Philippine space program

Last updated

The Philippine Space Agency is responsible for the Philippines' space program PhilSA Logo.png
The Philippine Space Agency is responsible for the Philippines' space program

The space program of the Philippines is currently maintained by the Philippine Space Agency (PhilSA) together with various agencies under the Department of Science and Technology (DOST). The space program includes space research and development, and is funded through the National SPACE Development Program (NSDP) by the DOST and received an initial budget of ₱1 billion in 2020.

Contents

The Philippines attempted to establish a formal space program in the 1960s, during the term of President Ferdinand Marcos. A joint-program with the United States was proposed for the purpose of monitoring typhoons in Asia. However such plans did not push through. The Philippine Communications Satellite was established in the same decade which provided satellite communications in Asia.

Development continued in the late 80s led by the private sector, with the country's first satellites, Agila-1 which was originally launched as an Indonesian satellite. [1] A decade later, the Mabuhay Satellite Corporation entered into service Agila-2, the first Filipino-owned satellite to be launched to space, which deployed into orbit by Chinese Chang Zheng 3B rocket and was launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center in the Sichuan province on 20 August 1997. [2]

It would be almost two decades before the Philippines would launch another satellite into space when government scientists from DOST and researchers from the University of the Philippines partnered with the Tohoku and Hokkaido Universities of Japan under the PHL-microsat program to launch Diwata-1, the first microsatellite designed and constructed by Filipinos and was deployed into orbit on from the International Space Station (ISS) on April 27, 2016. [3] The Philippines in cooperation with foreign space agencies such as NASA of the United States and JAXA of Japan were able to deploy develop and launch two additional small-scale satellites, Diwata-2 and Maya-1, with plans to launch additional satellites by 2022. [4] [5]

The Philippine space program was largely decentralized until the establishment of the Philippine Space Agency in 2019.

Organization

Department of Science and Technology was responsible for a majority of space research conducted. DOST seal.svg
Department of Science and Technology was responsible for a majority of space research conducted.

Prior to the creation of the PhilSA, several government agencies under the DOST ran the country's space program: namely, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA), the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA), and the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC). [6] [7] [8] The DOST and the Manila Observatory crafted a 10-year masterplan in 2012 to make the Philippines a "space-capable country" by 2022. [9] New programs and future space missions will be directed by the newly created Philippine Space Agency (PhilSA). [10]

History

The Manila Observatory in 1923 The Manila Observatory (1923).jpg
The Manila Observatory in 1923

Origins

The Manila Observatory was established during the Spanish colonial period in 1865 and was the only formal meteorological and astronomical research and services institution in the Philippines and remained so until the creation of the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) in 1972. [11]

Marcos era

Efforts to establish a Philippine space program started as early as the 1960s, when the government built an Earth satellite receiving station. US President Lyndon Johnson discussed with then-Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos in 1966 about the possibility of establishing a joint US–Philippine space program to monitor storms in Asia. If such plans had pushed through it would have been the first time Asians would have gotten involved in space activities. [12]

The Philippine Communications Satellite (Philcomsat) was established within the same decade when the Marcos government built an Earth satellite receiving station. [13] Philcomsat was a founding member of Intelsat, an international satellite consortium. [14] It also had an exclusive franchise for satellite communication in Southeast Asia, as well as in Korea and Japan. It was also responsible for providing the equipment which enabled people in Asia to watch the Apollo 11 launch, which took place on July 16, 1969. [15] The wholly government-owned company became a private corporation in 1982. [13] Marcos also by the virtue of Presidential Decree No. 286 created the Philippine Aerospace Development Corporation (PADC) a Philippine state owned aerospace and defense technology corporation attached to the Department of National Defense, to establish a "reliable aviation and aerospace industry" in the Philippines, design, manufacture and sell "all forms" of aircraft, as well as to develop indigenous capabilities in the maintenance, repair, and modification of aviation equipment. [16]

On April 23, 1980, the Philippines became one of the initial 11 signatories to the Moon Treaty. [11]

PASI and Mabuhay's satellite ventures

Agila-2, the first launched satellite of the Philippines. The satellite now operates as ABS-3. ABS-3 (Agila-2).jpg
Agila-2, the first launched satellite of the Philippines. The satellite now operates as ABS-3.

In 1974, the Philippines planned to use satellites to improve communications. The leasing of satellites from Intelsat was considered but it was later decided to lease capacity from the Indonesian Palapa system. There were interests for a national communication satellite but initiatives to obtain one did not start until 1994, when the Philippine Agila Satellite Inc. (PASI), a consortium of 17 companies, was established to operate and purchase domestic satellites. [17] [18]

The Mabuhay Satellite Corporation (MSC), another consortium, was formed in the same year by PLDT, which was a former member of PASI. PLDT was the largest member of PASI before its departure from the consortium. MSC was composed of numerous domestic telecommunications and broadcasting companies, along with Indonesia-based Pasifik Satelit Nusantara and China-based Everbright Group. [18] [19]

Then, President Fidel V. Ramos expressed his desire for a Philippine satellite to be in orbit in time for the APEC Summit to be held in the country in November 1996. [18]

MSC complied with the acquisition of Indonesian satellite Palapa B-2P from Pasifik Satelit Nusantara. The satellite was moved to a new orbital slot on August 1, 1996. The satellite was renamed Agila-1 and became the first satellite in orbit to be owned by the country. [20] [21] [22]

MSC launched the country's second satellite, Agila-2, with the assistance of China. The communications satellite was launched through the Long March 3B at the Xichang Satellite Launch Center on August 19, 1997. The satellite was acquired by Asia Broadcast Satellite in 2011 [23] and was renamed to ABS-3.

PHL-Microsat and Birds-2 programs

Diwata-1 on display before launch. Diwata-1.jpg
Diwata-1 on display before launch.
Maya-1 inside the ISS prior to deployment. Birds-2 on ISS (Iss056e100586).jpg
Maya-1 inside the ISS prior to deployment.

The DOST initiated the Philippine Scientific Earth Observation Microsatellite (PHL-Microsat) program to send two microsatellites in 2016 and 2017. The effort is part of the country's disaster risk management program. A receiving station will also be built in the country. [24] [25] The efforts were part of a bigger project, together with seven other Asian countries aside from Japan and the Philippines, to create a network of about 50 microsatellites. [26]

The first satellite under the PHL-Microsat program Diwata-1, the first satellite designed and assembled by Filipinos, with cooperation from Hokkaido University and Tohoku University. [27] One of the major goals of the PHL-Microsat program is to boost the progress on the creation of the Philippine Space Agency. [28] The satellite was deployed from the International Space Station on April 27, 2016. This satellite was succeeded on October 29, 2018, by Diwata-2, which was launched directly into orbit from the Tanegashima Space Center in Japan. [29] [30] [31]

Diwata-1 Microsatellite being deployed from the ISS ISS-47 Diwata-1 satellite deployment.jpg
Diwata-1 Microsatellite being deployed from the ISS

The first nanosatellite under the Birds-2 program, Maya-1 was also deployed from the ISS in the Japanese Kibo module along with two other satellites from Bhutan and Malaysia on August 10, 2018.

Creation of the Philippine Space Agency (PhilSA)

Despite these advancements, the country's space program still faced two primary challenges: insufficient funding and the lack of a centralized space agency. [32] In the absence of a formal space agency, the DOST funded the National Space Development Program to set up the foundations of a future space agency. [11]

Press conference announcing the establishment of the Philippine Space Agency. Philippine Space Agency establishment PC.jpg
Press conference announcing the establishment of the Philippine Space Agency.

President Rodrigo Duterte in February 2018 announced that a precursor to a space agency, the National Space Development Office, will be established. As of March 2018, there are seven pending bills in both the House of Representatives and the Senate seeking to establish the Philippine Space Agency (PhilSA). [32] In the meantime, the DOST has agreed with the Russian space agency Roscosmos, "to proceed with negotiations of an intergovernmental framework agreement on space cooperation that will include use of Russian rockets to launch Philippine payloads such as micro-and nano-satellites as well as the establishment of a receiving station for the Global Navigation Satellite System" (GLONASS), Russia's alternative to American Global Positioning System (GPS) [33]

In late January 2019, the Department of Science and Technology has said that the Philippines is already capable of founding its own space agency with a pending bill already passed in the House of Representatives and pending counterpart legislation already pending in the Senate. By this time since 2010, the science department has already spent ₱7.48 billion (or $144 million) for space research and development, aided 5,500 scholars, trained more than 1,000 space science experts, and established 25 facilities in various parts of the Philippines. [34]

The Philippine Space Agency was established when the "Philippine Space Act" (Republic Act 11363) was signed into law by Pres. Duterte on 8 August 2019. [35] [36] The first head of Philippine Space Agency, Joel Marciano Jr. was appointed on December 5, 2019, by President Duterte. The agency is currently focused on developing additional micro and nano-satellites and has not discounted developing rocket launch capability in the long term. [34] The satellite program of the DOST will also transition into the PhilSA's authority. [10]

Maya-2, a nanosatellite under the Birds-4 program, was successfully launched on February 21, 2021. [37] [38]

List of Philippine satellites

Spaceport

The Philippines does not have a spaceport. [39] In January 2022, Senators Manny Pacquiao and Koko Pimentel met with representatives of SpaceX and discussed the possibility of setting up a launch pad in Mindanao due to its proximity to the equator. [40] Mati, Davao Oriental has been proposed by the Ateneo de Davao University as early as 2019 to be a potential site for a spaceport. [41] PhilSa is still examining proposals for a launch site in Mati as of late 2021. [39]

Space education

A model rocket launch from Minglanilla, Cebu, Philippines ModelRocketLaunch.jpg
A model rocket launch from Minglanilla, Cebu, Philippines

The Department of Science and Technology–Science Education Institute (DOST-SEI) launched the first Philippine Space Science Education Program (PESSAP) in 2004, to promote science and technology, particularly space science, as a field of study to the Filipino youth. [42]

The Tala Hybrid Rocket is being prepared for launch at Mati Airport, Davao Oriental, Philippines Tala Hybrid Rocket.png
The Tala Hybrid Rocket is being prepared for launch at Mati Airport, Davao Oriental, Philippines

On October 5, 2017, high school students from St. Cecilia's College-Cebu, Inc. launched 3-feet solid propellant Model rockets for the World Space Week 2017 celebration in Cebu City. [43] The same team was awarded a research grant by the Department of Science and Technology - Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and Emerging Technology Research and Development (DOST-PCIEERD) in 2018 to design and develop the TALA hybrid rocket which can propel a can satellite 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) into the atmosphere. [44] TALA, the first high-powered hybrid rocket developed in the Philippines successfully lifted off at 11:57 AM Saturday from Crow Valley Gunnery Range, Capas, Tarlac. It was able to deploy its Can Satellite payload before going into fast descent and eventual deployment of its main parachute for safe landing. [45] [46]

The PHL-Microsat program offers a graduate program called Space Science and Tech Proliferation through Partnerships (Stepup). [47]

Student-researchers and science faculty from St. Cecilia's College - Cebu, Inc. in partnership with Department of Science and Technology-Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and Emerging Technology Research and Development (DOST-PCIEERD) successfully launched the first High-Altitude Balloon Life Support System "Karunungan" (HAB LSS Karunungan) in May 2018 at Minglanilla, Cebu, Philippines and floated above the Armstrong Line to simulate 'space like' conditions for future space flights. [48] [49]

Contemporary private ventures

In 2019, Orbital Exploration (OrbitX), a private firm was set-up which aims to research on the usage as biofuel like algae to propel space launch vehicles. The company also plans to develop its own "reusable" payload launch vehicle named "Haribon SLS-1". [50] [51]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Small satellite</span> Satellites of low mass and size, usually under 500 kg

A small satellite, miniaturized satellite, or smallsat is a satellite of low mass and size, usually under 1,200 kg (2,600 lb). While all such satellites can be referred to as "small", different classifications are used to categorize them based on mass. Satellites can be built small to reduce the large economic cost of launch vehicles and the costs associated with construction. Miniature satellites, especially in large numbers, may be more useful than fewer, larger ones for some purposes – for example, gathering of scientific data and radio relay. Technical challenges in the construction of small satellites may include the lack of sufficient power storage or of room for a propulsion system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PAGASA</span> National weather, climate, and astronomy bureau of the Philippines

The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration is the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHS) agency of the Philippines mandated to provide protection against natural calamities and to ensure the safety, well-being and economic security of all the people, and for the promotion of national progress by undertaking scientific and technological services in meteorology, hydrology, climatology, astronomy and other geophysical sciences. Created on December 8, 1972, by reorganizing the Weather Bureau, PAGASA now serves as one of the Scientific and Technological Services Institutes of the Department of Science and Technology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ABS-3</span> Communications satellite acquired by ABS

ABS-3, formerly ABS-5, was initially named Agila 2 after the Philippine eagle, before being acquired by ABS. Launched in 1997, the satellite provided telecommunications services for Mabuhay Satellite Corporation before being sold to ABS in 2009. Built by Space Systems/Loral, the satellite provided coverage in the Asia-Pacific region. Its control station is located at the Subic Bay Freeport Zone in the Philippines. The satellite was launched by Long March 3B and positioned at 146°E longitude.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Philippines–Russia relations</span> Bilateral relations

Philippines–Russia relations are the bilateral relations between Russia and the Philippines. Both countries are full members of APEC.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mabuhay Satellite Corporation</span> Philippine aerospace corporation

Mabuhay Satellite Corporation (MSC) was a Filipino aerospace corporation responsible for operating communication satellites and before 2009, the only Philippine company to do so. It was later renamed as Mabuhay Investment Corporation (MIC) and became a holding company owned by PLDT. It once owned the Agila 2 satellite which provides coverage in the Asia-Pacific region. Aside from satellite operation, it also provided satellite-related services. It operated two space centers, namely the Mabuhaysat Subic Space Center, its main hub, and the Mabuhaysat Zamboanga Space Center at Zamboanga City, its back-up hub.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Philippine Space Agency</span> Program for beyond-Earth flight in the Southeast Asian state

The Philippine Space Agency (PhilSA) is the national space agency of the Philippines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Diwata-1</span> Philippine microsatellite

Diwata-1 also known as PHL-Microsat-1 was a Philippine microsatellite launched to the International Space Station (ISS) on March 23, 2016, and was deployed into orbit from the ISS on April 27, 2016. It was the first Philippine microsatellite and the first satellite built and designed by Filipinos. It was followed by Diwata-2, launched in 2018.

Agila-1 or Mabuhay was launched on March 20, 1987, under the name Palapa B2-P in Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. It was originally under Indonesian company, PT Pasifik Satelit Nusantara until it was acquired by Philippine company, Mabuhay Satellite Corporation which is under PLDT in 1996. Upon its acquisition by Mabuhay, it became the first Philippine satellite through acquisition while in orbit. Palapa B2-P was later renamed to "Agila-1", the local name for the Philippine eagle. The satellite's operation ended in January 1998 and was deorbited.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PEDRO Center</span>

The Philippine Earth Data Resource and Observation Center, also known as the PEDRO Center is an organization tasked in operating satellite ground stations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Diwata-2</span> Philippine microsatellite

Diwata-2 or Diwata-2B is a Philippine microsatellite launched on October 29, 2018. It is the first satellite launched under the STAMINA4Space program.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PHL-Microsat</span> Satellite program of the Philippines

The Philippine Scientific Earth Observation Microsatellite (PHL-Microsat) was a satellite program carried by the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) of the Philippines in cooperation with the Tohoku and Hokkaido Universities of Japan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maya-1</span> First nanosatellite filipino spacecraft

Maya-1 was a Filipino nanosatellite. It was developed under the Philippine Scientific Earth Observation Microsatellite program (PHL-Microsat) and was jointly implemented by the University of the Philippines and the Department of Science and Technology as part of the Kyushu Institute of Technology-led multinational second Joint Global Multi-nations Birds Satellite (Birds-2). Maya-1 was the first nanosatellite of the Philippines.

The Space Technology and Applications Mastery, Innovation and Advancement is a space technology program by the Philippine government. It is considered as the successor program to the Philippine Scientific Earth Observation Microsatellite (PHL-Microsat) program, a cooperation between the Philippine government and Japanese universities to develop microsatellites. The program is funded under the Department of Science and Technology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Joel Marciano Jr.</span>

Joel Joseph Sacro Marciano Jr. is a Filipino engineer, academic and the first and current Director General of the Philippine Space Agency, a government agency under the Office of the President in charge of the Philippines' national space program.

Maya-2 was a Filipino nanosatellite. It succeeded Maya-1, the first Filipino nanosatellite, which was deorbited in November 2020.

The Multispectral Unit for Land Assessment (MULA) is a planned Filipino satellite. Upon completion it will become the largest Filipino-made satellite.

The Subic Bay Space Center (SCC) also known as the Subic Bay Teleport is a ground station at the Subic Bay Free Port in Morong, Bataan, Philippines. It is currently operated by ABS.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TALA (rocket)</span> Hybrid-Propellant rocket

TALA is a hybrid-propellant rocket which is the first of its kind to be developed in the Philippines.

Gay Jane P. Perez is a Filipino physicist and environmental scientist whose research involves satellite observation of environmental conditions, and the applications of that data in agricultural planning. She is a professor in the Institute of Environmental Science and Meteorology at the University of the Philippines Diliman, and Deputy Director General of the Philippine Space Agency.

References

  1. ↑ "Mabuhay acquires Indon satellite;sets new orbit". Manila Standard. July 25, 1996. Retrieved July 16, 2019.
  2. ↑ "NSSDCA - Agila 2". NASA. Retrieved January 13, 2023.
  3. ↑ "First Philippine microsatellite "DIWATA" set to launch". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. January 18, 2015. Archived from the original on August 31, 2023. Retrieved July 16, 2019.
  4. ↑ Resurreccion, Lyn (August 12, 2018). "PHL 'won't be left out now' in space program | Lyn Resurreccion". BusinessMirror. Retrieved June 27, 2020.
  5. ↑ "DOST execs note importance of Space Agency creation". www.pna.gov.ph. Retrieved June 27, 2020.
  6. ↑ Luces, Kim (October 15, 2013). "Reaching for the stars: Why the Philippines needs a space program". GMA News. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
  7. ↑ Cinco, Maricar (November 7, 2012). "Gov't space agency pushed". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
  8. ↑ Pineda, Oscar (March 10, 2013). "Country needs to upgrade weather detection gear". Sun Star Cebu. Archived from the original on September 17, 2020. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
  9. ↑ Usman, Edd (March 29, 2015). "PH to become 'space-capable' in 10 yrs, according to DOST". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved March 30, 2015.
  10. 1 2 "PH's Maya-2 launched into space: DOST". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved February 23, 2021. The (satellite) program (of the DOST) will now transition into the leadership of the newly established Philippine Space Agency, he added.
  11. 1 2 3 Tumampos, Stephanie; Resurreccion, Lyn (October 29, 2018). "PHL flying high–into space". BusinessMirror. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
  12. ↑ "Philippine chief lauds U.S. stand in Vietnam". St. Petersburg Times. September 16, 1966. Retrieved May 13, 2015.
  13. 1 2 "Wealth of Marcos recovered". Gadsden Times. Associated Press. March 23, 1986. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
  14. ↑ "Businessman urged gov't to set up satellite". Manila Standard. December 12, 1993. Retrieved January 19, 2016.
  15. ↑ "Space Age plant due in Dutchess". Wappingers Falls: The Evening News. July 26, 1969. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
  16. ↑ "Presidential Decree No. 286, s. 1973". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. September 5, 1973. Archived from the original on November 1, 2017. Retrieved February 6, 2021.
  17. ↑ Martin, Donald (2000). "Asian African South American and Australian Satellites - Philippines". Communication Satellites (illustrated ed.). AIAA. p. 463. ISBN   1884989098.
  18. 1 2 3 MacKie-Mason, Jeffrey; Waterman, David (November 26, 2013). "Communication Satellite Policies in Asia". Telephony, the Internet, and the Media: Selected Papers From the 1997 Telecommunications Policy Research Conference. Routledge. pp. 239–242. ISBN   1136684263.
  19. ↑ "PLDT Forms satellite firm". Manila Standard. November 2, 1994. Retrieved January 19, 2016.
  20. ↑ "Mabuhay acquires Indon satellite;sets new orbit". Manila Standard. July 25, 1996.
  21. ↑ "Mabuhay Acquires Pasifik Satellite". Telecompaper. August 6, 1996. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
  22. ↑ "Palapa B-2P". Weebau Space Encyclopedia. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
  23. ↑ "Agila 2 / ABS 5 → ABS 3". space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
  24. ↑ De Guzman, RJ (June 24, 2014). "PH soon in space; DOST to launch satellite by 2016". Kicker Daily News. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
  25. ↑ Usman, Edd; Wakefield, Francis (June 30, 2014). "PH to launch own microsatellite in 2016". Manila Bulletin.
  26. ↑ "Asian Universities + Asian Nations Go Small... Monitor Natural Disasters w/Network Of Microsatellites". Satnews Daily. January 13, 2016. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  27. ↑ Morimoto, Miki (March 6, 2015). "Japanese, Filipino researchers to jointly develop satellites to check typhoon damage". Asahi Shimbun. Archived from the original on March 10, 2015. Retrieved March 12, 2015.
  28. ↑ Usman, Edd (January 15, 2016). "DOST says PHL joining Asian 50-microsatellite alliance of 9 countries". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on February 20, 2016. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
  29. ↑ "PH to launch second micro satellite 'Diwata 2' into space on Oct. 29 - UNTV News | UNTV News". www.untvweb.com. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
  30. ↑ "PH-made microsatellite Diwata-2 flies into space". Rappler. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
  31. ↑ Cabalza, Dexter. "PH successfully sends Diwata-2 microsatellite into space" . Retrieved October 29, 2018.
  32. 1 2 de Guzman, Chad (March 23, 2018). "PH takes small steps, as it aims for giant leaps in space technology". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on April 22, 2018. Retrieved April 21, 2018.
  33. ↑ "DOST Finalizes MOU with Russian Space Agency". Department of Foreign Affairs (Philippines). September 7, 2018. Archived from the original on September 25, 2018. Retrieved September 24, 2018.
  34. 1 2 "Philippines ready and able to create its own space agency, minister says". The Japan Times. Kyodo. February 1, 2019. Retrieved February 3, 2019.
  35. ↑ Parrocha, Azer (August 13, 2019). "Duterte signs law creating Philippine Space Agency". Philippine News Agency . Retrieved August 13, 2019.
  36. ↑ Esguerra, Darryl John (August 13, 2019). "Duterte signs law creating Philippine Space Agency". Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved August 13, 2019.
  37. ↑ Arayata, Ma. Cristina. "PH's Maya-2 launched into space: DOST". www.pna.gov.ph. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
  38. ↑ "Maya-2, Philippines' 2nd CubeSat, has been launched to space station!". GMA News Online. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
  39. 1 2 "This photo shows a launch pad at NASA's Kennedy Space Center". Fact Checkc. Agence France-Presse. December 6, 2021. Retrieved January 17, 2022.
  40. ↑ "Pacquiao wants a space rocket launchpad in PH". Rappler. January 17, 2022. Retrieved January 17, 2022.
  41. ↑ Llemit, Ralph Lawrence (May 15, 2019). "From Mati to space". Sunstar. Retrieved January 17, 2022.
  42. ↑ Salazar, Tessa (February 28, 2015). "Pinoys engage in 'rocket science' that literally holds water". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved November 15, 2015.
  43. ↑ Plarisan, Almida (October 11, 2018). "SCC Ventures Rocket Science". Lasallian Schools Supervision Services Association Inc.(LASSSAI). Retrieved April 20, 2019.
  44. ↑ "DOST-PCIEERD AWARDS 2ND BATCH OF YOUNG INNOVATORS". Department of Science and Technology - Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and Emerging Technology Research and Development. August 15, 2018. Archived from the original on August 25, 2018. Retrieved December 19, 2022.
  45. ↑ "First Ph-developed high-power hybrid rocket, launched". Philippine Space Agency. May 22, 2023. Retrieved September 17, 2023.
  46. ↑ "PH launches its first high-powered hybrid rocket". GMA News Online. May 24, 2023. Retrieved September 17, 2023.
  47. ↑ Resurreccion, Lyn (August 12, 2018). "PHL 'won't be left out now' in space program". BusinessMirror. Retrieved August 14, 2018.
  48. ↑ Usman, Edd (May 20, 2018). "Cebu's young science geeks reach for the sky". Business Mirror. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
  49. ↑ Lacamiento, Grace Melanie (June 20, 2018). "To go beyond limits". The Freeman. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
  50. ↑ Felongco, Gilbert (August 30, 2019). "Filipino dreams of developing space vehicle for countrymen". Gulf News. Retrieved November 6, 2020.
  51. ↑ Samson, Oliver (July 14, 2019). "Algae as spacecraft fuel? Possible, youth group says". BusinessMirror. Retrieved November 6, 2020.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.