Space command

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A space command is a military organization with responsibility for space operations and warfare. A space command is typically a joint organization or organized within a larger military branch and is distinct from a fully independent space force. The world's first space command, the United States' Air Force Space Command was established in 1982 and later became the United States Space Force in 2019.

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History

In the United States and Soviet Union, the early military space programs were managed by individual military services. In the United States, the Air Force and its various major commands were responsible for military space operations, however Air Defense Command was responsible for the majority of space operations. In 1967, it was redesignated Aerospace Defense Command to emphasize its increased space role. Following the inactivation of Aerospace Defense Command in 1980, U.S. space forces were briefly organized under Strategic Air Command, before being organized into Space Command, which was activated in 1982. Space Command, which was the first space command in the world, was redesignated Air Force Space Command in 1985 to distinguish it from the joint U.S. Space Command. The Army and Navy, both possessing smaller space capabilities, both had their own space commands, with Naval Space Command activated in 1983 and Army Space Command activated in 1988. [1]

Soviet space forces were organized under the Strategic Rocket Forces' Central Directorate of Space Assets, which was activated in 1964, before being upgraded to the Main Directorate of Space Assets in 1970. [2] The Soviet Air Defense Forces' Anti-Ballistic Missile and Anti-Space Defense Forces were activated in 1967 and remained a part from the Strategic Missile Forces' space forces. [3]

In 1959, fearing U.S. Air Force dominance of the military space program, the United States Navy's chief of naval operations, Admiral Arleigh Burke, proposed the creation of a Defense Astronautical Agency to manage U.S. military space operations. The proposal of a joint space command did not come to pass until 1985, when United States Space Command was activated to manage U.S. military space activities, overseeing Air Force Space Command, Naval Space Command, and Army Space Command. [4] The Soviet Union also rose the profile of their space forces, moving the Main Directorate of Space Assets from the Strategic Missile Forces to the Soviet Armed Forces General Staff in 1982, before upgrading it into the Chief Directorate of Space Assets and placing it directly in the Ministry of Defence in 1986. [2] In 1981, the U.S.–Canadian North American Air Defense Command was redesignated as the North American Aerospace Defense Command, emphasizing its space role. [4]

Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Soviet space forces were reorganized into Russia's Military Space Forces and the Russian Air Defence Forces' Rocket and Space Defence Troops. In 1997, both were merged into the Strategic Rocket Forces, before being split out in 2001 as the Russian Space Forces, which was an independent troops, but not a full independent service. [5] U.S. Army space forces also underwent reorganization, with the Army Space Command being merged with its missile defense forces to form Army Space and Strategic Defense Command in 1992, being redesignated as Army Space and Missile Defense Command in 1997. [6]

With the September 11 Attacks, U.S. space forces were sidelined with the change in focus to the War on Terror. In 2002, U.S. Space Command was inactivated and its joint space responsibilities were transferred to United States Strategic Command and Naval Space Command was inactivated, transferring most of its capabilities to Air Force Space Command. Starting in 2005, U.S. Strategic Command began to organize its space forces semi–independently, first as Joint Space Operations, then in 2006 as the Joint Functional Component Command for Space, and in 2017 the Joint Force Space Component Command. [7] In 2019, the United States reestablished United States Space Command, and in 2020, reorganized Air Force Space Command into the United States Space Force, becoming a full independent military branch, with Space Operations Command serving as its primary space command. To support U.S. Space Command, in 2020 the Navy created Navy Space Command, with United States Tenth Fleet as its operational arm, out of Fleet Cyber Command. [8]

Recognizing the growing importance of space operations, France created the Joint Space Command within the French Air Force in 2010 to manage its space capabilities, reorganizing it into the French Space Command as part of a larger transformation of the French Air Force into the French Air and Space Force in 2019. [9] Russia also reorganized their Space Forces, merging together their Space Forces and air defense elements of the Russian Air Force to form the Russian Aerospace Defense Forces in 2011, moving the space elements into the Aerospace Defense Forces' Russian Space Command. [10] In 2015, it reorganized its space forces again, merging the Russian Air Force and Russian Aerospace Defense Forces to form the Russian Aerospace Forces and recreating the Russian Space Forces as a sub-branch, replacing the Russian Space Command. [11] In 2015, the People's Liberation Army also centralized their space forces as part of the new Strategic Support Force's Space Systems Department. [12] In 2018, India centralized its space forces in a tri-service Defence Space Agency, which is expected to become a full command in the coming years. [13] [14] In 2020, Iran also unveiled their own Space Command under the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force. [15] In 2020, NATO also established a Space Centre as part of Allied Air Command. [16] In 2021, the British Armed Forces established United Kingdom Space Command as a joint command under the leadership of the Royal Air Force, taking over space responsibilities from United Kingdom Strategic Command. [17] In 2021, the Royal Australian Air Force Chief of Air Force announced the intended creation of an Australian Space Command. [18]

List of space commands

See also

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Continental Air Defense Command</span> Former US military formation

Continental Air Defense Command (CONAD) was a Unified Combatant Command of the United States Department of Defense, tasked with air defense for the Continental United States. It comprised Army, Air Force, and Navy components. It included Army Project Nike missiles anti-aircraft defenses and USAF interceptors. The primary purpose of continental air defense during the CONAD period was to provide sufficient attack warning of a Soviet bomber air raid to ensure Strategic Air Command could launch a counterattack without being destroyed. CONAD controlled nuclear air defense weapons such as the 10 kiloton W-40 nuclear warhead on the CIM-10B BOMARC. The command was disestablished in 1975, and Aerospace Defense Command became the major U.S. component of North American Air Defense Command (NORAD).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Russian Aerospace Forces</span> Combined air and space forces of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">United States Space Force</span> U.S. Armed Forces space service

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Space Operations Command</span> U.S. Space Force space, cyber, and intelligence field command

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indian Armed Forces Tri-Service Commands</span> A service of the Indian Armed Forces

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the United States Space Force</span>

While the United States Space Force gained its independence on 20 December 2019, the history of the United States Space Force can be traced back to the beginnings of the military space program following the conclusion of the Second World War in 1945. Early military space development was begun within the United States Army Air Forces by General Henry H. Arnold, who identified space as a crucial military arena decades before the first spaceflight. Gaining its independence from the Army on 18 September 1947, the United States Air Force began development of military space and ballistic missile programs, while also competing with the United States Army and United States Navy for the space mission.

Comparison of ranks and insignia of all current and former space forces, to include aerospace forces and air and space forces or air forces with space units and formations.

References

  1. ↑ Wagner, Gary R. "Naval Network and Space Operations Command Established". Archived from the original on 27 August 2018. Retrieved 26 August 2018.
  2. 1 2 "History : Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation". Archived from the original on 2021-01-27. Retrieved 2021-04-08.
  3. ↑ "История : Министерство обороны Российской Федерации" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 8 May 2020. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  4. 1 2 Beyond Horizons Archived 2020-10-27 at the Wayback Machine defense.gov 1998
  5. ↑ "Russian and Chinese Responses to U.S. Military Plans in Space | American Academy of Arts and Sciences". www.amacad.org. Archived from the original on 2021-03-01. Retrieved 2021-04-08.
  6. ↑ History Archived 2021-07-03 at the Wayback Machine army.mil
  7. ↑ "Re-establishing U.S. Space Command". purview.dodlive.mil. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved Aug 11, 2020.
  8. ↑ "United States Space Command Fact Sheet". United States Space Command. Archived from the original on May 4, 2020. Retrieved Aug 11, 2020.
  9. ↑ Mahlandt, Taylor (Aug 1, 2019). "France Wants to Use Lasers to Protect Its Satellites". Slate Magazine. Archived from the original on August 11, 2020. Retrieved Aug 11, 2020.
  10. ↑ Bodner, Matthew (Aug 3, 2015). "Russian Military Merges Air Force and Space Command". The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on September 22, 2020. Retrieved Aug 11, 2020.
  11. ↑ Space Force Archived 2021-04-20 at the Wayback Machine mil.ru
  12. ↑ "Welcome - Defense One". cdn.defenseone.com. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved Aug 11, 2020.
  13. ↑ Raghuvanshi, Vivek (Jun 12, 2019). "India to launch a defense-based space research agency". Defense News. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved Aug 11, 2020.
  14. ↑ "Agencies take shape for special operations, space, cyber war". The Times of India . 15 May 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-05-17. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
  15. ↑ "Iran's satellite launch carries more political weight than military significance". Apr 28, 2020. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved Aug 11, 2020.
  16. ↑ "NATO agrees new Space Centre at Allied Air Command". ac.nato.int. Archived from the original on 2021-03-31. Retrieved 2021-04-08.
  17. ↑ "UK Space Command". GOV.UK. 22 May 2023. Archived from the original on 2 December 2022. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  18. ↑ "RAAF planning for new military space command as it celebrates 100th anniversary - ABC News". Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 30 March 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-04-11. Retrieved 2021-04-08.
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