GCHQ Bude

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GCHQ Bude, also known as
GCHQ Composite Signals Organisation Station Morwenstow
Part of Government Communications Headquarters
Located near Coombe, Bude, Cornwall in  United Kingdom
Cattle by GCHQ radio station - geograph.org.uk - 412255.jpg
Part of the satellite dish array of GCHQ Bude
Cornwall UK mainland relief location map.jpg
Red pog.svg
GCHQ Bude
Coordinates 50°53′10″N4°33′13″W / 50.8862°N 4.5537°W / 50.8862; -4.5537
Grid reference SS 2046 1246 [1]
Type UK Government satellite ground station and eavesdropping centre
Site information
Owner Government of the United Kingdom
OperatorGCHQ
ConditionActive
Website https://www.GCHQ.gov.uk/gchq-bude
Site history
Built1969–2001
In use1974–present

GCHQ Bude, also known as GCHQ Composite Signals Organisation Station Morwenstow, [1] abbreviated to GCHQ CSO Morwenstow, [1] is a UK Government satellite ground station and eavesdropping centre located on the north Cornwall coast at Cleave Camp, [2] between the small villages of Morwenstow and Coombe. It is operated by the British signals intelligence service, officially known as the Government Communications Headquarters, commonly abbreviated GCHQ. It is located on part of the site of the former World War II airfield, RAF Cleave.

Contents

History

The site of GCHQ Bude is in Morwenstow, the northernmost parish of Cornwall. During World War II, the location was developed for and used by the Royal Air Force (RAF). RAF Cleave was conceived as housing target and target support aircraft for firing ranges along the north Cornwall coast, and land was acquired from Cleave Manor. In 1939, it became home to two flights of 1 Anti-Aircraft Co-operation Unit (1AAC). In 1943, No. 639 Squadron was established on the site for the remainder of the war. The airfield was put under maintenance in April 1945, staying under government ownership. [3]

Remains of gun emplacement with GCHQ Bude dishes behind Cleave Camp, old gun emplacement and dish, December 2013.jpg
Remains of gun emplacement with GCHQ Bude dishes behind

Satellite interception

In the early 1960s, developments occurred which appear to have prompted the establishment of the facility now known as GCHQ Bude. In 1962, a satellite receiving station for the commercial communication satellites of Intelsat was established at Goonhilly Downs, just over 60 miles (100 kilometres) south-southwest of Morwenstow. [4]

The downstream link from the Intelsat satellites could easily be intercepted by placing receiver dishes nearby in the satellites' 'footprint'. For that, the land at Cleave was allotted to the Ministry of Public Building and Works in 1967, and construction of the satellite interception station began in 1969. Two 27 m (90 ft) dishes appeared first, followed by smaller dishes in the ensuing years. The station was originally signposted as 'CSOS Morwenstow', with 'CSOS' standing for Composite Signals Organisation Station. In 2001, a third large dish appeared, and the station eventually became known as 'GCHQ Bude'. [3]

UK-US cooperation

From its inception, the station has been an Anglo-American co-operative project. The United States National Security Agency (NSA) paid for most of the infrastructure and the technology. The running costs, like payments for the staff, were paid by GCHQ, who also provided the land. The intelligence that was collected by the Bude satellite station was shared between NSA and GCHQ, and was jointly processed. [4]

Another sign of the close cooperation between both countries was that Sir Leonard Hooper, GCHQ director in the late 1960s, wrote to his NSA counterpart regarding the then two large dishes. He suggested naming them 'Pat' and 'Louis', after NSA director Marshall 'Pat' Carter and his deputy, Louis Tordella. [5]

In 2010, the National Security Agency paid GCHQ £15.5m for redevelopments at the site. [6]

Cable interception

In 1963, TAT-3, an undersea cable linking the United Kingdom to the United States, was laid from Tuckerton, New Jersey, US to Widemouth Bay, Cornwall, just 10 km (6 mi) south of the site at Cleave Camp. [5] The British General Post Office (GPO) routinely monitored all communications passing along the TAT-3 cable, forwarding any messages they felt were relevant to the security services. [5]

The site at Cleave Camp presented an opportunity to monitor submarine cable traffic from the nearby landing points, while at the same time intercepting communications meant for the commercial satellite ground station at Goonhilly Downs. [4]

The Grace Hopper is a private undersea cable funded by Google that connects New York with Bude, with the location chosen as it was "an ideal, nicely protected beach and adjacent to a lot of the terrestrial infrastructure needed". [7]

Satellite installations

The different types satellite receivers at GCHQ Bude; including 'naked' parabolic antennas along with hidden antenna covered by a radome. GCHQ Bude.jpg
The different types satellite receivers at GCHQ Bude; including 'naked' parabolic antennas along with hidden antenna covered by a radome.

GCHQ Bude station comprises twenty one satellite antennas [1] of various sizes, including three that have a diameter of 30 m (100 ft), that could theoretically cover all the main frequency bands: L band, C band, Ku band, X band, Ka band, and V band. Calculated on the basis of their position, their elevation, and their compass (azimuth) angle, the antennas are generally orientated towards satellites of the INTELSAT, Intersputnik, and INMARSAT communications networks over the Atlantic Ocean, Africa, and the Indian Ocean, as well as towards the Middle East and mainland Europe. Somewhere between 2011 and 2013, a torus antenna [8] was installed, which is able to receive the signals of up to thirty-five satellites simultaneously. This antenna is not covered by a radome. [9]

Staff are drawn from GCHQ (UK) and the NSA (US), and the station is operated under the UKUSA agreement, gathering data for the ECHELON signals intelligence (SIGINT) network. Comparable stations in operation include RAF Menwith Hill (UK), Sugar Grove Station (West Virginia, US), Yakima (Washington, US), Sabana Seca (Puerto Rico), Misawa Air Base (Japan), Pine Gap (Australia), Geraldton (Australia), GCSB Waihopai (New Zealand), and GCSB Tangimoana (New Zealand), that cover other INTELSAT areas such as South America and the Pacific Ocean. [10]

Activities

The activities of GCHQ Bude usually remain classified, partly in response to concerns expressed by some European Union (EU) member states that Morwenstow is responsible for industrial espionage and the interception of civilian communications; a report by the European Parliament (referenced below) was made public in 2001 that provides some details about the station. The Intelligence Services Act 1994 grants GCHQ the power 'to monitor or interfere with electromagnetic, acoustic and other emissions and any equipment producing such emissions, and to obtain and provide information derived from or related to such emissions or equipment'. This includes BlackBerry Messenger (BBM) and audio messages. [11]

On 1 June 2007, GCHQ Bude was designated as a protected site for the purposes of Section 128 of the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005. The effect of the act was to make it a specific criminal offence for a person to trespass into the site. [12]

Up until early 2014, the GCHQ careers website had a page on GCHQ Bude, which said that it employs digital communications experts who play an important role in formulating the United Kingdom Government's response to issues involving national security, military operations and serious crime. The web page mentioned that the site is adjacent to the coastal footpath, which is part of the South West Coast Path. [13] Elsewhere on the website, job applicants were warned that they will be subject to Developed Vetting Security Clearance, which could take up to nine months to proceed. [14]

As of 2016, the GCHQ careers website had a 'Life at GCHQ' page, its 'Bude' section of the page describes working at GCHQ Bude a little. It mentions a gym and restaurant (boasting a "sea view") within the facility. It also describes a range of social and outdoor sporting events which employees can take part in. [15]

Media coverage

In June 2013, The Guardian newspaper, using documents leaked by former National Security Agency (NSA) contractor, Edward Snowden, revealed the existence of an operation codenamed Tempora , whereby GCHQ is able to tap into data which flows along undersea cables and then store it for up to 30 days, to assess and analyse it. The article refers to a three-year trial set up at GCHQ Bude which, by mid-2011, was probing more than 200 internet connections. [16]

A further Guardian report in December 2013 stated that eavesdropping efforts to target charities, German government buildings, the Israeli Prime Minister, and an EU commissioner centred on activities run from GCHQ Bude. [17]

GCHQ Bude was featured extensively in the 3 September 2014 BBC Two Horizon television programme: 'Inside the Dark Web'. [18] This programme estimated that 25% of all internet traffic travels through Cornwall. Dr Joss Wright of the University of Oxford Internet Institute [19] explained how mirror images of the signals running down submarine Ethernet cables are used to gather and analyse data. The programme claimed that this procedure involves an optical tap device which is inserted at the submarine cable repeater station. A second copy of the data then travels to GCHQ, while the original carries on its intended journey. GCHQ, it was claimed, then have three days to replay the data. It was stated that everything that comes across the internet can theoretically be accessed; including emails, websites, BitTorrent downloads, films that have been watched, etc. Wright added that internal documents show that in 2011, 200 10-gigabit cables coming into Cornwall were being tapped by GCHQ. Wright said that the entire digitised contents of the British Library could be transferred down that set of cables in about 40 seconds. On the same programme, Tim Berners-Lee explained how huge volumes of data are analysed by GCHQ computer programmes to identify trends of communication which are deemed to require further examination. [20]

On 20 November 2014, Channel 4 News broadcast an investigation prepared in collaboration with German broadcaster Westdeutscher Rundfunk (WDR). This report revealed that a leading UK communications company (Cable & Wireless, now Vodafone) cooperated with GCHQ to allow access to data, including that carried by a rival Indian telecommunications company. The broadcast detailed an operation centred on fibre-optic cables surfacing at Porthcurno beach and Sennen Cove in Cornwall, with data travelling to a nearby cable landing station at Skewjack Farm, and then onwards to GCHQ Bude. [21]

Royal visit

On 4 April 2016, The Princess Royal made the first Royal visit to GCHQ Bude Station. She arrived by helicopter and was greeted by the head of GCHQ Bude Station, along with the Lord Lieutenant of Cornwall, Colonel Edward Bolitho. The visit consisted of a short tour of the site, and the princess met many members of staff, of all grades, from whom she learnt about some of the activities carried out at Bude. [22] [23] [24]

Recruitment scheme

In July 2016, GCHQ launched its CyberFirst scheme for students in the 2016/17 academic year, offering bursaries for those studying relevant Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) graduate courses, followed by guaranteed jobs at GCHQ, including at Bude GCHQ. [25]

Pride GCHQ - rainbow illuminations

On 17 May 2016, the satellite dishes at GCHQ Bude Station were lit up in a display of rainbow colours. This was to mark the International Day Against Homophobia, Transphobia and Biphobia (IDAHOBiT). This display was a public act of unity and recognition of Pride GCHQ, and to assert the continued commitment by GCHQ to diversity and pride in its staff. It follows a similar rainbow coloured themed display in support of the 2015 IDAHOBiT at the GCHQ Cheltenham site a year earlier. [26] [27] [28] [29]

Cleave Camp Morwenstow, facing east at dawn showing GCHQ Bude dishes December 2013.jpg
Facing east, sunrise at GCHQ Bude

10 km (6 mi) south of GCHQ Bude, at Widemouth Bay, numerous submarine cables make landfall. They, followed by the locations to which they link in brackets, include: Apollo (US), TAT-3 (US), CANTAT-1 (Canada), TAT-8 (US and France - last used in 2002), TAT-14 (US and Europe), AC-2 (US), EIG (Europe and India), and GLO-1 (West Africa). Crooklets Beach at Bude, 5 km (3 mi) south of GCHQ Bude, is a key submarine cable landing point, in particular carrying financial trading data from New York. [30]

See also

Current stations
Former stations
Related articles

Bibliography

Related Research Articles

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "GCHQ CSO Morwenstow (GCHQ Bude)". www.Cornwalls.co.uk. Cornwall Guide. 8 March 2008. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
  2. ↑ The coastal footpath post at the north western corner of the site states "Cleave Camp. Grid ref SS201 130" at coordinates position 50.8884°N 4.5591°W. The site has been referred to locally as Cleave Camp since the Second World War. BudePeeps (19 June 2011). "A few snippets about Bude". BudePeople.co.uk. Bude People. Archived from the original on 30 December 2013. There is a second coastal footpath post at approximately the mid-point of the western side of the station which states "Harscott High Cliff (N). Grid ref SS199 127" at coordinates position 50.8856°N 4.5618°W. The cliff headland at this point is Lower Sharpnose Point.
  3. 1 2 London, Pete (11 June 2013). "Slice of life - "GCHQ Bude - we are listening"". PeteLondon.blogspot.com. Archived from the original on 29 December 2013.
  4. 1 2 3 Aldrich, Richard J (2010). GCHQ. London, UK: Harper Press. pp. 342–343. ISBN   978-0-00-731266-5.
  5. 1 2 3 Bamford, James (2008). The Shadow Factory. New York, US: Anchor Books. pp. 215–217. ISBN   978-0-307-27939-2.
  6. ↑ Nick Hopkins; Julian Borger (1 August 2013). "Exclusive: NSA pays £100m in secret funding for GCHQ". The Guardian . Archived from the original on 25 January 2014.
  7. ↑ "'Massive' transatlantic data cable landed on beach in Bude". BBC News. 14 September 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
  8. ↑ "GCHQ Bude's TORUS antenna". www.GCHQ.gov.uk. GCHQ. Archived from the original (jpg) on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
  9. ↑ "Torus: the antenna to significantly increase satellite interception". Electrospaces.blogspot.co.uk. Electrospaces.net. 8 April 2015. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
  10. ↑ "Coverage map". Intelsat.com. Intelsat. Archived from the original on 19 January 2017. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
  11. ↑ "MI5 joins social messaging trawl for riot organisers". The Guardian . 15 August 2011. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
  12. ↑ "Home Office circular 018/2007 | Trespass on protected sites - sections 128-131 of the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005". GOV.uk. Home Office. 22 May 2007. Archived from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
  13. ↑ "GCHQ - explore another world - Bude". GCHQ-careers.co.uk. GCHQ. Archived from the original on 9 January 2014.
  14. ↑ "GCHQ - explore another world". GCHQ-careers.co.uk. GCHQ. Archived from the original on 1 January 2014.
  15. ↑ "Life at GCHQ". GCHQ-careers.co.uk. GCHQ. Archived from the original on 30 September 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
  16. ↑ Ewen MacAskill; Julian Borger; Nick Hopkins; Nick Davies; James Ball (21 June 2013). "GCHQ taps fibre-optic cables for secret access to world's communications". The Guardian . Archived from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
  17. ↑ James Ball; Nick Hopkins (20 December 2013). "GCHQ and NSA targeted charities, Germans, Israeli PM, and EU chief". The Guardian . Archived from the original on 22 December 2013.
  18. ↑ "BBC Horizon: Inside the dark web". BBC.co.uk. British Broadcasting Corporation. 3 September 2014. Archived from the original on 30 December 2017.
  19. ↑ "Oxford Internet Institute profile". OII.ox.ac.uk. Oxford Internet Institute. Archived from the original on 17 December 2014.
  20. ↑ "GCHQ taps fibre-optic cables for secret access to world's communications". The Guardian . 21 June 2013. Archived from the original on 17 October 2017.
  21. ↑ "Spy cable revealed: how telecoms firm worked with GCHQ". Channel4.com. Channel 4 News. Archived from the original on 21 November 2014.
  22. ↑ "GCHQ Bude hosts first Royal visit". www.GCHQ.gov.uk (Press release). GCHQ. 4 April 2016. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
  23. ↑ "Gallery | HRH Princess Anne visits GCHQ Bude | Her Royal Highness The Princess Royal has made the first Royal visit to GCHQ Bude". www.GCHQ.gov.uk. GCHQ. 4 April 2016. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
  24. ↑ "First royal visit for GCHQ". Bude and Stratton Post. 13 April 2016. Archived from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
  25. ↑ "Oh I do like to spy beside the seaside - GCHQ invites bids for learn-on-the-job cash". WestBriton.co.uk. 6 July 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2016.[ permanent dead link ]
  26. ↑ "GCHQ Bude puts the rainbow spotlight on IDAHOBiT Day". www.GCHQ.gov.uk (Press release). GCHQ. 17 May 2016. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
  27. ↑ "Rainbow satellites line the cliff tops". Bude and Stratton Post. 24 May 2016. Archived from the original on 18 August 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
  28. ↑ "Our rainbow celebration to mark IDAHOBiT day". www.GCHQ.gov.uk. GCHQ. 17 May 2015. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
  29. ↑ "Gallery | IDAHOT Day 2015". www.GCHQ.gov.uk. GCHQ. 17 May 2015. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
  30. ↑ Gill Plimmer; Philip Stafford (6 May 2013). "Cornwall beach buoys London's financial status". Financial Times . Archived from the original on 8 August 2013.

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