Proposed reforms of mass surveillance by the United States

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Proposed reforms of mass surveillance by the United States are a collection of diverse proposals offered in response to the Global surveillance disclosures of 2013.

Contents

Legislative proposals

Amash–Conyers Amendment

The Amash–Conyers Amendment was a proposal to end the "NSA's blanket collection of Americans' telephone records", sponsored by Justin Amash and John Conyers. [1] On July 24, 2013, the House rejected the amendment by a vote of 217 to 205. [2] [3]

NSA Inspector General Act

The NSA Inspector General Act is a proposed bill introduced by Mark Sanford on October 30, 2013. It would "require the Director of the National Security Agency and the Inspector General of the National Security Agency to be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate". Currently, the Inspector General is appointed by the Director of the NSA. Supporters of the bill argue that this arrangement "curbs their oversight effectiveness because the Director can remove them."

USA Freedom Act

The USA Freedom Act (H.R. 2048, Pub. L. Tooltip Public Law (United States)  114–23 (text) (PDF)) is a U.S. law enacted on June 2, 2015 that restored in modified form several provisions of the Patriot Act, which had expired the day before. The act imposes new limits on the bulk collection of telecommunication metadata on U.S. citizens by American intelligence agencies, including the National Security Agency. It also restores authorization for roving wiretaps and tracking lone wolf terrorists. [4] [5]

The title of the act originally was a ten-letter backronym (USA FREEDOM) that stood for Uniting and Strengthening America by Fulfilling Rights and Ending Eavesdropping, Dragnet-collection and Online Monitoring Act. The act was originally submitted on October 29, 2013 by Jim Sensenbrenner, author of the Patriot Act, and supported by Senator Patrick Leahy as S. 1599. [6] The bill's stated purpose is: "To rein in the dragnet collection of data by the National Security Agency (NSA) and other government agencies, increase transparency of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC), provide businesses the ability to release information regarding FISA requests, and create an independent constitutional advocate to argue cases before the FISC." [7] [8]

The Act places new limits on the bulk collection of Americans' metadata, ends the secret laws created by the FISA court, and introduces a "Special Advocate" to represent public and privacy matters to the court. [8] [9] [10]

FISA Improvements Act

Sen. Dianne Feinstein Dianne Feinstein, official Senate photo 2.jpg
Sen. Dianne Feinstein

The FISA Improvements Act is a proposed act [11] by Senator Dianne Feinstein, Chair of the Senate Intelligence Committee. Prompted by the disclosure of NSA surveillance by Edward Snowden, it would establish the surveillance program as legal, but impose some limitations on availability of the data. Opponents say the bill would codify warrantless access to many communications of American citizens for use by domestic law enforcement. [12]

A statement from multiple Senators on the intelligence committee explains that "this bill would codify the government's authority to collect the phone records of huge numbers of law-abiding Americans, and also to conduct warrantless searches for individual Americans' phone calls and emails."

Fourth Amendment Restoration Act

The Fourth Amendment Restoration Act is a proposed bill introduced by Senator Rand Paul on June 7, 2013. It "provides that the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution shall not be construed to allow any U.S. government agency to search the phone records of Americans without a warrant based on probable cause." [13] [14] The bill was authored in light of the Global Surveillance Disclosures of 2013, which Sen. Paul said "represents an outrageous abuse of power." [15] [16]

Fourth Amendment Protection Act

The Fourth Amendment Protection Acts, are a collection of state legislation aimed at bulk data collection. Specific examples include the Kansas Fourth Amendment Preservation and Protection Act and the Arizona Fourth Amendment Protection Act. They are proposed nullification laws. The proposals were made in 2013 and 2014 by legislators in the American states of Utah, Washington, Arizona, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma and California. If enacted as law, they would prohibit the state governments from co-operating with the National Security Agency, whose mass surveillance efforts are seen as unconstitutional by the proposals' proponents. Some of the bills would require a warrant before information could be released, whereas others would forbid state universities from doing NSA research or hosting NSA recruiters. [17]

Congressional calls for the resignation of James Clapper

Excerpt of James Clapper's testimony before the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence

On March 12, 2013, Director James Clapper testified under oath before the Senate Intelligence Committee, the committee charged with oversight of intelligence agencies. In response to the query "Does the NSA collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?" Clapper testified, "No, sir." [18] Senator Wyden pressed, "It does not?", [18] to which Clapper testified "Not wittingly. There are cases where they could inadvertently, perhaps, collect, but not wittingly." [18]

Six members of Congress authored a letter calling for a new Director of National Intelligence, writing: [19] [20]

"The continued role of James Clapper as director of national intelligence is incompatible with the goal of restoring trust in our security programs and ensuring the highest level of transparency. Director Clapper continues to hold his position despite lying to Congress under oath about the existence of bulk data collection programs in March 2013. Asking Director Clapper, and other federal intelligence officials who misrepresented programs to Congress and the courts, to report to you on needed reforms ... is not a credible solution."

United States House of Representatives member Justin Amash has openly accused Clapper of criminal perjury. [21] This sentiment has been echoed by Senator Rand Paul. [22]

Senator Ron Wyden publicly addressed the situation, saying: [23] [24]

Let me start by saying that the men and women of America's intelligence agencies are overwhelmingly dedicated professionals, and they deserve to have leadership that is trusted by the American people. Unfortunately, that trust has been seriously undermined by senior officials' reckless reliance on secret interpretations of the law and battered by years of misleading and deceptive statements that senior officials made to the American people. These statements did not protect sources and methods that were useful in fighting terror. Instead, they hid bad policy choices and violation of the liberties of the American people.

For example, the director of the NSA said publicly that the NSA doesn't hold data on U.S. citizens. That was obviously untrue.

Justice Department officials testified that Section 215 of the Patriot Act is analogous to grand jury subpoena authority, and that deceptive statement was made on multiple occasions.

Officials also suggested that the NSA doesn't have the authority to read Americans' e-mails without a warrant. But the FISA Court opinions declassified last August showed that wasn't true, either.

Executive proposals

Director of National Intelligence Review Group

The Director of National Intelligence Review Group on Intelligence and Communications Technologies was a review group formed in light of the Global Surveillance disclosure of 2013. In December 2013, the five-member group produced a public report.

President Obama speech of January 17, 2014

On January 17, 2014, President Barack Obama gave a public address on mass surveillance. He observed that "totalitarian states like East Germany offered a cautionary tale of what could happen when vast unchecked surveillance turned citizens into informers and persecuted people for what they said in the privacy of their own homes." He continued,"In fact, even the United States proved not to be immune to the abuse of surveillance. In the 1960s government spied on civil rights leaders and critics of the Vietnam War."

He proposed "restricting the use" of collected, but broadly endorsed the bulk data collection activities. [25] Focussing "on surveillance authorized by Congress and overseen by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court" [25] Obama said analysts querying the collection of domestic telephone logs from virtually every American under section 215 of the Patriot Act need first permission from a judge of the secret Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court who must approve each phone number before said analysts can run a search on this number in the database. He also restricted the range of people who will potentially get caught in the section 215 telephony metadata database and ordered his advisers within 60 days to find a way how to move the database away from government control. The president asked Congress to convene a panel of public advocates to represent consumers before the FISA court and stated there'll be no spying on "dozens" of foreign heads of state or heads of government. [26] Besides reforms aside from those affecting Section 215 include some "protections applied to U.S. citizens abroad will also now be applied to foreign nationals. And companies will be able to make more disclosures about government data requests, including on National Security Letters, which will no longer be secret "indefinitely."" [26]

External videos
Nuvola apps kaboodle.svg President Obama speech on global surveillance, January 17 2014 (transcript)

Reactions

The Washington Post noted that "the changes he announced will allow [the NSA] to continue — or expand — the collection of personal data from billions of people around the world, Americans and foreign citizens alike." [25]

Senator Rand Paul criticized the remarks, saying: [27]

While I am encouraged the President is addressing the NSA spying program because of pressure from Congress and the American people, I am disappointed in the details. The Fourth Amendment requires an individualized warrant based on probable cause before the government can search phone records and e-mails. President Obama’s announced solution to the NSA spying controversy is the same unconstitutional program with a new configuration. I intend to continue the fight to restore Americans rights through my Fourth Amendment Restoration Act and my legal challenge against the NSA. The American people should not expect the fox to guard the hen house.

Geoff Neale stated on behalf of the Libertarian Party: [28] [29]

The only way to limit government intrusion into our lives is to eliminate the functions that have little to do with defending individual rights within our borders. If government were restricted only to acting on its one legitimate function — protecting individual rights — 95 percent of government operations would cease to exist.

The Electronic Frontier Foundation and The Day We Fight Back released a report card" [30] of President Obama's speech on NSA reform:

Stop mass surveillance of digital communications and communication records..2
Protect the privacy rights of foreigners..3
No data retention mandate.0
Ban no-review National Security Letters..5
Stop undermining Internet security.0
Oppose the FISA Improvements Act.1
Reject the third party doctrine.0
Provide a full public accounting of our surveillance apparatus..5
Embrace meaningful transparency reform.0
Reform the FISA court.1
Protect national security whistleblowers.0
Give criminal defendants all surveillance evidence.0

Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board report

The Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board (PCLOB) is an independent agency within the executive branch. On January 25, the board released a "Report on the Telephone Records Program Conducted under Section 215of the USA PATRIOT Act and on the Operations of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court", a 238-page document on mass surveillance. A majority of the board "deemed the spying illegal and is calling for it to be shut down". [31]

Non-governmental proposals

Necessary and Proportional Principles

The International Principles on the Application of Human Rights to Communications Surveillance (also called the "Necessary and Proportionate Principles" or just "the Principles") are a collection of principles embodied in a July 2013 report on mass surveillance and human rights. [32] [33] [34]

Tech Companies proposal of December 9, 2013

On December 9, 2013, eight tech giants issued an open letter and took out full-page advertisements to publish it. [35] It read in part:

Dear Mr. President and Members of Congress,
We understand that governments have a duty to protect their citizens. But this summer’s revelations highlighted the urgent need to reform government surveillance practices worldwide. The balance in many countries has tipped too far in favor of the state and away from the rights of the individual — rights that are enshrined in our Constitution. This undermines the freedoms we all cherish. It’s time for a change.

Google, Microsoft, Apple, Yahoo!, Facebook, Twitter, AOL and LinkedIn participated in the open letter and the associated website, ReformGovernmentSurveillance.com. [36]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court</span> U.S. federal court

The United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC), also called the FISA Court, is a U.S. federal court established under the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (FISA) to oversee requests for surveillance warrants against foreign spies inside the United States by federal law enforcement and intelligence agencies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act</span> 1978 United States federal law

The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 is a United States federal law that establishes procedures for the surveillance and collection of foreign intelligence on domestic soil.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–2007)</span> Part of Terrorist Surveillance Program

NSA warrantless surveillance — also commonly referred to as "warrantless-wiretapping" or "-wiretaps" — was the surveillance of persons within the United States, including U.S. citizens, during the collection of notionally foreign intelligence by the National Security Agency (NSA) as part of the Terrorist Surveillance Program. In late 2001, the NSA was authorized to monitor, without obtaining a FISA warrant, phone calls, Internet activities, text messages and other forms of communication involving any party believed by the NSA to be outside the U.S., even if the other end of the communication lays within the U.S.

The Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board (PCLOB) is an independent agency within the executive branch of the United States government, established by Congress in 2004 to advise the President and other senior executive branch officials to ensure that concerns with respect to privacy and civil liberties in the United States are appropriately considered in the development and implementation of all laws, regulations, and executive branch policies related to terrorism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">James Clapper</span> American government official (b. 1941)

James Robert Clapper Jr. is a retired lieutenant general in the United States Air Force and former Director of National Intelligence. Clapper has held several key positions within the United States Intelligence Community. He served as director of the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) from 1992 until 1995. He was the first director of defense intelligence within the Office of the Director of National Intelligence and simultaneously the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence. He served as the director of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) from September 2001 until June 2006.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008</span> United States Law

The FISA Amendments Act of 2008, also called the FAA and Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008, is an Act of Congress that amended the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act. It has been used as the legal basis for surveillance programs disclosed by Edward Snowden in 2013, including PRISM.

Clapper v. Amnesty International USA, 568 U.S. 398 (2013), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that Amnesty International USA and others lacked standing to challenge section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978, as amended by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PRISM</span> Mass surveillance program run by the NSA

PRISM is a code name for a program under which the United States National Security Agency (NSA) collects internet communications from various U.S. internet companies. The program is also known by the SIGAD US-984XN. PRISM collects stored internet communications based on demands made to internet companies such as Google LLC and Apple under Section 702 of the FISA Amendments Act of 2008 to turn over any data that match court-approved search terms. Among other things, the NSA can use these PRISM requests to target communications that were encrypted when they traveled across the internet backbone, to focus on stored data that telecommunication filtering systems discarded earlier, and to get data that is easier to handle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Reactions to global surveillance disclosures</span>

The global surveillance disclosure released to media by Edward Snowden has caused tension in the bilateral relations of the United States with several of its allies and economic partners as well as in its relationship with the European Union. In August 2013, U.S. President Barack Obama announced the creation of "a review group on intelligence and communications technologies" that would brief and later report to him. In December, the task force issued 46 recommendations that, if adopted, would subject the National Security Agency (NSA) to additional scrutiny by the courts, Congress, and the president, and would strip the NSA of the authority to infiltrate American computer systems using "backdoors" in hardware or software. Geoffrey R. Stone, a White House panel member, said there was no evidence that the bulk collection of phone data had stopped any terror attacks.

The Fourth Amendment Protection Acts, are a collection of state legislation aimed at withdrawing state support for bulk data (metadata) collection and ban the use of warrant-less data in state courts. They are proposed nullification laws that, if enacted as law, would prohibit the state governments from co-operating with the National Security Agency, whose mass surveillance efforts are seen as unconstitutional by the proposals' proponents. Specific examples include the Kansas Fourth Amendment Preservation and Protection Act and the Arizona Fourth Amendment Protection Act. The original proposals were made in 2013 and 2014 by legislators in the American states of Utah, Washington, Arizona, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma and California. Some of the bills would require a warrant before information could be released, whereas others would forbid state universities from doing NSA research or hosting NSA recruiters, or prevent the provision of services such as water to NSA facilities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">USA Freedom Act</span> 2015 U.S. surveillance law

The USA Freedom Act is a U.S. law enacted on June 2, 2015, that restored and modified several provisions of the Patriot Act, which had expired the day before. The act imposes some new limits on the bulk collection of telecommunication metadata on U.S. citizens by American intelligence agencies, including the National Security Agency. It also restores authorization for roving wiretaps and tracking lone wolf terrorists. The title of the act is a ten-letter backronym that stands for Uniting and Strengthening America by Fulfilling Rights and Ensuring Effective Discipline Over Monitoring Act of 2015.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">FISA Improvements Act</span>

The FISA Improvements Act is a proposed act by Senator Dianne Feinstein, Chair of the Senate Intelligence Committee. Prompted by the disclosure of NSA surveillance by Edward Snowden, it would establish the surveillance program as legal, but impose some limitations on availability of the data. Opponents say the bill would codify warrantless access to many communications of American citizens for use by domestic law enforcement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fourth Amendment Restoration Act</span>

The Fourth Amendment Restoration Act is a proposed bill introduced by Senator Rand Paul on June 7, 2013. It "provides that the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution shall not be construed to allow any U.S. government agency to search the phone records of Americans without a warrant based on probable cause."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amash–Conyers Amendment</span>

The Amash–Conyers Amendment was a proposal to end the "NSA's blanket collection of Americans' telephone records", sponsored by Justin Amash and John Conyers in the US House of Representatives. The measure was voted down, 217 to 205.

<i>Klayman v. Obama</i> American federal court case

Klayman v. Obama, 957 F.Supp.2d 1, was a decision by the United States District Court for District of Columbia finding that the National Security Agency's (NSA) bulk phone metadata collection program was unconstitutional under the Fourth Amendment. The ruling was later overturned on jurisdictional grounds, leaving the constitutional implications of NSA surveillance unaddressed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Barack Obama on mass surveillance</span> Overview of the statements of former U.S. president Barack Obama on mass surveillance

Former U.S. President Barack Obama favored some levels of mass surveillance. He has received some widespread criticism from detractors as a result. Due to his support of certain government surveillance, some critics have said his support may have gone beyond acceptable privacy rights. This is of course a debatable conclusion. Many former US presidents have increased the abilities and techniques used for intelligence gathering. President Obama released many statements on mass surveillance.

<i>American Civil Liberties Union v. Clapper</i> American federal court case

American Civil Liberties Union v. Clapper, 785 F.3d 787, was a lawsuit by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and its affiliate, the New York Civil Liberties Union, against the United States federal government as represented by then-Director of National Intelligence James Clapper. The ACLU challenged the legality and constitutionality of the National Security Agency's (NSA) bulk phone metadata collection program.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Litigation over global surveillance</span>

Litigation over global surveillance has occurred in multiple jurisdictions since the global surveillance disclosures of 2013.

In Re Electronic Privacy Information Center, 134 S.Ct. 638 (2013), was a direct petition to the Supreme Court of the United States regarding the National Security Agency's (NSA) telephony metadata collection program. On July 8, 2013, the Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC) filed a petition for a writ of mandamus and prohibition, or a writ of certiorari, to vacate an order of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC) in which the court compelled Verizon to produce telephony metadata records from all of its subscribers' calls and deliver those records to the NSA. On November 18, 2013, the Supreme Court denied EPIC's petition.

Commentary on Edward Snowden's disclosure is part of the reactions to global surveillance disclosures made by Edward Snowden.

References

  1. ↑ "Amash NSA Amendment Fact Sheet | Congressman Justin Amash". Amash.house.gov. 2013-07-24. Archived from the original on 2014-02-01. Retrieved 2014-02-05.
  2. ↑ "H.Amdt. 413 (Amash) to H.R. 2397: Amendment sought to end authority for the blanket collection of records under the Patriot ..." GovTrack.us. 2013-07-24. Archived from the original on 2014-01-01. Retrieved 2014-02-05.
  3. ↑ "Amash-Conyers anti-NSA amendment lost by just 12 votes, 205-217". Americablog.com. 2013-07-26. Archived from the original on 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2014-02-05.
  4. ↑ Diamond, Jeremy (2 June 2015). "NSA surveillance bill passes after weeks-long showdown". CNN. Archived from the original on 2 June 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  5. ↑ Chappell, Bill (2 June 2015). "Senate Approves USA Freedom Act, Obama Signs It, After Amendments Fail". NPR. Archived from the original on 4 April 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  6. ↑ Shabad, Rebecca (16 January 2014). "Sen. Leahy on NSA claim: 'Baloney'". The Hill.com. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  7. ↑ Sensenbrenner, Jim. "The USA Freedom Act". House.gov. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  8. 1 2 Roberts, Dan (10 October 2013). "NSA critics in Congress sense reform momentum after Obama speech". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  9. ↑ Wilhelm, Alex (29 October 2013). "Proposed USA FREEDOM Act Would Dramatically Curtail The NSA's Surveillance". TechCrunch.com. Archived from the original on 17 January 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  10. ↑ 'Patriot Act' Author Seeks 'USA Freedom Act' to Rein In NSA – U.S. News & World Report Archived 2017-04-10 at the Wayback Machine . Usnews.com (October 10, 2013).
  11. ↑ "S.1631 -- FISA Improvements Act of 2013 (Placed on Calendar Senate - PCS)". Library of Congress (THOMAS). 2013-11-12. Archived from the original on 2016-02-04. Retrieved 2014-01-29.
  12. ↑ Spencer Ackerman in Washington (2013-11-15). "Feinstein promotes bill to strengthen NSA's hand on warrantless searches | World news". theguardian.com. Archived from the original on 2021-04-11. Retrieved 2014-01-23.
  13. ↑ Sen. Rand Paul [R-KY]. "Fourth Amendment Restoration Act of 2013 (S. 1121)". GovTrack.us. Archived from the original on 2013-09-27. Retrieved 2014-01-25.
  14. ↑ "Rand Paul Bill Would Curb NSA on Phone Records - ABC News". Abcnews.go.com. 2013-06-07. Archived from the original on 2014-01-22. Retrieved 2014-01-25.
  15. ↑ "Rand Paul Bill Would Curb NSA on Phone Records - ABC News". Abcnews.go.com. 2013-06-07. Archived from the original on 2014-01-22. Retrieved 2014-01-25.
  16. ↑ "Rand Paul Introduces Bill To Prevent Government Seizure Of Phone Records Amid NSA Controversy". Huffingtonpost.com. 2013-06-07. Archived from the original on 2013-08-21. Retrieved 2014-01-25.
  17. ↑ "California Lawmakers Introduce Fourth Amendment Protection Act, push back against NSA spying" (Press release). 2014-01-06. Archived from the original on 2014-01-09. Blocks public universities from serving as NSA research facilities or recruiting grounds.
  18. 1 2 3 Greenberg, Andy. "Watch Top U.S. Intelligence Officials Repeatedly Deny NSA Spying On Americans Over The Last Year (Videos) Archived 2017-08-25 at the Wayback Machine ." Forbes . June 6, 2013. Retrieved on June 11, 2013. "Eight months later, Senator Ron Wyden quoted[...]"
  19. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-21. Retrieved 2014-02-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  20. ↑ Fung, Brian (2013-10-02). "Darrell Issa: James Clapper lied to Congress about NSA and should be fired". Washingtonpost.com. Archived from the original on 2014-02-04. Retrieved 2014-02-05.
  21. ↑ Muñoz, Carlos. "GOP's Amash: Clapper should resign Archived 2014-03-08 at the Wayback Machine ." The Hill . June 12, 2013. Retrieved on June 14, 2013.
  22. ↑ Ackerman, Spencer. "Rand Paul accuses James Clapper of lying to Congress over NSA suveillance Archived 2016-11-18 at the Wayback Machine ." The Guardian . Tuesday June 18, 2013. Retrieved on June 20, 2013.
  23. ↑ "Why Believe Anything Director of National Intelligence Clapper Says? - Hit & Run". Reason.com. 2014-01-30. Archived from the original on 2014-02-07. Retrieved 2014-02-05.
  24. ↑ Peterson, Andrea. "Senators: There is a 'truth deficit' between the intelligence community and the public". Washingtonpost.com. Archived from the original on 2014-02-04. Retrieved 2014-02-05.
  25. 1 2 3 "Obama's restrictions on NSA surveillance rely on narrow definition of 'spying'". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2014-01-28. Retrieved 2014-02-05.
  26. 1 2 Fung, Bryan (January 17, 2014). "Everything you need to know about Obama's NSA reforms, in plain English". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 11 May 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
  27. ↑ Herriman, Robert. "Rand Paul on Obama NSA reform: 'The American people should not expect the fox to guard the hen house'". The Global Dispatch. United States. Archived from the original on 28 February 2014. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
  28. ↑ "LP response to President Barack Obama's announced plan for minor reforms of NSA mass surveillance" (Press release). Libertarian Party. 17 January 2014. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014.
  29. ↑ "LP response to President Barack Obama's announced plan for minor reforms of NSA mass surveillance". LP News (paper). Vol. 44, no. 1. February 2014. p. 9.
  30. ↑ Cohn, Cindy (17 January 2014). "Rating Obama's NSA Reform Plan: EFF Scorecard Explained". EFF. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  31. ↑ Hay, Lily (2014-01-23). "PCLOB report: Watchdog review group says NSA phone call surveillance is illegal and should stop". Slate.com. Archived from the original on 2014-02-01. Retrieved 2014-02-05.
  32. ↑ "One Small Step for Privacy, One Giant Leap Against Surveillance | Electronic Frontier Foundation". Eff.org. 2013-12-18. Archived from the original on 2013-12-21. Retrieved 2014-01-29.
  33. ↑ "RWB signs "International Principles on the Application of Human Rights to Communications Surveillance" - Reporters Without Borders". En.rsf.org. 2013-07-31. Archived from the original on 2014-02-21. Retrieved 2014-01-29.
  34. ↑ "PEN International – PEN International joins over 100 organisations in supporting the International Principles on the Applications of Human Rights to Communications Surveillance". Pen-international.org. Archived from the original on 2014-02-23. Retrieved 2014-02-03.
  35. ↑ Wyatt, Edward; Claire Cain Miller (December 9, 2013). "Tech Giants Issue Call for Limits on Government Surveillance of Users". New York Times. Archived from the original on October 10, 2018. Retrieved February 28, 2017.
  36. ↑ "Reform Government Surveillance". Archived from the original on 2014-02-05. Retrieved 2014-02-05.
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