on Somalia, the oldest such global weapons blockade. [18] The endorsement officially lifts the purchase ban on light weapons for a one-year period, but retains certain restrictions on the procurement of heavy arms. [18] The repeal is slated to be reviewed in 2014. [19]

National Independent Electoral Commission

On 11 February 2015, the Federal Parliament during its fifth session approved the Independent National Electoral Commission. 113 MPs voted in favour of the bill, 21 against it, and 10 abstained. The president is now slated to sign the new law. [20]

2017-2021 Federal Government of Somalia

2017 Presidential Election

Mohamed Abdullahi Farmaajo addresses guests during his inauguration ceremony in Mogadishu 2017 22 Inauguration Ceremony -2 (32669549260).jpg
Mohamed Abdullahi Farmaajo addresses guests during his inauguration ceremony in Mogadishu

On 8 February 2017, Somali MPs elected Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed. [21] This took place after months of preparation whereby 14,000 clan elders and regional figures across Somalia selected 275 members of parliament and 54 senators. [22] A joint statement by the international community including the UN and European Union warned of "egregious cases of abuse of the electoral process" in light of reports of votes being sold for up to $30,000 apiece. [23]

Related Research Articles

President of Somalia Head of state

The president of Somalia is the head of state of Somalia. The president is also commander-in-chief of the Somali Armed Forces. The president represents the Federal Republic of Somalia, and the unity of the Somali nation, as well as ensuring the implementation of the Constitution of Somalia and the organised and harmonious functioning of the organs of state. The office of President of Somalia was established with the proclamation of the Republic of Somalia on 1 July 1960. The first president of Somalia was Aden Abdullah Osman Daar. Since his mandate expired on 16 February 2021 Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed ‘Farmaajo’ has been acting president.

Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed Somali politician

Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed was a Somali politician and former Colonel in the Somali National Army. He was one of the founders of the Somali Salvation Democratic Front, as well as the Puntland State of Somalia, where he served as the autonomous region's first President. In 2004, Ahmed also helped establish the Transitional Federal Government, which he led as President of Somalia from 2004 until 2008.

Elections in Somalia Political elections for public offices in Somalia

During the civilian administration that existed prior to the seizure of power by the Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) in 1969, there were a number of local political parties. Most notable of these early institutions was the Somali Youth League, the nation's first political organization. Upon assuming office, the Siad Barre-led SRC outlawed all extant political parties and advocated a form of scientific socialism inspired by Maoist China and the Soviet Union.

Transitional federal parliament of Somalia Former legislature of Somalia

The Transitional Federal Parliament of the Somali Republic (TFP) was the national parliament of Somalia from 2004 until 2012.

Sharif Sheikh Ahmed

Sharif Sheikh Ahmed is a Somali politician who served as the 7th President of Somalia from 2009 to 2012. He is the founder and leader of Himilo Qaran political party and also the founder and head of the Forum for National Parties of Somalia. His administration successfully brought the Federal Government of Somalia through transitional status following the collapse of the previous governing administration in 1991.

Transitional federal government of Somalia Government of Somalia, 2004–2012

The Transitional Federal Government (TFG) was internationally recognized as a provisional government of the Republic of Somalia from April 2004 until 20 August 2012, when its tenure officially ended and the Federal Government of Somalia was inaugurated.

Somalia War (2006–2009) Conflict in East Africa

The Somalia War, also known as the Ethiopian invasion and occupation of Somalia, was an armed conflict involving Ethiopian (ENDF), Transitional Federal Government forces and Somali troops from Puntland, against Islamist militias for control of Somalia.

Following the civil war and the ensuing societal chaos, some factions managed to exert a degree of authority over certain regions of Somalia where they maintained broad, clan-based support. This allowed these factions to establish working administrations and eventually coherent states, and restored order to their regions. This occurred first in Puntland, Southwestern Somalia, Galmudug, Jubaland and finally Banadir.

Sharif Hassan Sheikh Aden Somali politician

Sharif Hassan Sheikh Adan (Somali: Shariif Xasan Sheekh Aadan, Arabic: شريف حسن الشيخ آدم‎; is a Somali politician. He is a former Minister of Finance of Somalia, and the last Speaker of the Transitional Federal Parliament.

History of the transitional federal government of Somalia Aspect of history

The transitional federal government (TFG) was the government of Somalia between 2004 and 2012. Established 2004 in Djibouti through various international conferences, it was an attempt to restore national institutions to the country after the 1991 collapse of the Siad Barre government and the ensuing Somali Civil War.

Aden Madobe

Adan Mohamed Nuur Madobe, popularly known as Aden Madobe, is a Somali politician. He previously served as the First Deputy Chairman of the Rahanweyn Resistance Army, before later joining the newly formed Transitional Federal Government (TFG) of Somalia as Justice Minister and Speaker of the Transitional Federal Parliament. From 29 December 2008 to 31 January 2009, Madobe briefly served as acting president of Somalia. In January 2014, he was appointed Minister of Industry and Commerce.

The Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia (ARS) was a Somali political party. A successor to the Islamic Courts Union, it was launched in September 2007.

2009 Somali presidential election

An indirect presidential election was held in Somalia on 30 January 2009. Due to the security situation in Baidoa, it was held in Djibouti. President Sharif Sheikh Ahmed won the election.

Omar Sharmarke former Prime Minister of Somalia

Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke, popularly known as Omar Sharmarke, is a Somali diplomat and politician. From 2009 to 2010, he was the Prime Minister of Somalia. He subsequently briefly served as Somalia's Ambassador to the United States in 2014. In December 2014, Sharmarke was reappointed Prime Minister of Somalia. His term ended on 1 March 2017, and he was replaced by Hassan Ali Khaire.

General Abdisamad Ali Shire is a Somali politician. From 8 January 2009 to 8 January 2014, he served as Vice President of Puntland.

2012 Somali presidential election

Indirect presidential elections were held in Somalia on 10 September 2012. The newly appointed Federal Parliament elected Hassan Sheikh Mohamud as the first President of Somalia since the dissolution of the Transitional Federal Government (TFG). The election had previously been scheduled for 20 August, the same day that the mandate of the TFG expired, but was rescheduled for a later date.

Federal Parliament of Somalia Bicameral national legislature of Somalia

The Federal Parliament of Somalia is the national parliament of Somalia. Formed in August 2012, it is based in the capital Mogadishu and is bicameral, consisting of an Upper House (Senate) and a Lower House. The tenth Parliament of Somalia was inaugurated on 27 December 2016. Since the constitutional mandate of the parliamentarians ended on December 27, 2020, Somalia now has no legitimate representative federal parliament.

Hassan Sheikh Mohamud Somali politician

Hassan Sheikh Mohamud is a Somali politician. He is the founder and current chairman of a large political aggregation party which have majority of parliament in both chambers Union for Peace and Development Party, He was the 8th President of Somalia from 16 September 2012 until 16 February 2017. A civil and political activist, Mohamud was previously a university professor and dean. In April 2013, Mohamud was named to the Time 100, TIME magazine's annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world. His efforts at advancing national reconciliation, anti-corruption measures, and socio-economic and security sector reforms in Somalia were cited as reasons for the selection. He was born in Jalalaqsi, a small agricultural town situated in central Hiran of present-day Somalia, during the trusteeship period. and comes from a middle-class background. Hassan is married to Qamar Ali Omar and has children. He speaks Somali and English.

Jubaland Federal member state of Somalia

Jubaland, the Juba Valley or Azania, is a Federal Member State in southern Somalia. Its eastern border lies 40–60 km (25–35 mi) east of the Jubba River, stretching from Gedo to the Indian Ocean, while its western side flanks the North Eastern Province in Kenya, which was carved out of Jubaland during the colonial period.

References

  1. ↑ "The Islamic Courts Union". Harvard Divinity School. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  2. ↑ "Somalia's High Stakes Power Struggle". Council on Foreign Relations. 3 Aug 2006.
  3. ↑ "Somalia's High Stakes Power Struggle". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 2018-10-24.
  4. ↑ "How Al Shabaab was born". Guardian. 4 October 2013.
  5. ↑ Central Intelligence Agency (2011). "Somalia". The World Factbook. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2011-10-05.
  6. ↑ Gettleman, Jeffrey (2011-06-23). "Harvard-Educated Technocrat Chosen as Somalia Premier". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-06-23.
  7. ↑ Central Intelligence Agency, The CIA World Factbook 2010, Book 2010, (Skyhorse Publishing Inc.: 2009), p. 620.
  8. 1 2 "Somalia: UN Envoy Says Inauguration of New Parliament in Somalia 'Historic Moment'". Forum on China-Africa Cooperation. 21 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
  9. ↑ "Somali rivals to seek MPs' votes". BBC News . 2009-01-29. Retrieved 2009-02-01.
  10. ↑ Ahmed, Muddassar (8 August 2012). "Somalia rising after two decades of civil war and unrest". Al Arabiya. Archived from the original on 9 August 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
  11. ↑ Somalia: Garowe conference comes to a close Archived 2012-06-12 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ↑ Second Garowe Conference Concludes Archived 2014-12-27 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ↑ "Somalia: Somali Leaders Adopt Draft Constitution". ANP/AFP. Retrieved 23 June 2012.[ permanent dead link ]
  14. ↑ "Somalia's newly-endorsed constitution widely hailed". Xinhua. Archived from the original on 7 October 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
  15. ↑ "Somalia adopts a constitution, amidst insecurity". Garowe Online. 1 August 2012. Archived from the original on 7 August 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  16. ↑ "Somali leaders back new constitution". BBC . 1 August 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
  17. ↑ "Somali lawmakers elect Mohamud as next president". Reuters. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
  18. 1 2 "UN eases oldest arms embargo for Somalia". AAP. 6 March 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
  19. ↑ "UN to lift Somalia arms embargo". The News. 5 March 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
  20. ↑ "The parliament approves INEC bill". Goobjoog. 11 February 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  21. ↑ "Somalia's Mohamed Abdullahi Farmajo chosen as president". BBC News. 2017-02-08. Retrieved 2017-02-23.
  22. ↑ "In Somalia's Historic Presidential Election, A Surprise Victor Declared". NPR.org. Retrieved 2020-08-31.
  23. ↑ "Somalia's presidential election heads into second round". Washington Post.
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