Strategic Command (United Kingdom)

Last updated
Strategic Command
UK strategic command logo.png
Logo of Strategic Command
ActiveApril 2012 – December 2019 (as Joint Forces Command)
December 2019 – present (as Strategic Command)
CountryFlag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom
BranchNaval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg  Royal Navy
Flag of the British Army.svg  British Army
Ensign of the Royal Air Force.svg  Royal Air Force
Type Joint Command
Part of Ministry of Defence
Headquarters Northwood Headquarters, Hertfordshire
Website www.gov.uk/government/organisations/strategic-command
Commanders
Commander General Sir James Hockenhull
Deputy Commander Lieutenant General Thomas Copinger-Symes

The United Kingdom's Strategic Command (StratCom), previously known as Joint Forces Command (JFC), manages allocated joint capabilities from the three armed services.

Contents

History

Lord Levene, Chairperson of the Defence Reform Steering Group Lord Peter Levene - World Economic Forum on Europe 2010.jpg
Lord Levene, Chairperson of the Defence Reform Steering Group

Background

In August 2010 the then Defence Secretary, Liam Fox, asked Lord Levene, a former Chief of Defence Procurement, to chair the Defence Reform Steering Group. The group's remit was to independently review defence and the structure and management of the Ministry of Defence. The group reported in June 2011, with a key recommendation being that a Joint Forces Command (JFC) should be created to manage and deliver specific joint capabilities and to take the lead on joint warfare development, learning from lessons and experimentation to advise on how the military should conduct joint operations in the future. The Defence Reform report also made the following recommendations: [1]

Establishment as Joint Forces Command

The creation of Joint Forces Command was overseen by the then Vice Chief of the Defence Staff, General Sir Nicholas Houghton, Air Chief Marshal Sir Stuart Peach, and the Defence Reform Unit, alongside the wider implementation of the new defence operating model identified by the report on Defence Reform. ACM Peach was appointed as the first commander of the Joint Forces Command on 15 September 2011, taking up the post on 1 December 2011. [2]

Initial Operating Capability was achieved in April 2012 and Full Operating Capability was reached in April 2013, giving JFC a total of some 30,000 military and civil personnel. [3]

Change to Strategic Command

Visit by Commander Strategic Command, Sir James Hockenhull, to Defence Digital in 2022 Defence Digital, MOD Corsham, visit by Commander Strategic Command 2022.jpg
Visit by Commander Strategic Command, Sir James Hockenhull, to Defence Digital in 2022

The Secretary of State for Defence, Penny Mordaunt, announced in July 2019 that Joint Forces Command would be renamed as 'Strategic Command', dealing with the Ministry of Defence's transformation programme and taking responsibility for a range of strategic and defence-wide capabilities. [4] Strategic Command will integrate fighting across Air, Land, Sea, Cyber and Space and ensure the armed services operate at the forefront of the information environment. [5]

On 9 December 2019, it was announced that Joint Forces Command was renamed Strategic Command. [6]

Joint Force Command and Strategic Command handled a number of space functions. Strategic Command had been responsible for satellite communications, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) and positioning, navigation and timing (PNT), and the RAF for ballistic missile defence, space control and space domain awareness. [7] However, United Kingdom Space Command was established on 1 April 2021 at RAF High Wycombe, and now works with the Space Directorate in London. [8]

Organisations and components

Strategic Command comprises the following organisations and components. [9] [10] [11]

The Commander, Strategic Command, based at Northwood Headquarters, brings coherence to the delivery of joint effect by managing, delivering and advancing joint capabilities to support the success of military operations. [12] He is supported by a deputy commander. Under Deputy Commander comes Chief of Staff, Director Strategy and Director Capability, of whom all are key members of the Command Group. [13] [14] [11]

Chief of Staff Strategic Command

Strategic Command Chief of Staff "provides financial authority and supports the command function of Strategic Command headquarters". The Chief of Staff is a member of Strategic Command's Command Group. [15] [11]

Permanent Joint Operating Bases

RAF Mount Pleasant in the Falkland Islands Entrance sign, British Forces South Atlantic Islands Mount Pleasant Complex.jpg
RAF Mount Pleasant in the Falkland Islands

The Permanent Joint Operating Bases provide a defensive and security role to British Overseas Territories and allows the UK to project military power overseas. There is a civilian Director Overseas Bases, appointed in 2018. Director Overseas Bases is a member of Strategic Command's Command Group. [16] [11]

Defence Intelligence

The Chief of Defence Intelligence (DI) is the principal adviser on strategic military intelligence issues. DI primarily provides intelligence and advice to inform policy, deployment and research decisions, working alongside other government departments, agencies, allies, the EU and NATO. [17] CDI is supported by a civilian deputy and a Director Cyber Intelligence and Information Integration. [11] The following groups are the main components of DI.

Joint Forces Cyber Group

Originally named the Defence Cyber Operations Group, the Joint Forces Cyber Group (JFCyG) was created in May 2013 and plans and co-ordinates UK cyber warfare operations. It commands Joint Cyber Units at GCHQ Cheltenham and MOD Corsham, the Joint Cyber Unit (Reserve) and Information Assurance Units. [18]

The Joint Cyber Unit (Reserve) was established in response to a growing cyber warfare threat and to allow the military to benefit from the expertise of civilian IT specialists. Capabilities include offensive cyber operations. [19] The following units contribute personnel to the cyber reserve. [20] [21] [22]

Joint Intelligence Training Group

The Joint Intelligence Training Group is based at Chicksands in Bedfordshire and provides the British military with intelligence, security, languages and photography training.

Defence Medical Services

The military and civilian medical and dental personnel from all three British military services, are together known as the Defence Medical Services (DMS). The service is commanded by the Director General DMS (DG DMS), formerly the Surgeon General from headquarters at DMS Whittington in Staffordshire. Under DG DMS, comes Director Defence Healthcare, Director Medical Personnel and Training and Defence Medical Director. [23] [11]

Directorate of Joint Capability

The Director of Capability is responsible for delivering a joint capability strategy, including in areas such as special forces; military counter-terrorism, explosive ordnance disposal, CBRN and Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (C4ISR). [10]

Based at RAF Halton in Buckinghamshire, the Joint Information Activities Group (JIAG) is a deployable team of information, media, technical communications and intelligence specialists. [24]

Directorate of Resources and Policy

The Director of Resources and Policy provides top level budgeting, acts as Senior Finance Officer, Senior Policy Advisor and senior civilian workforce advisor for Joint Forces Command, and is personally responsible for the specific delegations from Director General Finance. Director of Resources and Policy is a member of Strategic Command's Command Group. [10] [11]

Directorate Defence Logistics and Support

The Chief of Defence Logistics and Support is a three-star or OF-8 officer. [25] He or she oversees various appointments such as Director Defence Support Transformation, Assistant Chief of the Defence Staff (Support Operations) and Director Joint Support. [26] [11]

Directorate of Special Forces

The Director Special Forces (DSF) commands UK Special Forces (UKSF), which are capable of conducting short-notice high-risk operations in challenging environments around the world. The UK's special forces comprise the Special Boat Service, the Special Air Service, the Special Reconnaissance Regiment, the Special Forces Support Group, 18 (UKSF) Signal Regiment, and the Joint Special Forces Aviation Wing. [11]

Defence Digital

Defence Digital Operations Headquarters at MOD Corsham, Wiltshire Defence Digital Operations HQ, MOD Corsham.jpg
Defence Digital Operations Headquarters at MOD Corsham, Wiltshire

The MOD's Defence Digital organisation is led by Ministry of Defence chief information officer (CIO) Charles Forte, [27] who is responsible for information strategy and policy across the MOD and also the delivery of information technology systems across the MOD's corporate and military elements. [10] Defence Digital was created in 2019 when Information Systems & Services and a number of organisations were brought together; at that time it had an annual budget of over £2 billion and about 2,400 staff including military, civil servants and contractors. [27] [28] Under CIO comes the following: Director Military Digitalisation, Director Digital Enablement, Director Functional Integration, Chief Data Officer, Director Defensive Cyber and Risk, Executive Director Service Delivery and Operations, Director Operations, Director Delivery Intelligence and Expeditionary Service and Director Core Information Services. [11]

Defence Digital activity is largely at MOD Corsham in Wiltshire, and it has a presence at other sites including:

Joint Force Development

Joint Force Development is led by Director General Joint Force Development Air Marshal Ian Gale MBE. It "plans and develops the current and future Joint Force and leads capability for concepts and doctrine, education and training, Defence-wide exercises, experimentation, analysis and lessons". [11] The following groups are the main components of DI.

Defence Academy of the United Kingdom

Based at MOD Shrivenham in Oxfordshire, the Defence Academy provides higher education for personnel in the British Armed Forces, the Civil Service, other government departments and service personnel from other nations. The Defence Centre of Training Support, originally headquartered at RAF Halton, forms part of the Defence Academy and is responsible for training military instructors and managers, and other aspects of defence training.

Royal College Defence Studies

The Royal College of Defence Studies The Royal College of Defence Studies (RCDS) instructs the most promising senior officers of the British Armed Forces.

Directorate of Joint Warfare

The role of the Director of Joint Warfare is to enable joint forces to operate effectively by defining, measuring and validating the joint force capabilities and formations required to meet current, unexpected and emerging threats. The directorate is responsible for the development and maintenance of air–land and air–maritime integration, and support to associated initiatives. [10]

Standing Joint Force Headquarters

The Standing Joint Force Headquarters (SJFHQ) is a rapidly deployable component. When deployed, SJFHQ is responsible to Chief of Joint Operations through the Chief of Staff (Operations), otherwise the component reports to the Director of Joint Force Development. [11] The Joint Force Headquarters and Joint Force Logistics Component Headquarters come under the command of the SJFHQ Commander and are based at Northwood Headquarters. [30] [31]

Development, Concepts and Doctrine Centre

The Development, Concepts and Doctrine Centre (DCDC) is the MOD's think tank and is responsible for research work in support of joint concepts and doctrine, as well as those relating to the Royal Navy, Royal Air Force and British Army.

The Permanent Joint Headquarters at Northwood, Hertfordshire Permanent Joint Headquarters (PJHQ) at Northwood MOD 45152477.jpg
The Permanent Joint Headquarters at Northwood, Hertfordshire

Joint Operations

The Chief of Joint Operations (CJO) provides operational command of UK forces assigned to overseas joint and combined operations and provides politically aware military advice to the MOD in order to achieve UK's strategic objectives on operations. [10] CJO includes the Permanent Joint Headquarters at Northwood Headquarters in Hertfordshire. He is supported by a Chief of Staff (Operations) and a civilian Chief of Staff (Policy and Finance). [11]

Joint Arms Control Implementation Group

The Joint Arms Control Implementation Group (JACIG) is the UK's arms control verification agency which is based at RAF Henlow in Bedfordshire. JACIG's work is focussed on implementing three main treaties: the Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) Treaty, the Vienna Document and the Open Skies Treaty. [32]

Joint Counter-Terrorism Training and Advisory Team

The Joint Counter-Terrorism Training and Advisory Team (JCTTAT) is based at Risborough Barracks in Kent. [33]

Commanders

A list of those who have served as Commander Joint Forces Command (retitled Commander of Strategic Command on 9 December 2019): [34]

No.PortraitCommanderTook officeLeft officeTime in officeDefence branchRef.
1
Stuart Peach in 95s.jpg
Peach, StuartAir Chief Marshal
Sir Stuart Peach
(born 1956)		December 2011April 20131 year, 4 monthsEnsign of the Royal Air Force.svg  Royal Air Force [35]
2
Richard Barrons.jpg
Barrons, RichardGeneral
Sir Richard Barrons
(born 1959)		April 2013April 20163 yearsFlag of the British Army.svg  British Army [36]
3
Sir Christopher Deverell.jpg
Deverell, ChristopherGeneral
Sir Christopher Deverell 		April 2016May 20193 years, 1 monthFlag of the British Army.svg  British Army [37]
4
Duchess of Cornwall Rifles (Patrick Sanders cropped).jpg
Sanders, PatrickGeneral
Sir Patrick Sanders
(born 1966)		May 2019May 20223 yearsFlag of the British Army.svg  British Army [38]
5
Jim Hockenhull (cropped).jpg
Hockenhull, JamesGeneral
Sir James Hockenhull
(born 1964)		May 2022Incumbent2 years, 2 monthsFlag of the British Army.svg  British Army [39]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bulgarian Armed Forces</span> Military forces of Bulgaria

The Bulgarian Army, also called Bulgarian Armed Forces, is the military of Bulgaria. The commander-in-chief is the president of Bulgaria. The Ministry of Defense is responsible for political leadership, while overall military command is in the hands of the Defense Staff, headed by the Chief of the Defense. There are three main branches of the Bulgarian military, named literally the Land Forces, the Air Forces and the Naval Forces.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal Air Force</span> Air and space warfare force of the United Kingdom

The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the air and space force of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies. It was formed towards the end of the First World War on 1 April 1918, becoming the second independent air force in the world after the Finnish Air Force, by merging the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) and the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS). Following the Allied victory over the Central Powers in 1918, the RAF emerged as the largest air force in the world at the time. Since its formation, the RAF has played a significant role in British military history. In particular, during the Second World War, the RAF established air superiority over Hermann Göring's Luftwaffe during the Battle of Britain, and led the Allied strategic bombing effort.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)</span> UK Government department responsible for defence

The Ministry of Defence is a ministerial department of the Government of the United Kingdom. It is responsible for implementing the defence policy set by the government and serves as the headquarters of the British Armed Forces.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Defence Intelligence</span> Intelligence agency of the United Kingdom

Defence Intelligence (DI) is an organisation within the United Kingdom intelligence community which focuses on gathering and analysing military intelligence. It differs from the UK's intelligence agencies in that it is an integral part of a government department – the Ministry of Defence (MoD) – rather than a stand-alone organisation. The organisation employs a mixture of civilian and military staff and is funded within the UK's defence budget. The organisation was formerly known as the Defence Intelligence Staff (DIS), but changed its name in 2009.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">RAF Digby</span> Royal Air Force station in Lincolnshire, England

Royal Air Force Digby otherwise known as RAF Digby is a Royal Air Force station located near Scopwick and 11.6 mi (18.7 km) south east of Lincoln, in Lincolnshire, England. The station is home to the tri-service Joint Service Signals Organisation, part of the Joint Forces Intelligence Group of Joint Forces Command. Other units include the RAF Aerial Erector School, No. 54 Signals Unit and No. 591 Signals Unit.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Permanent Joint Headquarters</span> British Armed Forces tri-service headquarters in Northwood, London

The Permanent Joint Headquarters (PJHQ) is the British tri-service headquarters from where all overseas military operations are planned and controlled. It is situated at Northwood Headquarters in Northwood, London. The Permanent Joint Headquarters is commanded by the Chief of Joint Operations (CJO), the position of which is currently held by Lieutenant General Charles Stickland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Joint Aviation Command</span> Tri-service command of the British Armed Forces

The Joint Aviation Command (JAC), previously known as Joint Helicopter Command (JHC), is a tri-service organisation uniting battlefield military helicopters of all three services of the British Armed Forces and unmanned aerial vehicles of the British Army for command and coordination purposes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northwood Headquarters</span> Military headquarters facility of the British Armed Forces in Eastbury, Hertfordshire, England

Northwood Headquarters is a military headquarters facility of the British Armed Forces in Eastbury, Hertfordshire, England, adjacent to the London suburb of Northwood. It is home to the following military command and control functions:

  1. Headquarters, Strategic Command, formerly Joint Forces Command
  2. Permanent Joint Headquarters
  3. Commander Operations for the Royal Navy
  4. NATO Allied Maritime Command

The Australian Defence Organisation (ADO) is composed of the armed forces of the Commonwealth of Australia, the Australian Defence Force (ADF), and the Australian Public Service government department, the Department of Defence which is composed of a range of civilian support organisations.

The Australian Defence Organisation (ADO) is composed of the armed forces of the Commonwealth of Australia, the Australian Defence Force (ADF), and the Australian Public Service government department, the Department of Defence which is composed of a range of civilian support organisations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stuart Peach</span> Royal Air Force officer (born 1956)

Air Chief Marshal Stuart William Peach, Baron Peach, is a British retired senior Royal Air Force officer. After training as a navigator, Peach commanded IX (Bomber) Squadron and then became Deputy Station Commander RAF Bruggen. He was deployed as NATO Air Commander (Forward) in Kosovo in 2000. He went on to be Chief of Defence Intelligence in 2006, Chief of Joint Operations in 2009 and the first Commander of Joint Forces Command in December 2011 before being appointed Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff in May 2013. Peach succeeded General Sir Nick Houghton as Chief of the Defence Staff on 14 July 2016. He succeeded General Petr Pavel as Chairman of the NATO Military Committee on 29 June 2018, serving as such until his retirement from NATO in June 2021.

The Defence Intelligence Fusion Centre (DIFC) is based at RAF Wyton in Cambridgeshire. Largely created from the staff of the National Imagery Exploitation Centre and then known for several years as the Defence Geospatial Intelligence Fusion Centre, it can trace its history back to clandestine reconnaissance operations at the beginning of the Second World War by Sydney Cotton on behalf of MI6 and then MI4, and the formation of the Allied Central Interpretation Unit at RAF Medmenham.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Structure of the British Army</span> Organisation of the British Army

The page contains the current structure of the British Army. The British Army is currently being reorganised to the Future Soldier structure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert Magowan</span> Royal Marines General

Lieutenant General Sir Robert Andrew Magowan, is a senior Royal Marines officer who serves as the Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff since May 2022. He previously served as Commandant General Royal Marines from 2016 to 2017 and again from 2021 to 2022.

This is the structure of the British Armed Forces, as of October 2021.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Kingdom Space Command</span> Joint command of the British Armed Forces

United Kingdom Space Command (UKSC) is a joint command of the British Armed Forces organised under the Royal Air Force, and staffed by personnel from the Royal Navy, British Army, Royal Air Force and the Civil Service. The UKSC has three functions: space operations, space workforce generation, and space capability.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Commander Strategic Command</span>

Commander, Strategic Command is a high ranking position in the British Armed Forces usually held by a four star officer. The commander is the chief of the Strategic Command which manages allocated joint capabilities from the three armed services.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Johnny Stringer (RAF officer)</span> Royal Air Force officer

Air Marshal John Jackson Stringer is a senior Royal Air Force officer. Since August 2022 he has been Deputy Commander, Allied Air Command.

References

  1. ↑ "Defence Reform – An independent report into the structure and management of the Ministry of Defence" (PDF). GOV.UK. Ministry of Defence. 27 June 2017. p. 44. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  2. ↑ "First Commander of Joint Forces Command takes up post". GOV.UK. Ministry of Defence. 1 December 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
  3. ↑ MOD news – Establishment of JFC retrieved 05 Apr 2012
  4. ↑ "Defence Secretary keynote speech at the Air and Space Power Conference 2019". UK Ministry of Defence. London. 18 July 2019. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
  5. ↑ "Defence Secretary outlines future space programme". Royal Air Force. London. 18 July 2019. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
  6. ↑ "Joint Forces Command to Strategic Command, the journey". gov.uk. Strategic Command. 9 December 2019. Retrieved 9 December 2019. JFC is also being renamed Strategic Command to better reflect the contribution it makes to defence.
  7. ↑ Bleddyn E. Bowen (November 2020). The Integrated Review and UK Spacepower: The Search for Strategy (PDF). Freeman Air and Space Institute (Report). King's College London. p. 15. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
  8. ↑ "Air Commodore Paul Godfrey announced as Commander United Kingdom Space Command". Ministry of Defence. 1 February 2001. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  9. ↑ "About us". GOV.UK. Joint Forces Command. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Organogram – Joint Forces Command". data.gov.uk. 30 September 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "How Defence Works" (PDF). assets.publishing.service.gov.u. UK Ministry of Defence. 23 September 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2020. page 32
  12. ↑ "Joint Forces Command". Gov.uk. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
  13. ↑ @ComdJFC_UK (19 November 2019). "Ahead of his start as Deputy Commander JFC, Major General Rob Magowan presented the 'Team of the Year' accolade at this year's Defence Intelligence Awards. Congratulations to all of the award winners. #OneJFC" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  14. ↑ Mackie, Colin (5 December 2019). "Admirals Current December 2019" (PDF). gulabin.com. Colin Mackie. Retrieved 15 December 2019. (to be promoted): Lieutenant-General Robert A. Magowan: Deputy Commander, Joint Forces Command, January 2020
  15. ↑ "Strategic Command about us". GOV.UK. Strategic Command UK. 30 September 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  16. ↑ "Joint Forces Command appoints new Director of Overseas Bases". Joint Forces Command. Northwood. 22 October 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2019.
  17. ↑ "Defence Intelligence". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
  18. ↑ "Defence Cyber Operations Group: Finance:Written question – 26326". UK Parliament. 11 February 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
  19. ↑ Sabbagh, Dan (25 September 2020). "Britain has offensive cyberwar capability, top general admits". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 September 2020.
  20. ↑ "Reserve Cyber Unit". Royal Navy. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
  21. ↑ "Cyberspace Communication Specialist (formerly ICT Technician)". Royal Air Force Recruitment. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
  22. ↑ "CRHQ (Royal Signals)". The British Army. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
  23. ↑ "Defence Medical Services". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
  24. ↑ "Joint Information Activities Group (JIAG)". GOV.UK. Ministry of Defence. 12 December 2012. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
  25. ↑ "No. 62844". The London Gazette (Supplement). 3 December 2019. p. 21822.
  26. ↑ "Royal Air Force Senior Appointments". raf.mod.uk. Royal Air Force. 21 October 2019. Retrieved 25 December 2019. Air Commodore R Hill CBE to be promoted Air Vice-Marshal and to be Director Defence Support Transformation with effect from 21 October 2019 in succession to Major General A S J Fay CB
  27. 1 2 "Defence Digital". gov.uk. Defence Digital. 23 January 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2020. Defence Digital brought together and replaced a number of organisations, including Information Systems and Services (ISS) in 2019.
  28. ↑ Qualtrough, Edward (16 December 2019). "Ministry of Defence CIO Charles Forte interview – Digitising Warfare in the Information Age". CIO. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
  29. 1 2 "Joint Force Command – ISS – Engineering Operations" (PDF). RAF Henlow. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
  30. ↑ JFCHQ Secretariat Team (17 August 2015). "Freedom of Information request FOI2015/06830" (PDF). GOV.UK. Ministry of Defence. p. 2.
  31. ↑ "Joint Forces Command – Overview for Initial Operating Capability" (PDF). GOV.UK. Ministry of Defence. p. 1. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
  32. ↑ "The Joint Arms Control Implementation Group" (PDF). RAF Henlow. Royal Air Force. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
  33. ↑ Peach, Air Chief Marshal Sir Stuart (2012). "Defence and Intelligence" (PDF). Geospatial World Forum. Joint Forces Command. p. 3. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
  34. ↑ Commander of Strategic Command, UK Government
  35. ↑ RAF Air Rank Appointments List 07/11 retrieved 1 December 2011
  36. ↑ "New senior military officers appointed". Inside Government. 24 January 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  37. ↑ "The Secretary of State announces new Senior Appointments in the Armed Services". Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
  38. ↑ "No. 62635". The London Gazette (Supplement). 7 May 2019. p. 8120.
  39. ↑ "Chief of Defence Intelligence and Commander of Strategic Command". Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.